Khoom thiab qauv ntawm carbohydrates. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm carbohydrates

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:28

Rau tib neeg lub cev, nrog rau lwm yam tsiaj muaj sia, xav tau lub zog. Yog tsis muaj nws, tsis muaj txheej txheem tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Tom qab tag nrho, txhua qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv biochemical, txhua txheej txheem enzymatic lossis theem ntawm cov metabolism xav tau lub zog.

Yog li ntawd, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom uas muab lub cev muaj zog rau lub neej yog qhov loj thiab tseem ceeb heev. Cov tshuaj no yog dab tsi? Carbohydrates, proteins, rog. Cov qauv ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv txawv, lawv nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke, tab sis ib qho ntawm lawv cov haujlwm zoo sib xws - muab lub cev nrog lub zog tsim nyog rau lub neej. Xav txog ib pawg ntawm cov tshuaj uas tau teev tseg - carbohydrates.

Kev faib tawm ntawm carbohydrates

Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov qauv ntawm carbohydrates txij li lawv qhov kev tshawb pom tau txiav txim los ntawm lawv lub npe. Tseeb tiag, raws li cov peev txheej thaum ntxov, nws tau ntseeg tias qhov no yog ib pawg ntawm cov khoom sib txuas hauv cov qauv uas muaj cov pa roj carbon atoms cuam tshuam nrog dej molecules.

Kev tshuaj xyuas kom meej ntxiv, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov tshuaj no, ua rau nws ua pov thawj tias tsis yog txhua tus neeg sawv cev tsuas muaj qhov sib xyaw ua ke. Txawm li cas losCov yam ntxwv no tseem yog ib qho ntawm cov uas txiav txim siab cov qauv ntawm carbohydrates.

Kev faib tawm niaj hnub ntawm pawg neeg sib txuas no yog raws li hauv qab no:

1. Monosaccharides (ribose, fructose, qabzib, thiab lwm yam).
2. Oligosaccharides (bioses, trioses).

YPolysaccharides (cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, cellulose).

Tsis tas li, tag nrho cov carbohydrates tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg loj hauv qab no:

• restoring;
• non-restorative.

Cov qauv ntawm cov carbohydrates molecules ntawm txhua pab pawg yuav raug txiav txim siab ntxiv.

Monosaccharides: yam ntxwv

qeb no suav nrog tag nrho cov carbohydrates yooj yim uas muaj aldehyde (aldoses) lossis ketone (ketoses) pawg thiab tsis pub ntau tshaj 10 carbon atoms hauv cov qauv saw. Yog tias koj saib cov naj npawb ntawm cov atoms hauv cov saw tseem ceeb, ces monosaccharides tuaj yeem muab faib ua:

Ytrioses (glyceraldehyde);

tetroses (erythrulose, erythrose);

pentoses (ribose thiab deoxyribose);

hexoses (glucose, fructose).

Txhua tus neeg sawv cev tsis tseem ceeb rau lub cev raws li cov npe teev tseg.

Tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov molecules

Raws li lawv cov qauv, monoses tuaj yeem nthuav tawm ob qho tib si hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov saw thiab hauv daim ntawv ntawm cyclic carbohydrate. Qhov no tshwm sim li cas? Qhov tshaj plaws yog tias lub hauv paus carbon atom nyob rau hauv lub compound yog ib qho asymmetric chaw nyob ib ncig ntawm uas lub molecule nyob rau hauv kev daws yog muaj peev xwm tig. Qhov no yog li cas optical isomers ntawm L- thiab D-form monosaccharides raug tsim. Qhov twgcov mis nyuj qabzib, sau rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib txoj hlua ncaj, tuaj yeem nkag siab ntawm pawg aldehyde (los yog ketone) thiab dov rau hauv ib lub pob. Cov mis nyuj sib tov yuav tau txais.

Cov qauv tshuaj ntawm carbohydrates ntawm monoz series yog qhov yooj yim heev: ntau cov pa roj carbon atoms tsim cov saw lossis voj voog, los ntawm txhua pawg hydroxyl thiab hydrogen atoms nyob ntawm qhov sib txawv lossis ntawm tib sab. Yog hais tias tag nrho cov qauv ntawm tib lub npe nyob rau ntawm ib sab, ces ib tug D-isomer yog tsim, yog hais tias lawv txawv nrog alternation ntawm ib leeg, ces ib tug L-isomer yog tsim. Yog tias peb sau cov qauv dav dav ntawm cov neeg sawv cev feem ntau ntawm cov piam thaj monosaccharides hauv daim ntawv molecular, ces nws yuav zoo li: _{. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv no qhia txog cov qauv ntawm fructose ib yam nkaus. Tom qab tag nrho, chemically, ob monoses no yog cov qauv isomers. Glucose yog aldehyde cawv, fructose yog keto cawv.}

Cov qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm carbohydrates ntawm ntau cov monosaccharides yog sib cuam tshuam zoo. Tseeb tiag, vim muaj cov aldehyde thiab ketone pawg nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov qauv, lawv muaj aldehyde thiab keto alcohols, uas txiav txim siab lawv cov tshuaj thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas lawv muaj peev xwm nkag mus.

Yog li, cov piam thaj tso tawm cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv qab no:

1. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv vim muaj cov pab pawg carbonyl:

• oxidation - "silver mirror" tshuaj tiv thaiv;
• nrog cov tooj liab tshiab (II) hydroxide - aldonic acid;
• muaj zog oxidizing cov neeg ua haujlwm tuaj yeem tsim cov dibasic acids (aldaric), hloov tsis tau tsuas yog aldehyde, tab sis kuj yog ib pab pawg hydroxyl;
• rov qab - hloov mus rau polyhydric cawv.

2. Cov molecule kuj muaj cov pab pawg hydroxyl, uas qhia txog cov qauv. Cov khoom carb cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke cov ntaub ntawv:

• muaj peev xwm alkylate - tsim ntawm ethers;
• acylation - tsim ntawm esters;
• zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv rau tooj liab (II) hydroxide.

3. Cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm qabzib:

• butyric;
• cawv;

Ylactic acid fermentation.

Kev ua haujlwm hauv lub cev

Cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm carbohydrates ntawm monoses series yog ze ze. Cov tom kawg muaj, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub biochemical tshuaj ntawm cov kab mob nyob. Monosaccharides ua lub luag haujlwm dab tsi hauv qhov no?

1. Basis rau kev tsim cov oligo- thiab polysaccharides.
2. Pentoses (ribose thiab deoxyribose) yog cov molecules tseem ceeb tshaj plaws koom nrog hauv kev tsim ntawm ATP, RNA, DNA. Thiab lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm hereditary khoom, zog thiab protein.
3. Qhov concentration ntawm qabzib hauv tib neeg cov ntshav yog qhov qhia tseeb ntawm osmotic siab thiab nws cov kev hloov pauv.

Oligosaccharides: qauv

Cov qauv ntawm carbohydrates ntawm pawg no raug txo kom muaj ob (dioses) lossis peb (trioses) molecules ntawm monosaccharides nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg. Tseem muaj cov uas suav nrog 4, 5 lossis ntau dua cov qauv (txog 10), tab sis feem ntau yog disaccharides. Ntawd yog, thaum lub sij hawm hydrolysisCov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke ua rau cov piam thaj, fructose, pentose, thiab lwm yam. Cov tebchaw twg poob rau hauv pawg no? Ib qho piv txwv zoo yog sucrose (cov suab thaj ib txwm), lactose (lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov mis), m altose, lactulose, isom altose.

Cov qauv tshuaj ntawm carbohydrates ntawm cov koob no muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:

1. General molecular species formula: C₁₂H₂₂O_11.
2. Ob qhov zoo ib yam lossis sib txawv monose residues hauv cov qauv disaccharide txuas rau ib leeg siv tus choj glycosidic. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov sib xyaw no yuav txiav txim siab txo qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm qab zib.
3. Txo cov disaccharides. Cov qauv ntawm cov carbohydrates ntawm hom no muaj nyob rau hauv kev tsim ntawm ib tug glycosidic choj ntawm hydroxyl ntawm aldehyde thiab hydroxyl pawg ntawm ntau monos molecules. Cov no suav nrog: m altose, lactose, thiab lwm yam.
4. Tsis txo qis - ib qho piv txwv ntawm sucrose - thaum tus choj tsim los ntawm cov hydroxyl ntawm tsuas yog cov pab pawg sib raug, tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm cov qauv aldehyde.

Yog li, cov qauv ntawm carbohydrates tuaj yeem luv luv sawv cev raws li cov qauv molecular. Yog xav tau cov qauv ntxaws ntxaws, ces nws tuaj yeem piav qhia siv Fisher's graphic projections lossis Haworth's formulas. Tshwj xeeb, ob lub voj voog monomers (monoses) yog qhov sib txawv lossis zoo ib yam (nyob ntawm oligosaccharide), sib cuam tshuam los ntawm tus choj glycosidic. Thaum tsim kho, lub peev xwm rov qab los yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account kom pom qhov kev sib txuas kom raug.

Piv txwv ntawm disaccharide molecules

Yog tias txoj haujlwm yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv: "Nco txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov carbohydrates", ces rau disaccharides nws yog qhov zoo tshaj rau thawj zaug qhia tias monose residues nws muaj. Feem ntau hom yog:

• sucrose - tsim los ntawm alpha-glucose thiab beta-fructose;
• m altose - los ntawm qabzib residue;
• cellobiose - muaj ob daim D-form beta-glucose residue;
• lactose - galactose + qabzib;
• laculose - galactose + fructose thiab lwm yam.

Tom qab ntawd, raws li cov khoom seem muaj, cov qauv tsim qauv yuav tsum tau kos nrog qhov qhia meej ntawm hom glycosidic choj.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob tseem ceeb heev, tsis yog cov qauv tseem ceeb xwb. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm carbohydrates thiab rog feem ntau zoo sib xws. Lub hauv paus yog lub zog tivthaiv. Txawm li cas los xij, rau qee tus neeg disaccharides, lawv lub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau muab.

1. Sucrose yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov piam thaj hauv tib neeg lub cev.
2. Lactose muaj nyob rau hauv cov mis nyuj ntawm cov tsiaj, suav nrog txog li 8% ntawm cov poj niam cov mis nyuj.
3. Lactulose tau txais hauv chav kuaj rau kev siv kho mob thiab ntxiv rau cov khoom siv mis nyuj.

Txhua yam disaccharide, trisaccharide thiab lwm yam nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev thiab lwm yam tsiaj tau dhau los ua hydrolysis tam sim los ua monoses. Nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb no uas qhia txog kev siv cov chav kawm ntawm carbohydrates los ntawm tib neeg hauv lawv daim ntawv nyoos, tsis hloov pauv (beet lossis cane qab zib).

Polysaccharides: nta ntawm molecules

Lub luag haujlwm, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov qauv ntawm carbohydrates ntawm cov koob no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov kab mob ntawm cov tsiaj nyob, nrog rau tib neeg kev lag luam. Ua ntej, koj yuav tsum paub seb cov carbohydrates twg yog polysaccharides.

Muaj ntau ntau:

• starch;
• glycogen;
• murein;
• glucomannan;
• cellulose;
• dextrin;
• galactomannan;
• muromin;
• tshuaj lom;
• amylose;
• chitin.

Nov tsis yog ib daim ntawv teev tag nrho, tab sis tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag. Yog tias koj ua txoj hauj lwm "Kos cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov carbohydrates ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm polysaccharides", ces ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, koj yuav tsum xyuam xim rau lawv spatial qauv. Cov no yog cov voluminous, loj heev molecules, muaj ntau pua ntawm monomer units cross-linked los ntawm glycosidic tshuaj bonds. Feem ntau cov qauv ntawm polysaccharide carbohydrate molecules yog txheej txheej.

Muaj qee qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov molecules.

1. Homopolysaccharides - muaj cov tib yam rov ua dua tshiab ntawm monosaccharides. Nyob ntawm cov monoses, lawv tuaj yeem yog hexoses, pentoses, thiab lwm yam (glucans, mannans, galactans).
2. Heteropolysaccharides - tsim los ntawm cov monomer sib txawv.

Cov khoom sib xyaw nrog cov qauv kab sib txuas yuav tsum suav nrog, piv txwv li, cellulose. Feem ntau cov polysaccharides muaj cov qauv ceg - cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, glycogen, chitin thiab lwm yam.

Lub luag haujlwm hauv lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj muaj sia

Cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm pawg carbohydrates no muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm txhua tus tsiaj. Yog li, piv txwv li, cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug reserve nutrient accumulate starch nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm tua los yog paus. Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog rau cov tsiaj yog dua polysaccharides, qhov kev puas tsuaj uas ua rau muaj zog heev.

Carbohydrates ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov qauv ntawm tes. Lub npog ntawm ntau kab thiab crustaceans muaj chitin, murein yog ib feem ntawm cov kab mob ntawm phab ntsa, cellulose yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov nroj tsuag.

Cov khoom noj tshwj xeeb ntawm tsiaj keeb kwm yog glycogen molecules, lossis, raws li nws feem ntau hu ua, tsiaj rog. Nws tau khaws cia rau hauv nyias qhov ntawm lub cev thiab ua tsis tau tsuas yog lub zog, tab sis kuj muaj kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam.

Rau cov kab mob feem ntau, cov qauv ntawm carbohydrates yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Lub biology ntawm txhua tus tsiaj thiab cov nroj tsuag yog xws li hais tias nws yuav tsum tau ib tug tas mus li qhov chaw ntawm lub zog, inexhaustible. Thiab tsuas yog lawv tuaj yeem muab qhov no, thiab feem ntau ntawm tag nrho hauv daim ntawv ntawm polysaccharides. Yog li, kev ua tiav ntawm 1 g ntawm carbohydrate los ntawm cov txheej txheem metabolic ua rau kev tso tawm ntawm 4.1 kcal ntawm lub zog! Qhov no yog qhov siab tshaj plaws, tsis muaj kev sib txuas ntxiv. Yog li ntawd, carbohydrates yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov ntawm txhua tus neeg thiab tsiaj txhu. Cov nroj tsuag, ntawm qhov tod tes, saib xyuas lawv tus kheej: hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis, lawv tsim cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab hauv lawv tus kheej thiab khaws cia.

Cov khoom ntawm carbohydrates

Cov qauv ntawm cov rog, cov protein thiab carbohydratesfeem ntau zoo sib xws. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv yog tag nrho cov macromolecules. Txawm tias qee qhov ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm yog qhov xwm txheej. Lub luag haujlwm thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho cov carbohydrates hauv lub neej ntawm lub ntiaj teb biomass yuav tsum tau sau tseg.

1. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov qauv ntawm carbohydrates txhais tau tias lawv siv los ua cov khoom siv hauv tsev rau lub plhaub ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu thiab cov kab mob hauv daim nyias nyias, nrog rau kev tsim cov kab mob intracellular.
2. tiv thaiv muaj nuj nqi. Nws yog yam ntxwv ntawm cov nroj tsuag kab mob thiab manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv tsim ntawm pos, spines, thiab hais txog.
3. Lub luag haujlwm yas - tsim cov molecules tseem ceeb (DNA, RNA, ATP thiab lwm yam).
4. Receptor muaj nuj nqi. Polysaccharides thiab oligosaccharides yog cov koom tes hauv kev thauj mus los ntawm cov cell membrane, "cov neeg zov" uas ntes cov teebmeem.
5. Lub luag haujlwm lub zog yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Muab lub zog siab tshaj plaws rau tag nrho cov txheej txheem intracellular, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tag nrho.
6. Txoj cai ntawm osmotic siab - piam thaj tswj qhov no.
7. Qee cov polysaccharides dhau los ua cov khoom noj tshwj xeeb, lub zog rau tsiaj tsiaj.

Yog li, nws pom tseeb tias cov qauv ntawm cov rog, cov protein thiab carbohydrates, lawv lub luag haujlwm thiab lub luag haujlwm hauv cov kab mob hauv lub cev yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab txiav txim siab. Cov molecules no yog tus tsim lub neej, lawv kuj khaws cia thiab txhawb nqa nws.

Carbohydrates nrog lwm cov tshuaj macromolecular

Kuj paub yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm carbohydrates tsis nyob hauv lawv daim ntawv ntshiab, tab sis ua ke nrog lwm cov molecules. Cov no suav nrog feem ntauzoo li:

• glycosaminoglycans lossis mucopolysaccharides;
• glycoproteins.

Cov qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm carbohydrates ntawm hom no yog qhov nyuaj heev, vim tias ntau pawg ua haujlwm tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv ib qho nyuaj. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov molecules ntawm hom no yog kev koom tes hauv ntau txoj kev ua neej ntawm cov kab mob. Cov neeg sawv cev yog: hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, heparan, keratin sulfate thiab lwm yam.

Tseem tseem muaj cov complexes ntawm polysaccharides nrog rau lwm cov khoom siv roj ntsha. Piv txwv li, glycoproteins lossis lipopolysaccharides. Lawv lub neej yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv lub cev, vim lawv yog ib feem ntawm cov hlwb ntawm lymphatic system.