Keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov khoos phis tawj ntawm ntau tiam neeg

Cov txheej txheem:

Keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov khoos phis tawj ntawm ntau tiam neeg
Keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov khoos phis tawj ntawm ntau tiam neeg
Anonim

Thawj lub khoos phis tawj tau tshwm sim tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, thaum qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm cov lej thiab lwm cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua kom paub txog txoj hauv kev tshiab ntawm kev nyeem cov ntaub ntawv. Thiab txawm hais tias niaj hnub no cov tshuab no zoo li cov khoom cuav, lawv tau dhau los ua cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm niaj hnub PCs paub txog cov neeg ua haujlwm.

Manchester "Mark I" thiab EDSAC

thawj lub khoos phis tawj hauv kev nkag siab niaj hnub ntawm lo lus yog lub cuab yeej "Mark I", tsim nyob rau xyoo 1949. Nws qhov tshwj xeeb nteg nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias nws yog hluav taws xob kiag li, thiab cov kev pab cuam tau khaws cia rau hauv nws RAM. Qhov kev ua tiav ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb hauv tebchaws Askiv yog qhov kev vam meej loj tshaj plaws nyob rau ntau pua xyoo keeb kwm ntawm kev txhim kho computers. Lub Manchester "Mark I" suav nrog Williams cov kav dej thiab cov nruas sib nqus, uas tau ua lub chaw khaws ntaub ntawv rau cov ntaub ntawv.

Hnub no, tom qab ntau xyoo, keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim thawj lub khoos phis tawj yog qhov tsis sib haum xeeb. Cov lus nug ntawm lub tshuab twg tuaj yeem hu ua thawj lub khoos phis tawj tseem muaj teeb meem. Manchester Mark Kuv tseem yog qhov nrov tshaj plaws, txawm hais tias muaj lwm tus neeg sib tw. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog EDSAC. Yog tsis muaj lub tshuab no, keeb kwm ntawm lub computer raws li ib tug inventionyuav txawv kiag li. Yog tias "Mark" tshwm sim hauv Manchester, ces EDSAC tau tsim los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm University of Cambridge. Lub tshuab computer no tau muab tso rau hauv lub Tsib Hlis 1949. Tom qab ntawd thawj qhov kev pab cuam raug tua rau nws, uas squared tus lej ntawm 0 txog 99.

keeb kwm ntawm lub computer
keeb kwm ntawm lub computer

Z4

Manchester Mark I thiab EDSAC yog rau cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Cov kauj ruam tom ntej hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuab xam zauv yog Z4. Qhov kawg tab sis tsis kawg, cov cuab yeej tau txawv los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim. Lub computer yog tsim los ntawm German engineer Konrad Zuse. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov project tau pib thaum kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II. Qhov xwm txheej no ua rau qeeb qeeb ntawm txoj kev loj hlob no. Zuse lub chaw soj nstuam raug rhuav tshem thaum muaj yeeb ncuab cua tua. Ua ke nrog nws, tag nrho cov khoom siv thiab cov txiaj ntsig ua ntej ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntev tau poob.

Txawm li cas los xij, tus kws tshaj lij engineers tsis tso tseg. Kev tsim khoom tau txuas ntxiv tom qab qhov pib ntawm kev thaj yeeb. Xyoo 1950, qhov project tau ua tiav thaum kawg. Lub keeb kwm ntawm nws creation tau tig tawm mus ntev thiab pos. Lub computer tam sim ntawd txaus siab rau Swiss Higher Technical School. Nws yuav lub tsheb. Z4 txaus siab tshwj xeeb rau ib qho laj thawj. Lub computer muaj universal programming, uas yog, nws yog thawj multifunctional ntaus ntawv ntawm nws hom.

keeb kwm ntawm thawj lub computer
keeb kwm ntawm thawj lub computer

Kev tshwm sim ntawm Soviet electronic computers

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm xyoo 1950, keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov khoos phis tawj hauv USSR tau cim los ntawm qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb sib npaug. MESM, lub tshuab ntsuas hluav taws xob me me, tau tsim los ntawm Kiev Institute of Electrical Engineering. Ib pawg ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Soviet tau ua haujlwm ntawm qhov project, coj los ntawm kws tshaj lij Sergei Lebedev.

Cov cuab yeej ntawm lub tshuab no suav nrog rau txhiab lub teeb hluav taws xob. Lub hwj chim loj tau tso cai los ua cov haujlwm uas yav dhau los tsis tau muaj dhau los rau Soviet thev naus laus zis. Hauv ib pliag, lub cuab yeej tuaj yeem ua haujlwm txog peb txhiab qhov haujlwm.

qauv lag luam

Thaum thawj theem ntawm kev txhim kho cov khoos phis tawj, cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm cov tsev kawm qib siab lossis lwm lub koomhaum tseemfwv tau koom nrog hauv lawv txoj kev txhim kho. Xyoo 1951, tus qauv LEO I tau tshwm sim, tsim ua tsaug rau kev nqis peev ntawm British private tuam txhab Lyons thiab tuam txhab, uas muaj cov khw noj mov thiab khw. Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov cuab yeej no, keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov khoos phis tawj tau mus txog lwm qhov tseem ceeb. LEO Kuv tau siv thawj zaug rau kev ua lag luam cov ntaub ntawv. Nws tus qauv tsim tau zoo ib yam li nws lub tswv yim ua ntej EDSAC.

UNIVAC kuv yog thawj Asmeskas kev lag luam computer. Nws tshwm sim hauv tib lub xyoo 1951. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, plaub caug-rau ntawm cov qauv no tau muag, txhua tus nqi ib lab daus las. Ib tug ntawm lawv tau siv nyob rau hauv US census. Cov cuab yeej muaj ntau tshaj tsib txhiab lub tshuab nqus tsev. Mercury ncua kab tau siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv nqa khoom. Ib tug ntawm lawv yuav khaws tau txog ib txhiab lo lus. Thaum tsim UNIVAC I, nws tau txiav txim siab tso tseg cov ntawv punched thiab hloov mus rau daim kab xev hlau nplaum. Nrog nws cov kev pab, cov cuab yeej tuaj yeem txuas mus rau kev lag luamstorage systems.

keeb kwm ntawm computers
keeb kwm ntawm computers

Yawg

Meanwhile, Soviet electronic computers muaj lawv tus kheej keeb kwm ntawm creation. Lub khoos phis tawj Strela, uas tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1953, tau dhau los ua thawj cov khoom siv zoo li no hauv USSR. Lub novelty tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm Moscow cog ntawm xam thiab analytical tshuab. Thaum peb xyoos ntawm kev tsim khoom, yim qauv tau ua. Cov tshuab tshwj xeeb no tau teeb tsa hauv Academy of Sciences, Moscow State University thiab tsim cov chaw ua haujlwm nyob hauv cov nroog kaw.

Xub tuaj yeem ua 2-3 txhiab kev ua haujlwm ib ob. Rau kev siv tshuab hauv tsev, cov no yog cov lej sau tseg. Cov ntaub ntawv tau muab khaws cia rau hauv daim kab xev sib nqus, uas tuaj yeem tuav txog 200,000 lo lus. Cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm cov cuab yeej tau txais khoom plig Stalin. Tus tsim qauv Yuri Bazilevsky kuj tau los ua Hero ntawm Socialist Labor.

keeb kwm ntawm lub computer
keeb kwm ntawm lub computer

thib ob tiam ntawm computers

Raws li thaum ntxov li 1947, transistors tau tsim. Thaum kawg ntawm 50s. lawv hloov cov roj teeb uas siv hluav taws xob thiab tsis muaj zog. Nrog lub advent ntawm transistors, computers pib ib tug tshiab keeb kwm ntawm creation. Cov khoos phis tawj uas tau txais cov khoom tshiab no tom qab tau lees paub tias yog cov qauv thib ob. Qhov kev hloov tshiab tseem ceeb yog cov ntawv luam tawm Circuit Court boards thiab transistors ua kom txo tau qhov loj ntawm cov khoos phis tawj, uas ua rau lawv siv tau ntau dua thiab yooj yim dua.

Yog tias yav dhau los cov khoos phis tawj tau nyob tag nrho chav, tam sim no lawv tau txo qis rau qhov feem ntawm cov rooj ua haujlwm. Xws li, piv txwv li, yog tus qauv IBM 650. Tab sis txawm transistorstsis daws qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb. Cov khoos phis tawj tseem kim heev, uas txhais tau tias lawv tsuas yog tsim los xaj rau cov tsev kawm qib siab, cov tuam txhab loj, lossis tsoomfwv.

keeb kwm ntawm computers nyob rau hauv Russia
keeb kwm ntawm computers nyob rau hauv Russia

Kev hloov pauv ntxiv ntawm computers

Hauv xyoo 1959, kev sib xyaw ua ke tau tsim. Lawv cim qhov pib ntawm lub cim thib peb ntawm computers. Xyoo 1960s tau dhau los ua qhov hloov pauv rau computers. Lawv ntau lawm thiab muag tau nce exponentially. Cov ntsiab lus tshiab ua rau cov cuab yeej pheej yig dua thiab siv tau ntau dua, txawm tias lawv tseem tsis yog tus kheej. Yeej, cov khoos phis tawj no tau yuav los ntawm cov tuam txhab.

Nyob rau xyoo 1971, Intel cov neeg tsim tawm tau tshaj tawm thawj zaug Intel 4004 microprocessor ntawm kev ua lag luam. Plaub tiam computers tau tshwm sim los ntawm nws lub hauv paus. Microprocesses daws tau ntau yam teeb meem tseem ceeb uas yav tas los tau muab zais rau hauv kev tsim ntawm ib lub computer. Ib feem ntawm qhov no tau ua txhua qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev xav thiab lej uas tau sau nrog lub tshuab code. Ua ntej qhov kev tshawb pom no, qhov haujlwm no nteg rau ntau lub ntsiab me me. Cov tsos ntawm ib qho universal qhia txog kev txhim kho cov khoos phis tawj me me hauv tsev.

keeb kwm ntawm computers hauv ussr
keeb kwm ntawm computers hauv ussr

Personal computers

Xyoo 1977, Apple, tsim los ntawm Steve Jobs, tau qhia Apple II rau lub ntiaj teb. Nws qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb los ntawm lwm lub khoos phis tawj yav dhau los yog tias cov cuab yeej ntawm lub tuam txhab tub ntxhais hluas California tau tsim los muag rau cov pej xeem zoo tib yam. Nws yog ib tug breakthrough, uas yog tseem heevtsis ntev los no zoo li tsuas yog tsis hnov qab. Yog li pib keeb kwm ntawm creation ntawm tus kheej computers ntawm lub computer tiam. Lub novelty yog nyob rau hauv kev thov kom txog rau thaum 90s. Lub sijhawm no, kwv yees li xya lab cov khoom siv tau muag, uas yog cov ntaub ntawv tiag tiag rau lub sijhawm ntawd.

Cov qauv tom ntej Apple tau txais qhov tshwj xeeb graphical interface, cov keyboard paub txog cov neeg siv niaj hnub no thiab ntau lwm yam tshiab. Txhua tus tib Steve Jobs me ntsis ua rau lub computer nas nrov. Xyoo 1984, nws tau qhia txog nws tus qauv Macintosh ua tau zoo tshaj plaws, uas yog qhov pib ntawm tag nrho cov kab uas tseem muaj niaj hnub no. Ntau qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm Apple engineers thiab cov tsim tawm tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau niaj hnub no tus kheej lub computer, suav nrog cov tsim los ntawm lwm cov tuam txhab.

keeb kwm ntawm creation ntawm tus kheej computers ntawm tiam computers
keeb kwm ntawm creation ntawm tus kheej computers ntawm tiam computers

Kev txhim kho hauv tsev

Vim qhov tseeb tias txhua qhov kev hloov pauv kev tshawb pom ntsig txog khoos phis tawj tau tshwm sim nyob rau sab hnub poob, keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov khoos phis tawj hauv Russia thiab USSR tseem nyob hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo ntawm kev vam meej txawv teb chaws. Qhov no kuj yog vim qhov tseeb tias kev txhim kho cov tshuab zoo li no tau tswj hwm los ntawm lub xeev, thaum nyob hauv Europe thiab Asmeskas cov phiaj xwm maj mam dhau mus rau hauv tes ntawm cov tuam txhab ntiag tug.

Hauv xyoo 1964, thawj Soviet semiconductor computers "Sneg" thiab "Spring" tshwm sim. Hauv xyoo 1970s Elbrus computers tau pib siv hauv kev lag luam tiv thaiv. Lawv tau siv nyob rau hauv lub missile tiv thaiv system thiab nuclear chaw.

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