Acid hydroxides yog cov tshuaj inorganic ntawm pawg hydroxyl -OH thiab cov hlau lossis cov hlau tsis muaj hlau nrog lub xeev oxidation ntawm +5, +6. Lwm lub npe yog oxygen-muaj inorganic acids. Lawv qhov tshwj xeeb yog tshem tawm cov proton thaum lub sij hawm dissociation.
Kev faib tawm ntawm hydroxides
Hydroxides tseem hu ua hydroxides thiab vodoxides. Yuav luag tag nrho cov tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv lawv, ib txhia yog dav faib nyob rau hauv cov xwm, piv txwv li, cov minerals hydrargillite thiab brucite yog txhuas thiab magnesium hydroxides, feem.
Cov hom hydroxides hauv qab no yog qhov txawv:
- basic;
- amphoteric;
- acid.
Kev faib tawm yog nyob ntawm seb cov oxide tsim cov hydroxide yog qhov yooj yim, acidic, lossis amphoteric.
Cov khoom ntiag tug
Qhov nthuav tshaj plaws yog cov kua qaub-puag khoom ntawm oxides thiab hydroxides, vim tias qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob ntawm lawv. Txawm hais tias cov hydroxide yuav nthuav tawm cov kua qaub, yooj yim, lossis cov khoom amphoteric nyob ntawm lub zog ntawm kev sib cog lus ntawm oxygen, hydrogen, thiab cov khoom.
Ion lub zog cuam tshuammuaj peev xwm, nrog rau qhov nce hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm hydroxides tsis muaj zog thiab acidic zog ntawm hydroxides nce.
Higher hydroxides
Cov hydroxides siab dua yog cov tebchaw uas cov khoom tsim nyob rau hauv lub xeev oxidation siab tshaj. Cov no yog txhua yam hauv chav kawm. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub hauv paus yog magnesium hydroxide. Aluminium hydroxide yog amphoteric, thaum perchloric acid tuaj yeem muab faib ua acidic hydroxide.
Hloov pauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj no nyob ntawm qhov tsim cov khoom tuaj yeem taug qab raws li lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm D. I. Mendeleev. Cov kua qaub ntawm cov hydroxides siab dua nce ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis, thaum cov khoom siv hlau, raws li, tsis muaj zog hauv qhov kev taw qhia no.
Basic hydroxides
Hauv kev nkag siab nqaim, hom no hu ua lub hauv paus, txij li OH anion raug cais tawm thaum nws sib cais. Cov nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov tebchaw no yog alkalis, piv txwv li:
- Slaked txiv qaub Ca(OH)2 siv hauv chav ntxuav dawb, tanning tawv, npaj tshuaj tua kab mob, mortars thiab pob zeb, softening dej, ua suab thaj, tshuaj dawb thiab chiv, causticization ntawm sodium thiab potassium carbonates, neutralization ntawm acidic daws, nrhiav kom tau carbon dioxide, tshuaj tua kab mob, txo cov av resistivity, raws li ib tug khoom noj additive.
- KOH caustic potash siv hauv kev yees duab, roj refining, zaub mov, ntawv thiab metallurgical industries, nrog rau cov roj teeb alkaline, acid neutralizer, catalyst, roj purifier, pH regulator, electrolyte,Cov khoom siv ntawm cov tshuaj detergents, drilling kua, dyes, chiv, potash organic thiab inorganic tshuaj, tshuaj tua kab, tshuaj npaj rau kev kho mob ntawm warts, soaps, hluavtaws roj hmab.
- Caustic soda NaOH, xav tau rau kev lag luam ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab ntawv, saponification ntawm cov rog hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj detergents, acid neutralization, biodiesel ntau lawm, blockage dissolving, degassing cov tshuaj lom, paj rwb thiab ntaub plaub ua, pwm ntxuav, khoom noj khoom haus, Cosmetology, photography.
Basic hydroxides yog tsim los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam nrog dej ntawm cov hlau oxides sib xws, feem ntau ntawm cov oxidation xeev ntawm +1 lossis +2. Cov no suav nrog alkaline, alkaline lub ntiaj teb thiab kev hloov pauv.
Ntxiv rau, cov hauv paus tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm txoj hauv qab no:
- kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm alkali nrog ntsev ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj zog;
- kev tshwm sim ntawm alkaline lossis alkaline lub ntiaj teb thiab dej;
- by electrolysis ntawm aqueous tov ntsev.
Acidic thiab yooj yim hydroxides cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg los ua ntsev thiab dej. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no hu ua neutralization thiab tseem ceeb heev rau kev tsom xam titrimetric. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Thaum cov kua qaub spilled, ib tug txaus ntshai reagent yuav neutralized nrog dej qab zib, thiab vinegar yog siv rau alkali.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov hydroxides yooj yim hloov cov ionic equilibrium thaum lub sij hawm dissociation nyob rau hauv kev daws, uas yog manifested nyob rau hauv ib tug hloov nyob rau hauv cov xim ntawm cov ntsuas, thiab nkag mus rau hauv kev sib pauv tshuaj.
Thaum cua sov, cov khoom tsis sib haum xeeb decompose rau hauv oxide thiab dej, thiab alkalis yaj. Ib qho yooj yim hydroxide thiab acidic oxide tsim ib ntsev.
Amphoteric hydroxides
Qee lub ntsiab lus, nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej, nthuav tawm cov khoom siv los yog cov kua qaub. Hydroxides raws li lawv hu ua amphoteric. Lawv yooj yim los txheeb xyuas los ntawm cov hlau uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, uas muaj oxidation lub xeev ntawm +3, +4. Piv txwv li, cov tshuaj dawb gelatinous - aluminium hydroxide Al (OH)3, siv hauv kev ua kom huv dej vim nws muaj peev xwm adsorbing siab, hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li ib yam khoom uas txhawb kev tiv thaiv kab mob., nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj rau kev kho mob ntawm acid-dependent kab mob gastrointestinal ib ntsuj av. Nws kuj feem ntau muab tso rau hauv cov nplaim hluav taws kub nyhiab thiab ua cov cab kuj rau catalysts.
Tab sis muaj qhov zam thaum tus nqi ntawm oxidation lub xeev ntawm lub caij yog +2. Qhov no yog feem ntau rau beryllium, tin, txhuas thiab zinc. Hydroxide ntawm cov hlau kawg Zn(OH)2 yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, feem ntau rau kev sib txuas ntawm ntau lub tebchaw.
Koj tuaj yeem tau txais amphoteric hydroxide los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev hloov pauv hlau ntsev nrog dilute alkali.
Amphoteric hydroxide thiab acid oxide, alkali lossis acid tsim cov ntsev thaum sib cuam tshuam. Cua sov hydroxide ua rau nws decomposition rau hauv dej thiab metahydroxide, uas, raws li cua sov ntxiv, hloov mus rau hauv oxide.
Nkauj ruam thiabacidic hydroxides coj zoo tib yam hauv qhov nruab nrab alkaline. Thaum cuam tshuam nrog cov kua qaub, amphoteric hydroxides ua raws li cov hauv paus.
Acid hydroxides
Hom no yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm muaj cov khoom hauv lub xeev oxidation ntawm +4 txog +7. Hauv kev daws teeb meem, lawv muaj peev xwm pub dawb hydrogen cation lossis txais ib khub electron thiab tsim ib daim ntawv cog lus. Feem ntau lawv muaj lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua kua, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov khib nyiab ntawm lawv.
Tsim cov hydroxide acidic oxide muaj peev xwm tsim ntsev thiab muaj cov hlau tsis yog hlau lossis hloov hlau. Cov oxide tau txais los ntawm oxidation ntawm cov hlau tsis yog hlau, decomposition ntawm cov kua qaub los yog ntsev.
Cov kua qaub ntawm hydroxides tau tshwm sim hauv lawv lub peev xwm rau xim ntsuas, yaj cov hlau nquag nrog hydrogen evolution, hnov mob nrog cov hauv paus thiab cov oxides yooj yim. Lawv qhov tshwj xeeb yog kev koom tes hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox. Thaum lub sij hawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj, lawv txuas tsis zoo them nqi elementary hais rau lawv tus kheej. Lub peev xwm los ua tus txais hluav taws xob tsis muaj zog los ntawm dilution thiab hloov mus rau ntsev.
Yog li, nws tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv tsis yog cov kua qaub-puag ntawm hydroxides, tab sis kuj yog cov oxidizing.
Nitric acid
HNO3 yog suav tias yog ib qho muaj zog monobasic acid. Nws yog heev lom, tawm ulcers ntawm daim tawv nqaij nrog daj staining ntawm integument, thiab nws cov vapors instantly irritate lub pa mucosa. Lub npe qub yog muaj zog vodka. Nws yog hais txog acid hydroxides, nyob rau hauv aqueous dawstag nrho dissociates rau hauv ions. Outwardly, nws zoo li cov xim tsis muaj kua fuming hauv huab cua. Ib qho kev daws teeb meem aqueous yog suav tias yog 60 - 70% ntawm cov khoom, thiab yog tias cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj 95%, nws yog hu ua fuming nitric acid.
Qhov siab dua, cov kua dej tsaus dua. Nws tuaj yeem muaj xim xim av vim yog decomposition rau oxide, oxygen thiab dej hauv lub teeb lossis nrog cua sov me ntsis, yog li nws yuav tsum muab cia rau hauv lub khob tsaus nti hauv qhov chaw txias.
Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov kua qaub hydroxide yog qhov uas nws tuaj yeem tsuas yog distilled yam tsis muaj decomposition nyob rau hauv lub siab txo. Tag nrho cov hlau ua rau nws tsuas yog kub, qee cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pab pawg platinum thiab tantalum, tab sis cov khoom kawg yog nyob ntawm qhov concentration ntawm cov kua qaub.
Piv txwv li, 60% tshuaj, thaum sib cuam tshuam nrog zinc, muab nitrogen dioxide raws li cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb, 30% - monoxide, 20% - dinitrogen oxide (nrog luag). Txawm tias qis dua ntawm 10% thiab 3% muab cov khoom siv yooj yim nitrogen hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov pa roj thiab ammonium nitrate, feem. Yog li, ntau yam nitro tebchaw tuaj yeem tau los ntawm cov kua qaub. Raws li tuaj yeem pom los ntawm qhov piv txwv, qhov qis dua qhov concentration, qhov tob ntawm nitrogen txo. Cov haujlwm ntawm cov hlau kuj cuam tshuam qhov no.
Ib yam khoom muaj peev xwm yaj tau kub lossis platinum nkaus xwb nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm aqua regia - sib tov ntawm peb feem ntawm hydrochloric thiab ib tug nitric acid. iav thiab PTFE tiv taus nws.
Ntxiv rau cov hlau, cov khoom siv nrogyooj yim thiab amphoteric oxides, bases, tsis muaj zog acids. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, qhov tshwm sim yog ntsev, nrog cov tsis yog hlau - acids. Tsis yog txhua qhov kev tshwm sim tshwm sim muaj kev nyab xeeb, piv txwv li, amines thiab turpentine spontaneously ignite thaum nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog hydroxide nyob rau hauv ib tug concentrated lub xeev.
Cov ntsev hu ua nitrates. Thaum rhuab, lawv decompose los yog muaj oxidizing zog. Hauv kev xyaum, lawv yog siv los ua chiv. Lawv xyaum tsis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov xwm vim yog siab solubility, yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov ntsev tsuas yog poov tshuaj thiab sodium yog tau artificially.
Cov kua qaub nws tus kheej yog tau los ntawm kev sib xyaw ammonia thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, muaj ntau txoj hauv kev:
- kev sib npaug los ntawm kev nce siab;
- los ntawm cua sov nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm sulfuric acid;
- distillation.
Ntxiv mus, nws yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov ntxhia chiv, dyes thiab tshuaj, kev lag luam tub rog, easel graphics, hniav nyiaj hniav kub, organic synthesis. Qee zaum, dilute acid yog siv hauv kev yees duab kom acidify tinting daws.
sulfuric acid
Н2SO4 yog ib qho muaj zog dibasic acid. Nws zoo li cov xim tsis muaj xim hnyav oily kua, tsw tsw. Lub npe obsolete yog vitriol (aqueous tov) los yog vitriol roj (ib tug sib tov nrog sulfur dioxide). Lub npe no tau muab vim qhov tseeb tias thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th leej faj tau tsim los ntawm cov nroj tsuag vitriol. Hauv kev qhuas rau kev lig kev cai, sulfate hydrates tseem hu ua vitriol rau niaj hnub no.
Kev tsim cov kua qaub yog tsim los ntawm kev lag luam thiabyog li ntawm 200 lab tons hauv ib xyoos. Nws yog tau los ntawm oxidizing sulfur dioxide nrog oxygen los yog nitrogen dioxide nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm dej, los yog los ntawm reacting hydrogen sulfide nrog tooj liab, nyiaj, txhuas los yog mercury sulfate. Qhov tshwm sim cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog ib qho muaj zog oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev: nws displaces halogens los ntawm cov kua qaub, converts carbon thiab sulfur rau hauv acid oxides. Tom qab ntawd cov hydroxide raug txo kom sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide los yog sulfur. Cov kua qaub dilute feem ntau tsis pom oxidizing zog thiab tsim cov kua qaub nruab nrab thiab acidic ntsev los yog esters.
Cov tshuaj tuaj yeem kuaj pom thiab txheeb xyuas los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov ntsev barium soluble, vim tias cov xim dawb ntawm sulfate precipitates.
Cov kua qaub ntxiv yog siv rau hauv kev ua cov ores, tsim cov pob zeb hauv av chiv, tshuaj fibers, dyes, pa luam yeeb thiab tawg, ntau yam lag luam, organic synthesis, raws li electrolyte, kom tau cov ntxhia ntsev.
Tab sis kev siv yog fraught nrog tej yam txaus ntshai. Cov tshuaj corrosive ua rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij los yog mucous daim nyias nyias. Thaum nqus tau, hnoos thawj zaug tshwm, thiab tom qab ntawd - cov kab mob inflammatory ntawm lub larynx, trachea, thiab bronchi. Tshaj qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cai concentration ntawm 1 mg rau ib lub cubic meter yog tuag taus.
Koj tuaj yeem ntsib sulfuric acid fumes tsis yog hauv kev lag luam tshwj xeeb, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv huab cua hauv nroog. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum chemical thiab metallurgicalcov tuam txhab tso tawm sulfur oxides, uas tom qab ntawd poob li kua qaub los nag.
Txhua yam kev phom sij no tau ua rau muaj qhov tseeb tias kev ncig ntawm sulfuric acid uas muaj ntau dua 45% huab hwm coj hauv tebchaws Russia raug txwv.
Н2SO3 - acid zog dua sulfuric acid. Nws cov mis txawv los ntawm ib qho oxygen atom, tab sis qhov no ua rau nws tsis ruaj khov. Nws tsis tau raug cais tawm hauv lub xeev dawb; nws tsuas muaj nyob hauv cov tshuaj dilute aqueous xwb. Lawv tuaj yeem raug txheeb xyuas los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb pungent tsw, reminiscent ntawm ib tug burnt match. Thiab kom paub meej tias muaj cov sulfite ion - los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog poov tshuaj permanganate, vim tias cov tshuaj liab-violet yuav tsis muaj xim.
Ib yam khoom nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej sib txawv tuaj yeem ua raws li tus neeg sawv cev txo qis thiab oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev, tsim cov kua qaub thiab cov ntsev nruab nrab. Nws yog siv rau kev khaws cia zaub mov, tau txais cellulose los ntawm ntoo, nrog rau kev kho kom zoo ntawm cov ntaub plaub, txhob lo lo ntxhuav thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv.
YOrthophosphoric acid
H3PO4 yog ib qho nruab nrab muaj zog acid uas zoo li tsis muaj xim muaju. Orthophosphoric acid tseem hu ua 85% daws ntawm cov muaju hauv dej. Nws zoo nkaus li tsis muaj ntxhiab, syrupy kua uas ua rau hypothermia. Cov cua kub siab tshaj 210 degrees Celsius ua rau nws tig mus rau hauv pyrophosphoric acid.
Phosphoric acid dissolves zoo hauv dej, neutralizes nrog alkalis thiab ammonia hydrate, reacts nrog hlau,Cov ntaub ntawv polymer compounds.
Koj tuaj yeem tau txais cov khoom sib txawv:
- dissolving liab phosphorus hauv dej nyob rau hauv siab, ntawm qhov kub ntawm 700-900 degrees, siv platinum, tooj liab, titanium los yog zirconium;
- boiling liab phosphorus hauv concentrated nitric acid;
- by ntxiv kub concentrated nitric acid rau phosphine;
- oxidation ntawm phosphine oxygen ntawm 150 degrees;
- nthuav tawm tetraphosphorus decaooxide mus rau qhov kub ntawm 0 degrees, tom qab ntawd maj mam nce mus rau 20 degrees thiab kev hloov pauv mus rau boiling (dej xav tau ntawm txhua theem);
- dissolving pentachloride lossis phosphorus trichloride oxide hauv dej.
Kev siv cov khoom tsim tau dav. Nrog nws cov kev pab, qhov nro ntawm qhov chaw yog txo thiab oxides raug tshem tawm ntawm qhov chaw npaj rau soldering, hlau yog ntxuav los ntawm xeb thiab ib tug tiv thaiv zaj duab xis yog tsim nyob rau hauv lawv nto uas tiv thaiv corrosion ntxiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, orthophosphoric acid yog siv nyob rau hauv industrial freezers thiab rau kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv molecular biology.
Tsis tas li, qhov sib xyaw yog ib feem ntawm aviation hydraulic kua, zaub mov additives thiab acidity regulators. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj ua liaj ua teb rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm urolithiasis nyob rau hauv minks thiab nyob rau hauv kev kho hniav rau manipulations ua ntej sau.
YPyrophosphoric acid
H4R2O7 - ib qho kua qaub uas muaj zog hauv thawj theem thiab qaug zog hauv lwm tus. Nws melts tsis muajdecomposition, txij li cov txheej txheem no yuav tsum tau cua sov hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev lossis muaj cov kua qaub uas muaj zog. Nws yog neutralized los ntawm alkalis thiab reacts nrog hydrogen peroxide. Tau txais nws hauv ib txoj hauv kev hauv qab no:
- decomposing tetraphosphorus decaoxide hauv dej ntawm xoom kub thiab tom qab ntawd cua sov rau 20 degrees;
- los ntawm cua sov phosphoric acid rau 150 degrees;
- tawm tsam ntawm cov concentrated phosphoric acid nrog tetraphosphorus decaoxide ntawm 80-100 degrees.
Used tsuas yog rau chiv ntau lawm.
Dhau li ntawm cov no, muaj ntau lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm acidic hydroxides. Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj nws tus yam ntxwv thiab cov yam ntxwv, tab sis feem ntau, cov acidic zog ntawm oxides thiab hydroxides dag nyob rau hauv lawv lub peev xwm los cais tawm hydrogen, decompose, cuam tshuam nrog alkalis, ntsev thiab hlau.
