Lexicology yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas tsom mus rau cov lus ntawm ib hom lus. Nws muaj nws txoj cai thiab pawg. Lexicology kawm dab tsi? Qhov kev tshawb fawb no hais txog ntau yam ntawm cov lus, nrog rau lawv txoj haujlwm thiab kev loj hlob.
Txoj kev xav
Lexicology yog ib txoj kev tshawb fawb uas kawm cov lus ntawm ib hom lus thiab nws cov yam ntxwv. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm nqe lus no yog cov hauv qab no:
- Kev ua haujlwm ntawm lexical units.
- Qhov teeb meem ntawm lo lus raws li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus.
- Hom thiab hom lexical units.
- qauv ntawm cov lus ntawm cov lus.
Qhov no tseem tsis tau muaj tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb lexicology. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no cuam tshuam nrog kev ntxiv thiab nthuav dav ntawm cov lus, thiab tseem txiav txim siab txog kev sib txuas thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm lexical units.
Object of study
Lo lus thiab nws lub ntsiab lus yog lub hauv paus rau ntau yam kev tshawb fawb. Morphology cuam tshuam nrog cov teeb meem no, nrog rau ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev tsim cov lus. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias hauv cov lus tshawb fawb no yog ib txoj hauv kev kawm cov qauv grammatical lossis kawm ntau yam qauvrau kev sib txawv ntawm cov lus tsim, cov kev tshawb fawb lexicology yog siv ncaj qha rau kev paub txog cov lus tshwj xeeb ntawm lawv tus kheej. Lexical units yog suav hais tias tsis yog raws li ib tug txheej ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv thiab suab, tab sis yog ib tug tseem ceeb system uas muaj nws tus kheej kev sib txuas, functions, pawg thiab cov ntsiab lus. Qhov no yog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kawm ntawm lexicology. Nws suav hais tias tsis yog ib lo lus, tab sis tag nrho cov lus yog ib yam dab tsi tag nrho thiab sib cais tsis tau.
Txoj hauv kev no muaj nws tus yam ntxwv. Qhov no tso cai rau peb faib tsis tau tsuas yog cov lus xwb, tab sis kuj teem cov kab lus uas muaj lub luag hauj lwm analytical raws li lexical units.
Lo lus teeb meem
Lub lexicology ntawm cov lus Lavxias niaj hnub no tsom rau cov khoom thiab kev kawm ntawm nws txoj kev kawm. Txij li cov lus raug suav hais tias yog ib chav tsev uas muaj kev sib txuas ntawm nws daim ntawv thiab cov ntsiab lus, nws tau txiav txim siab hauv peb qhov tseem ceeb:
- Structural. Daim ntawv ntawm lo lus, nws cov qauv thiab cov khoom siv tau raug kawm.
- Semantic. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lexical units yog xam.
- Functional. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov lus hauv kev hais lus thiab hauv cov qauv ntawm cov lus raug tshawb xyuas.
Yog tias peb tham txog thawj yam, ces lexicology yog kev tshawb fawb uas tsim cov qauv tshwj xeeb rau kev txiav txim siab qhov txawv thiab tus kheej ntawm tus kheej cov lus. Ua li no, lexical units tau muab piv nrog cov kab lus, thiab cov qauv tshuaj ntsuam xyuas yog tsim los uas tso cai rau koj los tsim cov lus invariants.
Hais txog semanticnam, ces ib tug cais science yog koom nyob rau hauv no - semasiology. Nws kawm txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm ib lo lus thiab ib yam khoom. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lexicology. Nws kawm lo lus thiab nws lub ntsiab lus, nrog rau nws cov pawg thiab hom, uas tso cai rau peb kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus xws li monosimy (uniqueness) thiab polysimy (polysemy). Lexicology tseem cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm txog qhov ua rau ua rau pom lossis poob ntawm ib lo lus ntawm nws lub ntsiab lus.
Qhov kev ua haujlwm suav hais tias yog chav tsev lexical ua ib yam khoom uas cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus zoo sib xws thiab tsim kom muaj tag nrho cov lus. Ntawm no lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov lus thiab cov qauv sau ntawv yog qhov tseem ceeb, uas, ntawm ib sab, kev txhawb nqa, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, txwv ib leeg.
Vocabulary tswvyim
Lexicology suav cov lus raws li qhov system uas muaj ntau lub subsystems. Lexical units tsim cov pab pawg uas txawv hauv ntim, daim ntawv thiab cov ntsiab lus. Qhov no yog ib feem ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb lexicology. Cov lus yog kawm ib txhij nyob rau hauv ob yam: raws li ib pab pawg neeg kev sib raug zoo ntawm ib tug neeg units thiab lawv cov kev npaj kom raug nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau ib leeg. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, cov lus tuaj yeem muab faib ua pawg. Piv txwv li, homonyms, paronyms, synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms, thiab lwm yam.
Tsis tas li ntawd, yuav luag txhua ntu ntawm kev hais lus, suav nrog Lavxias lossis lus Askiv lexicology, kawm ntau pawg ntawm cov lus, uas yog hu ua teb. Qhov no feem ntau yog tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub tshav pob, piv txwv li, ib qho ntawm cov yuam sijcov lus, thiab cov ciam teb lawv tus kheej, uas yog ntau yam paradigmatic, semantic, grammatical lossis lwm yam kev sib raug zoo nrog cov lexical units.
Section of lexicology
Zoo li lwm yam kev tshawb fawb, lexicology muaj nws tus kheej txoj kev qhuab qhia uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau qee yam ntawm nws cov khoom thiab kev kawm:
- Semasiology. Deals nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus thiab kab lus.
- Onomasiology. Kawm cov txheej txheem rau npe khoom thiab tshwm sim.
- Etymology. Tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm ntawm cov lus.
- Onomastics. Deals nrog cov npe tiag tiag. Qhov no siv tau rau ob tus neeg lub npe thiab lub npe chaw.
- Style. Kawm paub lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus thiab cov kab lus ntawm cov xwm txheej.
- Lexicography. Koom nrog txoj hauv kev npaj thiab sau phau ntawv txhais lus.
- phraseology. Tshawb nrhiav cov kab lus thiab cov kab lus tsis tu ncua.
Ntu ntawm lexicology muaj lawv tus kheej pawg, nrog rau cov khoom thiab kev kawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee hom kev tshawb fawb no txawv. Hauv particular, peb tab tom tham txog dav dav, tshwj xeeb, keeb kwm, kev sib piv thiab siv lexicology. Thawj hom yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov kev cai dav dav ntawm cov lus, nrog rau nws cov qauv, theem ntawm kev loj hlob, kev ua haujlwm, thiab lwm yam. Private lexicology cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm ntawm ib hom lus. Hom keeb kwm yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev txhim kho cov lus hauv kev sib txuas nrog keeb kwm ntawm cov npe ntawm cov khoom thiab qhov tshwm sim. Kev sib piv lexicology tshuaj xyuas cov lus txhawm rau txheeb xyuas kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus sib txawv. Hom kawg yog lub luag haujlwm rau xws licov txheej txheem xws li kev hais lus kab lis kev cai, kev txhais lus nta, kev qhia lus Askiv thiab lexicography.
Qeb ntawm cov khoom lexical
Cov lus ntawm txhua yam lus muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab sib txawv. Raws li, muaj cov pawg uas muaj lawv tus kheej cov yam ntxwv thiab cov yam ntxwv. Lavxias teb sab lexicology pom cov subtypes hauv qab no:
- Los ntawm qhov: feem ntau siv cov lus thiab lexical units uas siv rau hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb (science, paj huam, vernacular, dialects, thiab lwm yam).
- Los ntawm lub siab ntsws load: nruab nrab thiab siab ntsws units.
- Ntawm keeb kwm kev loj hlob: neologisms thiab archaisms.
- Los ntawm keeb kwm thiab kev loj hlob: thoob ntiaj tebisms, qiv, thiab lwm yam.
- Hais txog kev ua haujlwm - nquag thiab passive lexical units, nrog rau qee zaus.
Tau qhov kev txhim kho ntawm cov lus tsis tu ncua, thaj tsam ntawm cov lus yog fuzzy, thiab lawv tuaj yeem txav ntawm ib pawg mus rau lwm tus.
Problems
Zoo li lwm yam kev tshawb fawb, lexicology cuam tshuam nrog qee yam teeb meem. Cov kws txawj niaj hnub paub qhov txawv hauv qab no:
- Frequency of words in the text.
- Qhov txawv ntawm lexical units hauv kev sau ntawv thiab hauv kev hais lus.
- Muaj peev xwm ntawm cov lus uas tso cai rau koj los tsim cov npe tshiab rau cov khoom thiab qhov tshwm sim.
- Hloov cov lus muaj nuj nqis.
Science kuj kawm txog cov lus sib raug zoo ntawm cov qib sib txawv: semantic thiablexical.
Txoj kev nce cov lus
Lexicology cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm txog kev sib txawv ntawm kev xaiv tsa. Qhov no yog to taub raws li ntau txoj hauv kev thiab kev nthuav dav cov lus. Rau qhov no, ob qho tib si cov peev txheej sab hauv ntawm ib hom lus thiab kev nyiam ntawm lexical units los ntawm lwm yam lus tuaj yeem siv. Muaj cov hauv qab no los ntxiv cov lus:
- Lo lus tsim yog tsim cov lus tshiab.
- Kev tsim cov ntsiab lus tshiab rau cov lus uas twb muaj lawm: polysemy, lub ntsiab lus hloov, thiab lwm yam.
- Tsim cov kab lus tsis tu ncua.
- Qiv.
Cov txheej txheem no yog ib yam rau txhua yam lus, tab sis nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub lawv muaj lawv tus kheej yam ntxwv thiab txawv nta.
Methods
Rau nws cov kev xav tau, lexicology siv txoj kev tshawb fawb txog kev paub lus. Cov no suav nrog:
- Kev faib tawm. Lub luag hauj lwm rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm ib chav lexical, rau tus naj npawb ntawm qhov tseem ceeb, thiab lwm yam.
- Kev hloov pauv. Nws kawm cov phenomena ntawm synonymy thiab variation ntawm cov lus.
- Cov txheej txheem. Lub luag haujlwm rau kev faib cov lexical units rau hauv cov khoom sib cais, thiab tseem cuam tshuam nrog lawv cov qauv.
- Kev hloov pauv. Siv nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov lus tsim los txiav txim lub ntsiab ntawm lo lus.
- Txoj kev txheeb cais. Siv los txiav txim qhov zaus ntawm kev siv cov lexical units, nrog rau suav lawv cov semantic, paradigmatic thiab lwm yam kev sib raug zoo.
Cov ntaub ntawv,tau siv cov hau kev no kuj tseem siv rau lwm yam kev tshawb fawb, suav nrog psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, nrog rau ntau yam kev qhuab qhia ntawm kev sib raug zoo.
