Hauv kev hais lus, muaj ob peb ntu tseem ceeb. Txhua tus ntawm lawv tau koom nrog kev kawm ntawm ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus lus thiab cov xwm txheej. Niaj hnub no peb yuav los txiav txim seb cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus Lavxias tau kawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv chav kawm.
Phonetics
Cia peb pib nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev paub lus - phonetics. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no kawm txog lub suab ntawm kev hais lus thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm. Hauv phonetics, kev hloov ntawm lub suab yog suav tias yog nyob ntawm qhov kev ntxhov siab, txoj hauj lwm hauv ib lossis lwm qhov ntawm lo lus. Cov haujlwm muaj zog thiab tsis muaj zog ntawm lub suab kuj raug txiav txim siab.
Cais, xws li ib lub suab yog kawm, thiab faib cov lus rau hauv cov lus raws li cov cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus. Hais txog phonetics thiab intonation, stress.
Spelling
Qhov thib ob tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm hom lus yog kev sau ntawv. Nws kawm txog kev sau cov lus thiab lawv qhov tseem ceeb. Spelling qhia peb cov cai thiab kev sau ntawv, thiab kawm paub txog thaum twg cov cai yuav tsum tau siv los txiav txim seb tsab ntawv twg yuav tsum sau rau hauv ib lo lus.
Vocabulary and phraseology
Vocabulary thiab phraseology yog qhov nthuav tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus uas kawm txog kev nplua nuj ntawm kev hais lus Lavxias, nrog rau cov kab lus ua haujlwm hauv nws. Hais txog cov lus, nws tsim nyog sau cia tias nws kawm txog cov ntsiab lus xws li cov lus sib txuas thiab homonyms, paronyms thiab antonyms, nws kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm cov lus thiab lawv txoj haujlwm, qhia txog cov lus nquag thiab tsis zoo ntawm cov lus Lavxias.
Phraseology yog kev kawm ntawm cov kab lus, lawv lub ntsiab lus thiab keeb kwm.
Qee ze ze rau cov lus thiab kab lus, lexicography yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm phau ntawv txhais lus.
Derivation
Lwm ntu ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus yog kev tsim cov lus. Nws kawm txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus. Yog li, txhua lo lus muaj lub hauv paus uas muaj lub ntsiab lus lexical. Ntxiv nrog rau lub hauv paus, lo lus tuaj yeem muaj qhov xaus, qhov xaus lossis ua ntej. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub qia ntawm lo lus txawv.
Derivation kev tshawb fawb tsis yog tsuas yog ib feem ntawm cov lus, tab sis kuj yuav ua li cas tej lo lus raug tsim, uas suffixes ua verbs, thiab cov adjectives.
Paub txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim cov lus, tus neeg kawm ntawv tau yooj yim dua, vim tias ob nqe lus no muaj kev sib raug zoo heev.
Morphology
Morphology yog ib feem loj ntawm kev kawm lus. Koom nrog hauv kev kawm txog qee qhov ntawm kev hais lus thiab lawv txoj haujlwm hauv kev hais lus. Nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm kev cob qhia, cov menyuam kawm ntawv kawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab cov koom haum ntawm kev hais lus, cov cai rau lawv cov kev sau ntawv, paub txog yuav ua li cas cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev hais lus yog inclined,Yuav ua li cas txiav txim siab poj niam txiv neej los yog rooj plaub ntawm lub npe lossis adjective uas hais txog nws.
Morphology kuj tseem cuam tshuam nrog orthography, vim nws yog qhov tsim nyog tsis yog kom paub tias lo lus tsim li cas, tab sis kuj hloov pauv li cas. Tom qab tag nrho, qee lub suab, thiab yog li ntawv, thaum sau, nyob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas lo lus yog.
Syntax and punctuation
Qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus yog syntax thiab cov cim. Nws pib kawm nyob rau qib 8 thiab 9th. Thawj qhov uas cov menyuam kawm ntawv paub txog yog lub tswvyim ntawm cov kab lus thiab hom, kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus. Tom qab ntawd lawv txav mus rau qhov kev kawm ntawm cov kab lus tseem ceeb thiab theem nrab, kawm kom pom lawv thiab nthuav qhia lawv cov duab.
Tom qab no, kev kawm txog kab lus yooj yim, ob qho tib si thiab ib feem, pib. Lawv kev faib tawm thiab kev ua haujlwm hauv kev hais lus raug kawm. Twb tau nyob rau qib 9, kev paub nrog cov kab lus nyuaj, hom kev sib txuas ntawm lawv, kev faib pib pib.
Nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm kev kawm cov kab lus, ib tug kuj tau paub txog cov cim cim ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, uas yog ze rau syntax. Cov kev cai rau tso commas, dashes thiab colons, semicolons raug kawm. Cov keeb kwm luv luv ntawm keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov cim tau muab.
Style
Kawm ntu ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus, cov tub ntxhais kawm tam sim no thiab tom qab ntawd ntsib cov lus hais xws li stylistics. Nws yog koom nrog hauv kev kawm txog kev hais lus, lawv cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Muaj ntau ntau yam tseem ceeb: artistic,scientific, journalistic, lees txim, colloquial, epistolary.
Nyob hauv kev cob qhia, cov tub ntxhais kawm kawm los qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua tus qauv thiab txiav txim siab seb qhov twg ntawm cov ntawv no lossis cov ntawv ntawd yog.
kab lis kev cai
Zoo, nqe lus kawg uas tsim nyog hais yog kab lis kev cai ntawm kev hais lus. Nws kawm txog kev sau ntawv thiab hais lus ntawm cov lus Lavxias. Feem ntau cov cai los ntawm nqe lus no tau kawm nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm lwm ntu ntawm kev hais lus. Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm kev hais lus muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov stylistics, orthoepy thiab orthography.
Cov Lus Qhia
Peb nrhiav tau cov seem ntawm kev kawm lus uas tau kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv chav kawm. Ntawm lawv yog phonetics thiab spelling, vocabulary thiab phraseology, lo lus tsim thiab morphology, syntax thiab punctuation, raws li zoo raws li style thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm kev hais lus. Yuav luag txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj kev sib raug zoo, kev paub ntawm ib ntu ua rau kev sib xyaw ntawm cov cai los ntawm lwm tus, ib qho nyob ib sab.
