Lub nyem ntawm Russia yog amazingly ntau haiv neeg. Ntawm nws thaj chaw muaj cov roob loj, thaj av loj heev, pob zeb toj siab thiab toj siab. Nyob rau sab qab teb-sab hnub poob ntawm European ib feem ntawm lub tebchaws, Central Russia Plain (upland) nyob. Nws yog hais txog daim ntawv nyem no uas peb yuav piav qhia meej hauv peb tsab xov xwm.
Central Russia Plain: piav qhia thiab thaj chaw nyob
Txoj kev nyem ntawm European ib feem ntawm Russia yog dominated los ntawm cov tiaj. Yog tias koj saib ntawm daim ntawv qhia lub cev, koj tuaj yeem pom tias lawv nyob ntau dua 95% ntawm thaj chaw no. Ib qho ntawm qhov loj tshaj plaws morphostructures ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws yog lub Central Lavxias teb sab Plain. Nws qhov chaw nyob ntawm qhov qub thiab uplifted Precambrian hauv qab daus ua tiav txiav txim siab nws qhov tsos. Lub tiaj yog sawv cev los ntawm ib tug wavy thiab heev dissected nto los ntawm dej yaig.
Lub Nroog Lavxias nyob qhov twg? Feem ntau ntawm nws yog nyob rau hauv Russia (saib daim ntawv qhia hauv qab). Nws yog ib feem ntawm East European Plain loj thiab npog thaj tsam ntawm Voronezh, Belgorod, Kursk thiab Rostov cheeb tsam. Nws cais spurs suav nrogkuj nyob rau hauv Ukrainian thaj chaw (Sumy, Kharkiv thiab Lugansk cheeb tsam).
Lub Central Lavxias teb sab Plain stretches ntawm sab qaum teb mus rau sab qab teb yuav luag ib txhiab kilometers, los ntawm lub Oka River hav mus rau qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm lub Donetsk Ridge. Nyob rau sab hnub poob nws txwv los ntawm Polessky lowland, thiab sab hnub tuaj los ntawm Oka-Don tiaj. Nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub poob, nws yooj yim dhau mus rau hauv Dnieper lowland. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm thaj chaw tau maj mam txo qis nyob rau sab qab teb thiab sab qab teb-sab hnub poob cov lus qhia los ntawm 260 txog 190 meters. Qhov siab tshaj plaws yog 303 meters saum toj no hiav txwv theem.
Kwv yees li xya lab tus tib neeg nyob hauv Central Russia Plain (ntawm 35% nyob hauv cov zos thiab cov zos). Lub nroog loj hauv cheeb tsam: Voronezh, Kursk, Belgorod, Tula, Bryansk, Yelets, Lipetsk, Stary Oskol, Kharkiv, Sumy, Glukhov.
Yog li ntawd, qhov twg yog qhov Central Lavxias teb sab Plain, peb twb pom lawm. Tam sim no cia peb kawm ntxiv txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv geological thiab topography ntawm no morphostructure.
General geology thiab minerals
Raws li twb tau hais lawm, lub tiaj yog ua raws cov pob zeb crystalline ntawm Precambrian hauv qab daus (los yog hu ua Voronezh massif). Los ntawm saum toj no, lawv tau them nrog ib txheej nyias ntawm cov pob zeb sedimentary - limestone, chalk, sandstone thiab av nplaum.
Sab qaum teb, sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj ib feem ntawm cov tiaj ua ntej tau npog los ntawm glacier. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam niaj hnub no ib tug yuav pom ntau deposits ntawm glacial keeb kwm - moraines, lub thickness ntawm uas yog.hauv qee qhov chaw ncav cuag 15 meters. Classical moraine deposits muaj nyob rau sab xis bank ntawm lub Oka, nyob rau hauv seem ntawm Serpukhov thiab Aleksin.
Lub Central Lavxias teb sab tiaj yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov hlau thiab uranium ores. Qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm nws reserves yog lub Mikhailovskoye hlau ore deposit. Tsis tas li ntawd, tseem ceeb deposits ntawm limestone, xim av thee, granite thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv hauv tsev yog concentrated nyob rau hauv lub plab hnyuv cheeb tsam.
Central Lavxias teb sab Plain: Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb nyem
Nyob hauv thaj chaw no, xwm tau tsim txhua yam tsim nyog rau kev tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov txheej txheem dej yaig thiab av:
- cheeb tsam siab.
- Kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv qhov siab kawg nkaus.
- Zoo pob zeb.
- Nyob nag los nag loj heev rau lub caij ntuj sov.
- % tsawg hav zoov.
Vim li ntawd, cov toj roob hauv pes classical-beam-valley toj roob hauv pes tau tsim thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau hauv cheeb tsam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, dej yaig sai sai txo thaj tsam ntawm thaj av tsim nyog rau kev ua liaj ua teb txhua xyoo. Qhov tob ntawm kev txiav tawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb saum npoo ntawm lub tiaj hauv qee qhov chaw ncav cuag 100-120 meters.
Nrog rau Central Lavxias teb sab Upland, suffusion (steppe saucers thiab funnels), lub ntiajteb txawj nqus (cliffs, landslides), eolian (me me xuab zeb dunes) landforms kuj muaj. Nyob rau hauv Ukrainian ib feem ntawm lub tiaj (tshwj xeeb, nyob rau hauv lub Sumy cheeb tsam) muaj karst. Nyob rau hauv kev pab cuam dav dav, cov toj roob hauv pes yog pom tau tias txawv ntawm lawv ntau duapicturesque saib ntawm txoj cai ntug dej ntawm tus dej, nrog rau cov cheeb tsam thiab ib ncig ntawm Belogorye, Krivoborye, Galichya Gora, uas peb yuav tham txog tom qab.
Hydrography, flora thiab av ntawm cheeb tsam
Kev nyab xeeb ntawm Central Russia Plain yog temperate continental. Lub caij ntuj sov sov me ntsis, thiab lub caij ntuj no yog frosty thiab snowy heev. Qhov nruab nrab nag lossis daus txhua xyoo yog li ntawm 400 txog 650 hli. Lub hydrographic network tau tsim zoo. Cov dej loj tshaj plaws ntawm cheeb tsam: Desna, Seim, Psel, Don, Vorskla, Oskol, Ugra, Zhizdra, Zusha, Seim. Nyob rau hauv lub tiaj yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub Oka, ib tug ntawm cov loj tributaries ntawm lub Volga.
Cov av npog ntawm toj siab yog sawv cev los ntawm chernozems thiab grey hav zoov av (nyob rau sab qaum teb). Soddy-podzolic av yog dav nyob rau hauv cov hav zoov loj, thiab ray-chernozem, marsh thiab xuab zeb xau muaj nyob rau hauv cov hav dej. Tam sim no feem ntau ntawm cov tiaj yog plowing.
Kwv yees li 80% ntawm thaj tsam ntawm Central Russia Upland yog nyob rau hauv thaj chaw hav zoov-steppe. Cov cheeb tsam tseem ceeb yog nyob los ntawm dej nyab meadows thiab swamps. Hauv hav zoov, hom ntoo tseem ceeb yog ntoo qhib, ntoo thuv thiab birch. Tsawg dua yog maple, linden thiab tshauv. Willow thiab alder groves hlob raws ntug dej thiab kwj deg.
Belogorye Nature Reserve
Lub cia nrog lub npe zoo nkauj "Belogorye" npog thaj tsam ntawm 2 txhiab hectares hauv cheeb tsam Belgorod. Raws li kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb muaj ib lub qub ntoo qhib hav zoov, uas nws muaj hnub nyoog tsawg kawg yog 300 xyoo. Rau ob peb centuries nyob rau hauv ib tug kab nws yog ib tug private yos hav zoov.muaj Sheremetevs, thiab yog li ntawd zoo kawg nkaus khaws cia. Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb ces kaum ntawm lub cia yog lub thiaj li hu ua Yamskaya steppe. Qhov no yog raws nraim li qhov siv meadow steppe ntawm Central Russia zoo li. Kev sib txawv ntawm botanical ntawm qhov chaw no tsuas yog amazing: muaj txog 80 hom nroj tsuag ib square meter!
Feem ntau, muaj 370 hom nroj tsuag, 150 hom noog thiab 50 hom tsiaj ntawm ntau hom tsiaj nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm Belogorye.
Tract Krivoborye
Krivoborye yog lub ces kaum zoo kawg nkaus ntawm Lavxias teb sab hav zoov-steppe. Nws nyob hauv cheeb tsam Ramonsky ntawm cheeb tsam Voronezh. Txoj kev yog txoj kev nqes hav ntawm Don, overgrown nrog sparse hav zoov thiab shrubs. Qhov siab ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv nce mus txog 50 meters, thiab qhov siab ntawm txoj kab nqes yog 75 degrees. Tus dej hauv qhov chaw no kuj tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas: ntawm no nws yog winding heev thiab nyuaj los ntawm ntau rifts.
Lub Krivoborye ib puag ncig tau suav nrog hauv cov npe ntawm geological natural monuments rov qab rau xyoo 1969. Nws cheeb tsam tag nrho yog 15 hectares.
Reserve "Galichya Gora"
Galichya Roob yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, nws thaj chaw tsuas yog 19 hectares. Nws nyob hauv Lipetsk cheeb tsam. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov cim tej yam ntuj tso toj roob hauv pes thiab cov khoom yog concentrated nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug me me cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv lub cia, cov nroj tsuag loj hlob uas yog kiag li uncharacteristic ntawm tus so ntawm Central Russia Plain. Thiab qhov no yog qhov paub tsis meej tseem ceeb ntawm Galich Roob, uas cov kws tshawb fawb tau tawm tsam txij li xyoo 1925. Twb yog thaum ntawd lub chaw khaws cia tau tsim.
Lub ntsiab attraction ntawm lub roob Galichya yog lub roob zoo nkauj pob zeb, nyob rau ntawm sab xis sab xis ntawm Don. Nws yog tsim los ntawm Devonian limestones. Outcrops ntawm cov pob zeb no "tso" txog 650 hom nroj tsuag ntawm lawv cov pob tsuas. Ib tug impressive daim duab, botanists ntawm lub zos tsev cia puav pheej ntawm xwm yuav qhia rau koj. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem kawm txog txhua qhov sib txawv thiab qhov txawv ntawm cov toj roob hauv pes ntawm qhov chaw cia.
