Immunity yog lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv sab nraud. Lo lus nws tus kheej los ntawm lo lus Latin uas txhais tias "liberation" lossis "tshem tawm ntawm ib yam dab tsi." Hippocrates hu nws "lub zog kho tus kheej ntawm lub cev", thiab Paracelsus hu nws "kho lub zog". Ua ntej tshaj plaws, koj yuav tsum nkag siab cov ntsiab lus cuam tshuam nrog cov neeg tiv thaiv tseem ceeb ntawm peb lub cev.
Natural thiab tau txais kev tiv thaiv
Txawm tias thaum ub los, cov kws kho mob tau paub txog tib neeg kev tiv thaiv kab mob rau tsiaj. Piv txwv li, kab mob plague hauv dev lossis qaib cholera. Qhov no hu ua innate immunity. Nws muab rau ib tug neeg txij thaum yug los thiab tsis ploj mus ib txhis.
Hom thib ob ntawm kev tiv thaiv tshwm sim hauv tus neeg tsuas yog tom qab nws tau kis tus kab mob. Piv txwv li, typhus thiab scarlet fever yog thawj kab mob uas cov kws kho mob nrhiav pom kev tiv thaiv. Thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem kab mob, lub cev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tiv thaiv nws los ntawm tej yam microbes thiabviruses.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob yog tias tom qab kho, lub cev twb tau npaj kom rov kis tau tus mob. Pab txhawb rau qhov no:
- khaws cia tus qauv tshuaj tiv thaiv rau lub neej;
- paub txog tus kab mob "paub" los ntawm lub cev thiab lub koom haum ceev ntawm kev tiv thaiv.
Muaj ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim dua kom tau txais kev tiv thaiv - nws yog tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tsis tas yuav tsum muaj tus kab mob tag nrho. Nws yog txaus los qhia txog cov kab mob uas tsis muaj zog rau hauv cov ntshav kom "qhia" lub cev los tawm tsam nws. Yog tias koj xav paub seb qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob tau muab rau noob neej li cas, koj yuav tsum xub tshawb pom cov keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb pom.
keeb kwm me ntsis
Thawj qhov kev tiv thaiv tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1796. Edward Gener tau ntseeg tias kev tsim cov kab mob me me nrog nyuj cov ntshav yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los tiv thaiv kab mob. Thiab hauv Is Nrias teb thiab Tuam Tshoj, tib neeg tau kis tus kab mob me me ntev ua ntej lawv pib ua hauv Europe.
Nyob rau hauv lub 90s ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo, Emil von Behring luam tawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nws ua hauj lwm. Lawv tau tshaj tawm tias txhawm rau kom tau txais kev tiv thaiv kab mob, nws yog qhov txaus kom kis tau tus tsiaj tsis muaj kab mob diphtheria tag nrho, tab sis tsuas yog muaj qee cov co toxins cais tawm ntawm lawv.
Kev npaj ua los ntawm cov ntshav ntawm cov tsiaj no los ua lub npe hu ua serums. Lawv yog thawj qhov kev kho mob rau cov kab mob, uas ua rau noob neej nrhiav pom kev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Serum as a last chance
Yog ib tug neeg poob mob thiab tiv tsis tau tus kab mob ntawm nws tus kheej, nws raug muab tshuaj. Nws muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas npaj tau rau lub cevtus neeg mob vim qee yam tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm nws tus kheej.
Cov no yog kev ntsuas hnyav, lawv tsuas yog tsim nyog yog tias tus neeg mob lub neej muaj kev phom sij. Serum antibodies tau txais los ntawm cov ntshav ntawm cov tsiaj uas twb muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Lawv tau txais tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tau muab rau tib neeg kev tshawb pom ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob yog kev nkag siab txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tag nrho. Cov kws tshawb fawb thaum kawg tau nkag siab tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li cas tshwm sim thiab lawv yog dab tsi.
Antibodies - tawm tsam cov co toxins txaus ntshai
Antitoxin yog ib yam khoom uas neutralizes cov khoom khib nyiab ntawm cov kab mob. Nws tshwm sim hauv cov ntshav tsuas yog thaum muaj kev sib cuag nrog cov tshuaj txaus ntshai no. Tom qab ntawd tag nrho cov tshuaj no pib hu ua ib lo lus dav dav - "antibodies".
Nobel Laureate hauv Chemistry Arne Tiselius tau sim ua pov thawj tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog cov proteins zoo tib yam, tsuas yog muaj qhov hnyav molecular xwb. Thiab ob tug kws tshawb fawb - Edelman thiab Porter - deciphered tus qauv ntawm ob peb ntawm lawv. Nws muab tawm tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj plaub yam proteins: ob qhov hnyav thiab ob lub teeb. Lub molecule nws tus kheej yog zoo li tus slingshot.
Thiab tom qab ntawd, Susumo Tonegawa tau qhia txog lub peev xwm zoo kawg nkaus ntawm peb cov genome. Cov ntu ntawm DNA uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem hloov pauv hauv txhua lub cell ntawm lub cev. Thiab lawv yeej ib txwm npaj txhij, yog tias muaj kev phom sij, lawv tuaj yeem hloov pauv kom lub cell pib tsim cov proteins tiv thaiv. Ntawd yog, lub cev yeej ib txwm npaj kom yug tau ntau yam sib txawvtshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov ntau yam no ntau dua li npog cov naj npawb ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam.
Lub ntsiab lus qhib kev tiv thaiv
Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tag nrho cov kev xav tau muab tso rau ntawm nws qhov kev ua tau tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb thiab kws kho mob kom nkag siab zoo txog cov qauv ntawm peb lub cev, cov txheej txheem ntawm nws cov kev cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob pathogenic. Qhov no pab kov yeej cov kab mob txaus ntshai xws li kab mob me. Thiab tom qab ntawd tau pom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tetanus, qhua pias, tuberculosis, hnoos hawb pob thiab ntau lwm yam.
Txhua yam kev nce qib hauv cov tshuaj no tau ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom lub neej nyob nruab nrab ntawm tus neeg thiab txhim kho kev kho mob zoo.
Yuav kom nkag siab zoo dua qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob tau muab rau noob neej, nws txaus los nyeem txog lub neej nyob rau Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog, thaum tsis muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab sera. Saib seb cov tshuaj tau hloov pauv li cas, thiab lub neej zoo dua thiab nyab xeeb npaum li cas!
Tab sis tseem muaj ntau qhov kev tshawb pom thiab ua tiav hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Thiab txhua tus neeg muaj peev xwm pab txhawb rau noob neej yav tom ntej. Nws yog txaus kom muaj kev nkag siab txog theem pib ntawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv biology thiab paub tias keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob tau tsim li cas los qhia rau koj cov menyuam thiab cov phooj ywg. Tej zaum koj tuaj yeem tsim ib tiam tshiab ntawm kev txaus siab rau kev tshawb fawb!
