Protein molecules muaj cov qauv tsim thiab muaj cov amino acids. Cov tom kawg yog cov khoom siv rau kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov protein, uas yog vim li cas txhua yam kab mob uas muaj sia nyob xav tau lawv cov khoom noj tas li. Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov amino acids yog cov khoom noj muaj protein ntau uas yuav tsum nkag mus rau hauv lub plab zom mov ntawm lub cev thiab raug tawg mus rau hauv cov khoom xyaw. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov khoom noj proteins uas tau nkag mus rau tib neeg cov ntshav yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, uas nws muaj nyob hauv cov hlab ntsha yog qhov tsis tsim nyog. Ib qho protein txawv teb chaws uas tuaj rau hauv kev sib cuag ncaj qha nrog ib puag ncig sab hauv ntawm lub cev ua phem rau yav tom ntej thiab ua raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Kev noj zaub mov muaj protein ntau
Thaum tus cwj pwm noj zaub mov ib txwm muaj, uas tsis suav nrog kev noj haus, tib neeg lub plab zom mov tau txais cov tshuaj uas ib txwm muaj nyob hauvlub cev tsis tuaj. Qhov no txhais tau tias tag nrho cov zaub mov proteins uas nkag mus rau tib neeg cov ntshav yog txawv teb chaws. Yog li ntawd, ua ntej lawv assimilation, lawv yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv lub ntsiab Cheebtsam - amino acids. Qhov kev xav tau no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias txhua yam protein muaj qee yam khoom, qhov muaj uas tau piav qhia los ntawm cov qauv tshwj xeeb thiab spatial. Qee tus ntawm lawv yog cov enzymes thiab qee qhov yog tshuaj lom.
Txhua yam protein khaws nws cov khoom ntev npaum li nws muaj cov qauv sib txawv. Thiab txoj kev txhim khu kev qha tshaj plaws thiab muaj zog tshaj plaws rau kev sib xyaw nws tsuas yog ua tiav cleavage, uas muaj cov theem ntawm denaturation thiab maj mam tawg ntawm peptide bonds. Yog tsis muaj cleavage, tag nrho cov zaub mov proteins uas nkag mus rau tib neeg cov ntshav yog antigens. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tswj hwm kev noj zaub mov hauv cov hlab ntsha ua rau muaj kev hem thawj ntawm kev tuag sai ntawm tus neeg, thaum kev qhia txog cov amino acids lossis dipeptides rau hauv cov ntshav tuaj yeem siv los ntawm cov neeg ncaws pob lossis cov neeg mob tsis noj nqaij nrog cov protein tshaib plab yam tsis muaj teeb meem rau lub cev.
Kev sib cuag ntawm cov protein txawv teb chaws nrog lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob
Thaum kawm txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kab mob microbiology, raws li kev sim tsim los kom paub txog qib kev paub ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, cov lus nug tsis txaus ntseeg yuav raug nug ntawm cov neeg kawm. Piv txwv li, ib lo lus nug ntawm qhov zoo sib xws: cov khoom noj proteins uas tau nkag mus rau tib neeg cov ntshav yog dab tsi? Yog tias qhov no yog kev sim hauv computer, ces cov lus teb hauv qab no tuaj yeem muab tau: tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, enzyme, antigen, tshuaj hormones. Txoj cai nkaus xwbib qho antigen yog ib qho txawv, txij li cov protein txawv teb chaws nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntawm lub cev raug tawm tsam los ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab pom tau tias yog xenobiotic lossis tshuaj lom. Nws kuj tsis tuaj yeem yog vitamin.
Ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob
Ib kab mob muaj peev xwm siv tau rau nws cov kev xav tau tsuas yog cov proteins uas nws cov qauv tseem ceeb yog encoded hauv nws cov genome. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias txawm tias nkag mus rau hauv cov ntshav ntawm ib qho enzyme uas ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv tib neeg yuav ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Qhov no yuav tshwm sim vim qhov tsis muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau qee yam tshuaj hauv qee yam xov xwm lom neeg. Piv txwv li, intracellular enzymes, uas ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv mitochondria los yog nyob rau hauv lub nucleus, yog txawv teb chaws thaum tso rau hauv cov ntshav. Yog li ntawd, lawv tau pom los ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ua antigens thiab raug tshem tawm los ntawm macrophage system.
Qhov tsuas yog qhov tshwj xeeb yog cov proteins uas sib raug zoo hauv cov qauv rau qee cov enzymes lossis cov tshuaj hormones. Piv txwv li, kev tsim cov tshuaj insulin, thaum txhaj rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, tsis ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog. Qhov no yog vim nws muaj tib cov qauv saw thiab hluav taws xob raws li tib neeg cov tshuaj insulin. Txawm li cas los xij, insulin tsis yog cov khoom noj muaj protein ntau. Ib zaug hauv tib neeg cov ntshav, nws yog cov tshuaj hormones. Tab sis tag nrho lwm cov khoom noj proteins, thaum muab tso rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, muaj teeb meem loj.
Rau kev zom zaub mov zoo, cov zaub mov protein yuav tsum tau tawg hauv plab zom movqhov system. Tom qab ntawd lawv tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov ntshav uas twb muaj lawm hauv cov amino acids, tau poob lawv cov qauv. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no, lawv tuaj yeem siv los ntawm cov hlwb los biosynthesize lawv cov proteins uas tsis yog-immunogenic, uas yuav ua raws li cov tshuaj hormones, cov neeg nruab nrab, lossis cov enzymes hauv cov cell lossis hauv cov ntshav. Cov lus hais tias cov khoom noj proteins uas tau nkag mus rau tib neeg cov ntshav yog cov enzymes, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob lossis cov tshuaj hormones yog cuav. Lawv tsuas yog antigens xwb, thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua lwm yam.
Vim li cas cov protein txawv teb chaws tsis yog tshuaj tiv thaiv
Thaum kawg nkag siab tias yog vim li cas cov protein txawv teb chaws tsis tuaj yeem ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, koj yuav tsum nkag siab zoo txog cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv kab mob. Ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob yog ib qho nyuaj globulin protein uas yog synthesized los ntawm plasma hlwb ntawm tib neeg lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Thiab ib qho antigen yog ib qho molecule uas ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Tag nrho cov zaub mov proteins uas nkag mus rau tib neeg cov ntshav yog antigens. Thaum thawj zaug sib cuag, lawv tau engulfed los ntawm ib tug macrophage, uas paub txog cov qauv ntawm cov protein thiab hloov mus rau hauv ib tug antigen-tam sim no cell. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau txais tom qab lysis ntawm antigen, immunoglobulins yog synthesized. Cov tom kawg yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Antibody synthesis
Ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob yog cov protein molecule synthesized hauv tib neeg lub cev kom tshem tawm ib qho antigen tshwj xeeb. Nws yog synthesized nyob rau hauv teb rau cov tsos ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv lub internal ib puag ncig ntawm lub cev. Cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam tuaj yeem qhia tau raws li hauv qab no: cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, thaum muaj kev sib cuag nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tso cai rau macrophage pib loj. Kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov protein txawv teb chaws, bypassing theem ntawm antigen nthuav qhia ntawm nws daim nyias nyias. Antibody synthesis yog ib txoj hauv kev txav los ntawm cellular mus rau kev tiv thaiv kab mob humoral, thiab tag nrho cov zaub mov proteins uas nkag mus rau tib neeg cov ntshav yog antigens uas yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev qhia txog kev noj zaub mov protein rau hauv cov ntshav
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj txhaj tshuaj ntawm cov protein txawv teb chaws yog qhov nyuaj rau kwv yees, vim nws nyob ntawm cov protein tshwj xeeb thiab nws cov koob tshuaj. Hauv cov koob tshuaj tsawg tsawg, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob yuav txhim kho, thiab cov protein yuav raug coj los ntawm macrophages, uas yuav muab cov tshuaj antigens rau plasma hlwb. Thaum kawg, tom qab li 2 lub lis piam, synthesize antibodies. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm rov qab qhia cov protein rau hauv cov ntshav, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis yog cellular, tab sis humoral tiv thaiv yuav tshwm sim. Tib lub sijhawm, cov zaub mov protein uas tau nkag mus rau tib neeg cov ntshav tsis yog tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Qhia txog cov protein ntau ntau
Nyob rau hauv qhov ntau, cov khoom noj muaj protein ntau nkag ncaj qha rau hauv cov ntshav yuav ua rau tuag vim lub raum tsis ua haujlwm lossis pulmonary embolism. Qhov kev xaiv tom kawg yog ua tau nrog kev qhia txog cov protein nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov roj kev daws teeb meem los yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom hais. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev sim tshwj xeeb tsim los kom paub meej tias cov kev xav no tsis tau ua rau qhov laj thawj zoo.
Pom tseeb, lub cev tsis tuaj yeem nqus cov protein los ntawm cov ntshav, tab sis tsuas yog siv cov khoom uas lawv muaj rau nws cov kev xav tau. Tom qab ntawd cov lus nug yuav tsum tau teb: nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ncaj qha txhaj tshuaj, noj cov proteins,uas nkag mus rau hauv tib neeg cov ntshav, yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, antigens, enzymes lossis vitamins? Cov lus teb yog antigens. Ib txhia ntawm lawv tsis cais yog tshuaj lom txhua. Nkag mus rau hauv cov ntshav ncaj qha, lawv tsis nruab nrab los ntawm lub siab, thiab yog li ntawd lawv tuaj yeem tua ib tus neeg.
