Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1910, Ernst Rutherford, ntxhov siab los ntawm kev xav, mob siab rau kom nkag siab txog cov qauv sab hauv ntawm lub atom. Nws cov kev sim ntawm kev tawg ntawm alpha hais los ntawm ntau yam tshuaj convincingly ua pov thawj tias nyob rau hauv lub atom muaj ib co hiherto unexplored, loj lub cev. Xyoo 1912, Rutherford tau hu nws lub atomic nucleus. Ntau txhiab lo lus nug swirled nyob rau hauv tus kws tshawb fawb lub taub hau. Lub cev tsis paub no muaj nqi dab tsi? Yuav tsum muaj pes tsawg electrons los muab qhov hnyav?
Lub Tsib Hlis 1911, Rutherford tau tshaj tawm ib tsab xov xwm ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub atom, uas yog ua ntej los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb heev uas qhov kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov qauv atomic tej zaum nyob ntawm qhov subtleties ntawm cov qauv sab hauv ntawm lub atom thiab lub zog. ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, uas yog nws cov khoom siv tseem ceeb. Qhov no yog li cas cov hluav taws xob configuration tau yug los - nuclear-electronic atomic qauv. Cov qauv no tau tsim los ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv nuclear physics.
Electronicconfiguration yog qhov kev txiav txim uas cov electrons raug faib rau hauv atomic orbits. Ua tsaug rau lub siab xav paub thiab ua siab ntev ntawm Ernst Rutherford, uas tau tswj hwm nws lub tswv yim, kev tshawb fawb tau txhawb nqa nrog kev paub tshiab, tus nqi uas tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees ntau dhau.
Kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom yog raws li hauv qab no. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm tag nrho cov qauv yog lub nucleus, uas muaj ib tug txawv tus naj npawb ntawm neutrons thiab protons rau txhua yam khoom. Dab tsi ua rau tus nqi zoo ntawm cov nucleus. Cov hluav taws xob txav mus ib puag ncig nws raws li qhov sib thooj concentric orbits - tsis zoo them cov nqi qis. Cov atomic orbits no tseem hu ua shells. Lub orbit sab nraud ntawm lub atom yog hu ua valence orbit. Thiab tus naj npawb ntawm electrons ntawm nws yog valence.
Txhua qhov kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas nws muaj. Piv txwv li, ib qho atom ntawm cov khoom yooj yim tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb - hydrogen - tsuas muaj ib qho hluav taws xob nkaus xwb, ib qho oxygen atom - yim, thiab hluav taws xob teeb tsa ntawm hlau muaj nees nkaum rau electrons.
Tab sis qhov kev txiav txim siab tus nqi hauv cov qauv hluav taws xob ntawm lub atom tsis yog tus naj npawb ntawm electrons txhua, tab sis dab tsi tuav lawv ua ke thiab ua rau tag nrho lub cev ua haujlwm zoo - lub nucleus thiab nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nws yog lub hauv paus uas muab cov khoom nws tus kheej zoo thiab cov yam ntxwv. Cov hluav taws xob qee zaum tawm ntawm tus qauv atomic, thiab tom qab ntawd lub atom tau txais tus nqi zoo (vim yog tus nqi ntawm lub nucleus). Hauv qhov no, cov tshuaj tsis hloov nws cov khoom. Tab sis yog tias koj hloov qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm nucleus, ces nws yuav yog cov khoom sib txawv kiag li nrog cov khoom sib txawv. Nws tsis yooj yim ua li no, tab sis tseem ua tau.
Vim tias kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob tsis tuaj yeem ua tsis tau yam tsis muaj nws lub ntsiab yam ntxwv - lub atomic nucleus, nws yuav tsum tau saib xyuas tshwj xeeb. Nws yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv atomic uas tsim cov khoom ntiag tug thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua yam tshuaj lom neeg. Protons, uas, qhov tseeb, muab lub nucleus rau qhov zoo, yog 1840 lub sij hawm hnyav dua li cov electron. Tab sis lub zog ntawm tus nqi ntawm ib tug proton yog sib npaug rau ib tug zoo xws li cov nqi ntawm ib tug electron. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm kev sib npaug, tus naj npawb ntawm protons nyob rau hauv ib lub atom yog sib npaug rau cov xov tooj ntawm electrons. Hauv qhov no, lub nucleus yog tus nqa khoom ntawm xoom nqi.
Lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub atomic nucleus hu ua neutron. Nws yog lub caij no, uas tsis muaj nqi, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam cov saw hlau nuclear. Yog li nws tsuas yog tsis yooj yim sua kom overestimate tus nqi ntawm cov neutron.
