Miv yog tsiaj ntawm ntau tus neeg. Ib tug neeg nyiam liab, ib tug dub, ib tug mosaic. Lwm tus nyiam rau Persians, Siamese miv lossis Egyptian miv. Ntxim qab kawg li.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov xim ntawm tus tsiaj, nws sab nrauv, tus cwj pwm, kab mob, pathologies, kev hloov pauv tsis yog nyob ntawm hom tsiaj lossis kev ua neej, tab sis kuj nyob ntawm chromosome teeb (feem ntau ntawm nws), uas yog qhov tsis tu ncua thiab qee yam.
Thiab tseem, tus miv muaj pes tsawg chromosomes, lawv tus lej thiab ua haujlwm yog dab tsi? Qhov no yuav tham hauv qab no.
genome thiab chromosomes
Hais txog pes tsawg chromosomes tus miv muaj yog qhov nyuaj heev yam tsis muaj kev paub txog caj ces.
Genome yog ib qho qauv uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm cov kab mob. Yuav luag txhua lub cell muaj genome. Tab sis cov chromosome muaj tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov qauv ntawm tes. Lub chromosome yog ib tug nucleoprotein qauv nyob rau hauv lub nucleus ntawm ib tug eukaryotic cell. Cov chromosome muaj ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm uas tau khaws cia,tau siv thiab dhau mus rau tiam tom ntej.
Chromosome yog cov qauv ntawm cov cell nucleus, suav nrog deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) thiab cov proteins. Nws tsim nyog nco qab tias DNA yog macromolecule uas muab kev khaws cia, kev sib kis ntawm ib tiam mus rau ib tiam, kev siv cov kev pab cuam caj ces rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob nyob.
Muaj ob hom chromosomes hauv cov kab mob sib txawv:
Eukaryotic yam - yam ntxwv ntawm cov kab mob nyob (eukaryotes), uas nws cov hlwb muaj lub hnab ntawv nuclear, DNA molecules hauv cov nucleus thiab mitochondria.
Prokaryotic hom - pom nyob rau hauv cov kab mob uas lawv lub hlwb tsis muaj cov ntaub so ntswg nuclear, thiab DNA molecules nyob rau hauv cov histones (prokaryotes).
Sab nraud, chromosome zoo li cov xov ntev nrog cov hlaws dai, txhua tus yog cov noob. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov noob yog nyob rau ntawm nws nruj nreem seem ntawm chromosome - qhov chaw.
Tus naj npawb ntawm chromosomes hauv tsiaj
Puas muaj pes tsawg chromosomes hauv miv lub hlwb? Txhua yam kab mob uas muaj sia nyob muaj homologous los yog khub chromosomes thiab haploid los yog unpaired (pom niam txiv) chromosomes. Cov tom kawg suav nrog qe thiab phev, lawv muaj ib txheej ntawm XX thiab XY, feem. Thaum sib faib, lawv tawg mus rau X, X thiab X, Y. Nyob ntawm qhov sib xyaw tshiab ntawm khub hauv lub cell fertilized, kev sib deev ntawm cov kab mob tshiab (hauv peb rooj plaub, tus menyuam miv) yuav txiav txim siab.
Rau lo lus nug: "Puas muaj chromosomes nyob rau hauv miv lub hlwb?", noob caj noob ces muab cov lus teb tseeb. Hauv cov miv hauv tsev, cov chromosome teeb suav nrog 19 khub ntawm chromosomes (18 khub thiab 1 unpaired: XX - hauv poj niam thiab XY -hauv cov txiv neej). Tag nrho cov chromosomes hauv miv yog 38.
Hauv lwm cov tsiaj, tus naj npawb ntawm chromosomes yog qhov sib txawv thiab ib tus neeg rau txhua hom (piv txwv li, hauv dev - 78 chromosomes, nees - 64, nyuj - 60, hauv hare - 48). Nco qab tias tib neeg muaj 46 chromosomes.
Karyotype thiab chromosomal complex ntawm miv
Karyotype yog ib khub ntawm chromosomes nrog tus lej tshwj xeeb, qhov loj thiab cov duab rau txhua hom tsiaj. Cov cim qhia ntawm txhua hom kab mob muaj sia nyob tau txais txiaj ntsig raws li karyotype. Piv txwv li, lub xub ntiag ntawm lub cev hauv cov ntxhw tuaj yeem yog ib qho karyotypic feature. Kev yug me nyuam ntxhw tsis muaj lub cev yuav yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv karyotypic, uas yog, pathology.
Txhua lub hlwb tau ua khub, yav tom ntej zoo li, sab nrauv, xim, tus cwj pwm ntawm miv nyob ntawm lawv. Qhov kawg - 19 khub muaj cov ntaub ntawv sib deev thiab ib nrab ntawm cov chromosome teeb. Thaum lub sij hawm fertilization, ob qho tib si ua ke los tsim ib lub cell ua tiav.
Cat's qe chromosomes
Dab tsi ntawm chromosomes tus miv lub qe muaj? Muaj 38 chromosomes nyob rau hauv somatic cell ntawm ib tug miv, uas yog diploid hlwb. Lub zes qe menyuam yog kev sib deev haploid cell. Raws li, 38 yuav tsum muab faib los ntawm ob, peb tau 19, uas yog, muaj kaum cuaj chromosomes hauv miv lub qe.
Muaj 38 chromosomes hauv miv lub somatic cell, uas muaj DNA molecules nrog cov ntaub ntawv genotypic. Genotypic manifestations uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub sab nraud tsos ntawm ib tug muaj sia nyob yog hu ua phenotype. Phenotypic manifestations ntawm kittenstxawv xim, qhov loj ntawm tus tsiaj.
Cov noob hauv cov xeeb ntxwv yog khub - ib lub noob los ntawm poj niam, thiab lwm yam los ntawm txiv neej. Raws li koj paub, cov noob tau muab faib ua qhov tseem ceeb (muaj zog) thiab tsis muaj zog (tsis muaj zog). Cov noob tseem ceeb yog qhia los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv loj, cov tsiaj ntawv Latin, recessive - lowcase. Nyob ntawm lawv qhov sib xyaw ua ke, homozygous (AA lossis aa) thiab heterozygous (Aa) hom sib txawv. Cov noob tseem ceeb tshwm sim hauv homo- thiab heterozygous xeev. Cov noob recessive yuav qhia nws cov cim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv homozygous hom (aa). Qhov kev paub txog caj ces no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev suav cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kittens yav tom ntej los ntawm cov kab lus phenotypic ntawm lawv niam lawv txiv. Ntawm no nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub tias cov noob twg yog lub luag haujlwm rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib qho kev zoo nkauj yog recessive los yog dominant.
Tsiaj xim noob nyob rau ntawm X chromosome thiab muaj nyob rau hauv cov lus hauv qab no:
| a | Grey |
| b | Chocolate |
| c | Platinum, ntshav |
| d | Redhead |
| e | |
| f | Tortoiseshell |
| g | |
| h | Turtle Chocolate |
| j | Tortoise Purple |
| Black | |
| o | Nyob zoo |
| p | Tan Brown |
| q | Tortoise Liab Brown |
| r | Tortoise tan |
| s | Smoky |
| w | White |
| y | kub |
| x | Tsis sau npe xim |
Txoj kev zoo sib xws
Cat chromosomes dhau ntawm qee yam kev xeeb tub rau cov xeeb ntxwv, xws li:
- pob ntseg - lawv qhov chaw thiab qhov ntev, qhov loj ntawm auricle;
- wool - xim thiab cim ntawm pawg;
- qhov muag - xim xim;
- tail - nws qhov ntev, tuab;
- mob.
Cov noob qes ua rau cov neeg tsis muaj zog thiab tsis zoo kom cov xeeb ntxwv tom qab muaj zog, noj qab haus huv thiab zoo meej dua.
Txhob xim
Nyob rau hauv ib txhiab miv noob yog cov uas muaj lub luag haujlwm rau lawv cov xim, thiab rau kev hloov pauv uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov xim thiab cov qauv ntawm lub tsho loj. Ib lub cell uas tsis yog poj niam txiv neej muaj nyob rau hauv proto-oncogene cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev hloov hauv lub tsho loj, uas inhibits kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm melanoblasts. Yog li ntawd, tom kawg tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv daim tawv nqaij, thiab cov xim, raws li, tsis ncav cuag cov plaub hau ntawm lub tsho tiv no. Qhov no piav txog tus tsiaj lub tsho dawb.
Qee cov melanoblasts tswj kom nkag mus rau hauv cov hauv paus plaub hau ntawm tus miv lub taub hau, tom qab ntawd xim xim tshwm sim ntawm cov plaub hau. Cov hlwb no tuaj yeem ncav cuag retina ntawm ob lub qhov muag: nrog me me ntawm melanoblasts, ob lub qhov muag ua xiav, thiab nrog ntau tus tsiaj, cov menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm tus tsiaj yuav daj.
Tib chromosome kuj muaj lub luag haujlwm rau cov xim xim. Cov qauv txheej txheem ib txwm muaj ntawm melanoblasts muab cov tsiaj muaj xim striped. Kuj tseem muaj kev hloov pauv ib nrab, piv txwv li, hauv Abyssinian tebi. Homozygous cov tib neeg tsis muaj kab txaij, xim tsis sib xws, thiab cov neeg heterozygous nrog qhov kev hloov pauv no txawv ntawm kab txaij ntawm lub muzzle, paws, thiab tus Tsov tus tw. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug recessive hloov, lub transverse kab txaij ntawm tus tsiaj lub tsho tiv no yog deformed mus rau hauv tsis xwm yeem kab ntawm nws sab nraub qaum, tshwm raws li longitudinal haib dub kab txaij.
Kev hloov pauv noob cuam tshuam rau enzyme tyrosinase ua rau albinism. Qhov no tshwm sim tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv miv, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lwm yam tsiaj.
Tyrosinase txo nws txoj haujlwm nyob ntawm qhov kub ntawm cov miv - qhov qis dua, qhov enzyme ntau dua. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, muaj ntau staining ntawm lub peripheral qhov chaw ntawm lub cev: qhov ntswg, paw tswv yim thiab Tail, pob ntseg nyob rau hauv Burmese miv.
mosaic miv
Cov txheej ntawm miv chromosomes lub luag haujlwm rau xim yog nyob ntawm X chromosome. Mosaic miv tsis yog qhov txawv, tab sis tseem muaj tsawg dua cov miv peb xim dua li ob xim.
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, cov xim yog txiav txim los ntawm alleles ntawm noob O:
O - cuam tshuam cov xim daj (lossis liab) ntawm cov plaub;
o - lub luag haujlwm rau xim dub.
Tortoiseshell miv yog heterozygous rau cov noob no, lawv cov genotype yog Oo.
daj thiab dub me ntsis lawv tsim los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tsis ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov embryogenesis ntawm X chromosome los ntawm O lossis o allele. Cov miv tsuas tuaj yeem ua homozygous rau qhov zoo li no (OU - liab lossis OU - dub).
Tortoiseshell miv yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus - lawv yog tus yam ntxwvchromosomal Constitution XXY thiab genotype OoY. Qhov no yog vim li cas rau qhov me nyuam yug ntawm mosaic miv (los yog tortoiseshell miv).
Keeb kwm ntawm tricolor xim ntawm miv:
Dub xim - XB noob - genotype - XB XB; HVU;
xwb - Xb noob - genotype - Xb Xb; HYU;
Tortoiseshell xim - noob - XB; Xb - genotype - XB; HH
Kub xim miv
xim dawb ntawm qib chromosomal yog qhov tsis muaj xim. Pigment cells raug thaiv los ntawm ib lub noob - W. Yog hais tias muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov noob no (ww) hauv cov genotype ntawm miv, ces cov xeeb ntxwv yuav muaj xim, thiab yog tias muaj qhov tseem ceeb (WW, Ww) thiab tib yam. lub sij hawm yuav muaj ntau lwm designations ntawm noob chromosomes nyob rau hauv lub genome ntawm miv (BOoSsddWw), ces peb tseem yuav pom ib tug dawb kiag li miv. Txawm li cas los xij, cov miv no tuaj yeem nqa tau ob qho tib si pom thiab ua qauv, tab sis tsuas yog tias cov xeeb ntxwv tsis tau txais W gene.
Chromosomes ntawm miv nrog Down syndrome
Tus kab mob no pom tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tib neeg, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj, miv tsis muaj kev zam.
Muaj ntau zaj dab neeg thiab cov duab ntawm lub neej ntawm cov tsiaj no hauv Internet. Ib yam li tib neeg, cov tsiaj zoo li no tuaj yeem ua neej nyob thiab ua haujlwm zoo, tab sis pom kev lawv txawv ntawm cov neeg noj qab haus huv. Zoo li tib neeg, cov tsiaj no xav tau kev saib xyuas, saib xyuas thiab kho.
Hais rau lo lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas muaj pes tsawg chromosomes Down tus miv muaj?", ib tug yeej teb tau: 39.
Down Syndrometshwm sim thaum lwm chromosome ntxiv tshwm nyob rau hauv cov noob txheej ntawm chromosome molecules - khib. Hauv cov miv, qhov no yog chromosome 39.
Ib tus miv uas muaj chromosome ntxiv yog qhov tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv qhov yooj yim vim li cas tus tsiaj tsis siv tshuaj, cawv, tsis haus luam yeeb, piv txwv li. cov provoking ua ntawm cov noob hloov pauv tsis suav nrog. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yog lub cev muaj sia, qee zaum muaj kev ua tsis tiav hauv nws ib yam nkaus.
Cov kws tshawb fawb thiab kws tshawb fawb biologist tsis muaj lub tswv yim meej txog chromosome ntxiv. Qee tus hais tias qhov no ua tsis tau, lwm tus hais tias ua tau, thiab lwm tus hais tias qhov no tshwm sim thaum tus tsiaj yug los ua ib qho kev xeem.
Ib tus miv nrog 20 chromosomes (qhov thib nees nkaum khub ntawm chromosomes ntxiv) tau pom, tab sis nws tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los tsim cov xeeb ntxwv noj qab haus huv. Qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, tsis tau txhais hais tias xws li ib tug tsiaj yuav hlub tsis tau. Lawv ntxim hlub heev, tab sis me ntsis txawv, txawv, tab sis lawv tseem muaj sia nyob. Piv txwv li, tus miv uas muaj tus mob no (Maya los ntawm Asmeskas) tau los ua tus nyiam ntawm nws cov tswv (Harrison thiab Lauren). Lawv tsim lawv tus kheej Instagram nplooj ntawv rau tus miv, tsis tu ncua tso nws cov duab thiab yeeb yaj kiab. Maya tau dhau los ua tus nyiam ntawm cov neeg siv Is Taws Nem, nws nquag nquag thiab zoo siab, txawm hais tias nws raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev ua pa luv thiab txham tas li. Tab sis tsis muaj leej twg thab nws kom ua neej nyob rau nws txoj kev txaus siab thiab kev txaus siab ntawm nws tus tswv.
Los ntawm txoj kev, tsis txhob cuam tshuam tus miv tus mob Down nrog kev hloov caj ces uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cev (deformation) ntawm tus tsiaj lub ntsej muag. Qhov no tshwm sim ntau dua li tus kab mob Down,thiab yog vim kev hla ntawm miv-cov txheeb ze (interracial hla). Yog hais tias muaj ntau yam tsiaj ntawm tib genus nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam, ces sai los yog tom qab physiological kev hloov pauv yuav tshwm sim tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov tsos ntawm cov tsiaj, tab sis kuj yuav cuam tshuam rau lawv txoj kev loj hlob tag nrho. Yog tias cov neeg yug tsiaj tuaj yeem tswj tau qhov no, ces cov tswv ntawm cov miv uas khiav ncig lub yards xyaum tsis tuaj yeem taug qab nws. Qee tus neeg pov tseg cov xeeb ntxwv, lwm tus, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, kho qhov kev xav no thiab kuj hlub lawv cov tsiaj.
Muaj pes tsawg lub neej?
Txhua tus paub tias xyoo 1996 thawj cloning tau ua nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no (tus yaj nto moo Dolly). Tsib xyoos tom qab, cov kws tshawb fawb tau cloned tus miv, lawv muab nws lub npe - Carbon Copy (hauv Lavxias) lossis Carbon Copy (qhov no yog Latin).
Rau cloning, ib tug miv ntawm tortoiseshell grey-liab xim - Zaj sawv raug coj mus. Qe thiab somatic hlwb tau muab rho tawm los ntawm Zaj sawv lub zes qe menyuam. Nuclei raug tshem tawm ntawm tag nrho cov qe thiab hloov nrog cov nuclei cais los ntawm somatic hlwb. Tom qab ntawd, electroshock stimulation tau ua, thiab tom qab ntawd, cov qe reconstructed tau hloov mus rau hauv lub tsev menyuam ntawm ib tug grey tabby miv. Nws yog tus niam txiv no uas yug tau Carbon Paper.
Tab sis Cov Ntawv Carbon tsis muaj cov pob liab. Thaum lub sijhawm kawm, nws tuaj yeem pom cov hauv qab no: hauv genome ntawm tus miv (poj niam) muaj ob lub X-chromosomes uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov xim ntawm tus tsiaj.
Ob leeg X-chromosomes ua haujlwm hauv lub cell fertilized (zygote). Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm cell division thiab ntxiv sib txawv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov celllub cev, nrog rau yav tom ntej pigment hlwb, ib qho ntawm X chromosomes yog inactivated (piv txwv li, lub cell poob los yog heev txo kev ua si). Yog hais tias ib tug miv yog heterozygous (piv txwv li, Oo) rau cov xim gene, ces nyob rau hauv ib co cell chromosome nqa allele ntawm liab xim yuav inactivated, nyob rau hauv lwm tus neeg - nqa lub allele ntawm cov xim dub. Cov ntxhais cov hlwb nruj me ntsis ua raws li lub xeev ntawm X chromosome. Raws li cov txheej txheem no, cov xim tortoiseshell tau tsim.
Thaum cloning ib tug miv nyob rau hauv lub nucleus ntawm lub qe reconstructed, muab rho tawm los ntawm ib tug somatic cell ntawm ib tug tricolor miv, tsis muaj tag nrho reactivation (tshem tawm ntawm kev muaj peev xwm los yog kev ua si) ntawm tus neeg tsis taus X chromosome.
Ua tiav reprogramming ntawm lub nucleus ntawm chromosomes tsis tshwm sim thaum cloning ib yam kab mob nyob (qhov no, miv). Nws zoo li qhov no yog vim li cas cov tsiaj cloned mob thiab tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov xeeb ntxwv noj qab haus huv. Daim ntawv no tseem muaj sia nyob. Nws tau los ua ib tug niam ntawm peb tus menyuam miv ntxim hlub.
Zoo kawg
Kab lus no tau saib seb muaj pes tsawg chromosomes tus miv muaj, lawv "lub luag haujlwm rau" dab tsi thiab lawv cuam tshuam rau tsiaj li cas.
Rau lo lus nug: "Yuav muaj pes tsawg chromosomes nyob rau hauv miv lub qe?", cov lus teb yog unequivocal - 19 chromosomes. Cat xim noob nyob rau ntawm X chromosome. Melanoblasts (piv txwv li cov hlwb uas ua rau melanin-tsim pigment hlwb) tseem tsis muaj cov xim thiab muaj lub luag haujlwm rau cov qauv ntawm lub tsho plaub thiab cov xim ntawm iris. Lub enzyme tyrosinase yog lub luag haujlwm rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm albinism, tab sis qhov enzyme no yuav tsum tsis txhob nkag siab nrog W gene (muab lub tsho dawb xim).
Mosaic miv muajXXY chromosome tsab cai lij choj thiab OoY genotype, yog li lawv tsis yog li ntawd. Allele (section) ntawm mosaic miv noob - Huag, nws yog nws lub luag haujlwm rau xim mosaic.
Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem chromosome, kev ua tsis tiav lossis kev hloov pauv ntawm cov noob qee zaum tshwm sim, tom qab ntawd cov miv uas muaj tus mob Down lossis miv uas muaj qhov tsis zoo tshwm sim. Qhov thib ob tuaj yeem kwv yees tau, tab sis thawj zaug yog qhov nyuaj dua. Tej zaum vim qhov tshwm sim no tsis yog qhov tshwm sim ntau tshaj plaws thiab tsis muaj ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm nws qhov laj thawj.
Ib tug miv, zoo ib yam li lwm yam kabmob muaj sia, tuaj yeem raug cloned, thiab, raws li kev xyaum qhia, cov tsiaj no siv tau zoo heev.
Feem ntau, cov noob caj noob ces yog ib qho kev nthuav dav heev thiab kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog cov qauv ntawm kev sib txawv thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm niam txiv mus rau cov xeeb ntxwv. Thaum deciphered cov noob ntawm ib tug tsiaj, ib tug muaj peev xwm to taub dab tsi ntawm cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv nws yuav muaj, ib tug muaj peev xwm cais cov noob hloov, thiab coj tawm dawb huv yug. Thiab lub motto ntawm miv breeders yog: "Ntshiab breeds - noj qab nyob zoo miv."
