Txoj cai hloov cov lus Askiv tsis yooj yim rau kev nkag siab, tab sis lawv muaj ntau yam uas ua rau muaj teeb meem. Qhov tseeb yog hais tias tus kheej cov lus tsis ua raws li cov kev cai dav dav, raws li lawv yog ib qho kev zam. Wb sib tham txog txhua qhov kev tsim kho ntawm qhov kev sib piv ntawm cov lus hais ua lus Askiv.
Dab tsi yog qhov kev sib piv ntawm qhov adjective?
Txhua yam lus muaj peb qib: zoo, sib piv thiab superlative. Thawj qib yog lo lus nws tus kheej hauv nws daim ntawv qub, thiab ob qho yog nws cov hloov kho. Lawv raug tsim los siv ob lub hauv paus ntsiab lus: analytical thiab hluavtaws. Hauv thawj kis, cov lus ntxiv yog siv, hauv qhov thib ob, txhua qhov kev hloov pauv tshwm sim vim qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov lus tshwj xeeb. Tseem muaj cov lus uas yuav muab piv tau siv ob txoj kev no.
Synthetic form
Qhov kev sib piv yooj yim ntawm cov lus qhia feem ntau yog siv rau cov lus monosyllabic thiab feem ntau tsis ua rau kev kawm nyuaj. Kev hloov pauv tshwm sim nrog kev pab ntawm ob hom lus: "er" - rau qhov sib piv degree thiab "est" - rau qhov superlative. Piv txwv:
fast (thin) - sai (thinner) - ceev tshaj (thinnest)
Thaum siv cov kab lus sib piv, nws yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo mloog qee cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sau ntawv. Yog hais tias ib lo lus monosyllabic xaus nyob rau hauv ib lub suab consonant ua ntej los ntawm ib tug luv luv vowel, ces nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sib piv nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv, tsab ntawv consonant kawg yog ob npaug:
thin (thin) - thinner (thinner) - thinnest (thinnest)
Qhov kev sib piv yooj yim ntawm cov ntsiab lus muaj lwm qhov nuance txog cov lus xaus hauv tsab ntawv ntsiag to "e". Thaum ntxiv cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb, tsab ntawv no ploj mus, txij li ob qho ntawm cov lus xaus pib nrog tsab ntawv "e", thiab tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus hauv ob npaug ntawm nws:
huge (huge) - tus siab (ntau dua) - loj tshaj (qhov loj tshaj)
Lo lus xaus rau y
Txawm hais tias cov lus sib piv sib piv yog siv ntau dua rau cov lus monosyllabic, nws kuj tuaj yeem ua haujlwm nrog qee hom lus ob lub suab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas xaus rau hauv lub suab "y".
Yog hais tias tus vowel no preceded los ntawm ib tug consonant nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, ces nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sib piv tsab ntawv "u" hloov mus rau "i", tab sis txoj cai ntawm nws cov lus tseem yog tib yam:
busy (tsis khoom) - tus neeg ua haujlwm (tus neeg ua haujlwm) - tus neeg ua haujlwm siab tshaj (ntau tshaj)
Thaum ua ntej"y" yog vowel, tsab ntawv "y" tsis hloov.
Analytical form
Qhov sib piv ntawm cov ntsiab lus yog siv rau feem ntau cov lus disyllabic thiab polysyllabic, vim cov lus ntev twb nyuaj rau hais, thiab ntxiv qee cov lus rau lawv tsis yooj yim, dua li, cov lus Askiv muaj peev xwm heev thiab ib txwm siv zog rau compactness thiab contraction. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, plaub lo lus ntxiv yog siv rau kev sib piv: ntau, feem ntau, tsawg thiab tsawg. Lawv muab tso ua ntej lub adjective:
- aromatic (fragrant) - ntau aromatic (ntau dua aromatic) - feem ntau aromatic (feem ntau aromatic);
- expensive (kim) - tsis kim (tsis kim) - tsawg tshaj (nqis tshaj).
Cov kab lus piv txwv:
- Nws yog hnub nyuaj tshaj plaws rau lub lim tiam no
- Npauj npaim no tsis kim - this trip is less kim.
Muab ib kab lus ua ntej adjectives
Qhov kev sib piv muaj lwm txoj cai tseem ceeb: ib qho lus piav qhia hauv qhov kev kawm qib siab, txawm tias nws yog tsim los ntawm kev siv tshuaj ntsuam xyuas lossis cov khoom siv hluavtaws, ib txwm muaj cov lus tseeb "tus" nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws. Txoj cai no ua haujlwm vim hais tias ib lo lus txhais nyob rau hauv feem ntau qhia txog lub npe uas tuaj tom qab nws. Yog tias tsis muaj lub npe, ces kev siv cov kab lus meej tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb, txij liadjective nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub implies ib tug neeg los yog yam:
- Kuv yawg yog tus hlob tshaj nyob rau hauv nws lub zos - kuv yawg yog tus hlob tshaj nyob rau hauv nws lub zos.
- Nws yog ib lub tsev noj mov kim heev, kim tshaj plaws uas kuv pom - nws yog lub tsev noj mov kim heev, kim tshaj kuv pom.
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom los ntawm ntu thib ob ntawm qhov piv txwv thib ob, qhov kev sib piv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov lus qhia yuav tsum muaj cov lus tseeb txawm tias tsis muaj lub npe raws li nws. Hauv qhov piv txwv, lub npe tsis yog sau, tab sis nws txhais tau tias: kim tshaj (tsev noj mov) kuv tau pom.
lo lus "feem ntau" hauv lwm lub ntsiab lus
Lo lus "feem ntau" yog siv tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas qhov kev sib piv degree ntawm adjectives nyob rau hauv lus Askiv yog siv, tab sis kuj rau lwm yam dej num. Tshwj xeeb, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm "hnyav", "ntau", "ntau". Hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, thaum siv cov lus, cov lus tsis tas yuav "a" yog siv, thiab thaum siv ntau tshaj plaws, tsab xov xwm tsis muab tag nrho:
lawv yog cov neeg coj ncaj ncees - lawv yog cov neeg zoo nkauj / neeg coj zoo
Tsis tas li, lo lus "feem ntau" feem ntau siv ua ke nrog cov preposition "ntawm", tsim kom muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke uas txhais ua lus Lavxias li "feem ntau ntawm …" lossis "feem ntau ntawm …". Cov kab lus no yog siv rau pem hauv ntej ntawm ib pawg neeg, khoom thiab lwm yam. Hauv kev tsim kho, cov khoom ua ntej "feem ntau" tsis siv, tab sis twb tau muab tso ncaj qha ua ntej lub npe lossis tsis muab tso rau.general:
- Ntau tus neeg nyob rau hauv Russia tsis paub lus Askiv - feem ntau cov neeg nyob rau hauv Russia tsis paub lus Askiv.
- Ntau tus tub kawm paub txoj cai no
Qee nuances
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias cov lus Askiv tab tom txhim kho tsis muaj zog, thiab cov cai ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm qee lo lus qauv kuj raug hloov pauv. Qee cov metamorphoses tsis hla txoj cai ntawm kev siv adjectives. Qhov tseeb yog tias thaum muab qee cov lus sib piv, nws muaj peev xwm hloov tau lawv siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob lossis cov ntawv txheeb xyuas, txawm tias muaj pes tsawg lub suab lus no lossis lo lus ntawd muaj. Qhov ntawd yog, qee lub ntsiab lus tsis ua raws li cov cai dav dav. Cia peb sim nkag siab ntau ntxiv.
Muaj ib lub suab lus uas tuaj yeem muab piv rau ob txoj hauv kev:
- true (true) - truer lossis ntau qhov tseeb (ntau qhov tseeb) - truest lossis qhov tseeb tshaj plaws (feem ntau qhov tseeb);
- kub (kub) - kub lossis kub dua (kub) - kub tshaj lossis kub tshaj (kub tshaj plaws).
Tam sim no kuj muaj cov lus monosyllabic uas feem ntau yog siv cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas meej. Nov yog cov piv txwv ntawm cov lus no:
- right (yog, yog) - righter (tsis tshua muaj siv) / ntau txoj cai (los yog theej) - feem ntau txoj cai (feem ntau yog / raug);
- real (real) - ntau tiag (ntau dua) - realest/most real (most real).
Muaj cov lus disyllabic hauv lus Askiv uas sib npaug piv siv ob qho saum toj notxoj kev, xws li ntse, siab ncaj thiab ruam. Cov lus tej thaj chaw deb thiab paub cai, txawm hais tias lawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob hom kev sib piv, tseem yog feem ntau hloov los ntawm ib tug analytical txoj kev.
Yog tias koj tsis paub meej qhov twg ntawm ob qhov kev sib piv yog qhov tseeb dua los siv rau ib lo lus tshwj xeeb, ces siv qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam: qhov no, koj pheej pheej ua qhov yuam kev nkaus xwb, tsis yog grammatical ib qho.
exclusion lus
Cov lus piv txwv ua haujlwm sib txawv me ntsis rau ib pawg ntawm cov lus sib raug zoo uas siv lawv tus kheej txoj kev hloov pauv. Muaj ob peb lo lus, yog li nco lawv cov ntawv yuav tsis siv sij hawm ntau, tab sis koj yuav tsum paub lawv. Conventionally, cov lus zoo li no tuaj yeem hu ua "tsis yog adjectives." Cov no suav nrog cov lus xws li "phem" - phem (phem - phem tshaj), "me" - me (tsawg - tsawg), "ntau" - ntau / ntau (ntau - feem ntau), "zoo" zoo (zoo dua - zoo tshaj). Qhov tseeb nthuav yog tias cov lus txhais no yog "tsis raug" hauv ntau hom lus, qhov twg lawv qhov kev sib piv ntawm cov ntsiab lus kuj tsis ua raws li cov kev cai dav dav.
Tsis txhob nkag siab me me. Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si, qhov sib piv degree yog txhais li "tsawg", tab sis nyob rau hauv lub variant nrog me me nws yog tsawg, thiab nyob rau hauv variant nrog me nws yog me me:
- Kuv muaj hwj chim tsawg dua koj - Kuv muaj hwj chim tsawg dua koj.
- Kuv me dua kuv tus nus - Kuv me dua kuv tus tij laug.
Kuj tsim nyog saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog qhov sib pivadjective degree, uas txhais ua lus Lavxias li "ntau":
- Koj muaj nyiaj ntau dua nws - koj muaj nyiaj ntau dua nws.
- Kuv tus tij laug loj dua koj - tus kwv loj dua koj.
Raws li koj pom, cov lus no muaj ntau heev, thiab txhua tus tau hla dhau ib txoj kev lossis lwm qhov.
Qab lus
Nyob rau hauv kab lus no, peb xam seb qhov kev sib piv ntawm cov lus qhia ua haujlwm li cas. Lus Askiv yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv ntau yam nuances thiab kev zam uas tsis tuaj yeem muaj nyob rau hauv ib tsab xov xwm, tab sis tag nrho cov kev cai yooj yim tshaj plaws tau tham saum toj no. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog rov hais dua ib zaug ntxiv: yog tias koj tsis paub meej txog kev siv qhov tseeb ntawm ib lossis lwm cov kab lus sib piv rau cov npe, ces siv qhov kev xaiv analytical. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, koj yuav nyob twj ywm to taub, tsuas yog hais tias lub stylistic sab ntawm kab lus, uas siv ib tug adjective nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug sib piv degree, yuav raug kev txom nyem.
