Tectonic cov qauv yog thaj chaw loj ntawm cov khoom sab nrauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Lawv raug txwv rau qhov ua txhaum tob. Cov kev txav thiab cov qauv ntawm cov crust yog kawm nyob rau hauv kev qhuab qhia ntawm tectonics.
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Tectonic cov qauv tau tshawb fawb siv thaj chaw daim ntawv qhia, geophysical txoj kev (kev tshawb nrhiav seismic, tshwj xeeb), thiab drilling. Kev kawm ntawm cov cheeb tsam no yog ua raws li qhov kev faib tawm uas tau txais. Geology tshawb nrhiav cov ntawv nruab nrab thiab me me, txog 10 km hauv ntu ntu, tectonics - loj formations, tshaj 100 km. Cov qub hu ua dislocations ntawm ntau hom (tsis txuas ntxiv, txhaj tshuaj, thiab lwm yam). Cov qeb thib ob suav nrog synclinoria thiab anticlinoria hauv thaj chaw folded, aulacogenes, syneclises, anteclisses hauv daim hlau, daim thaiv, thiab pericrater subsidences. Cov pawg no kuj suav nrog underwater passive thiab nquag continental margins, platforms, geosynclinal txoj siv sia, dej hiav txwv, orogens, mid-ocean ridges, rifts, thiab lwm yam. Cov no yog cov loj tshaj plaws tectonic.cov qauv npog cov khoom plhaub thiab cov lithosphere thiab hu ua tob.
Kev faib tawm
Super-ntiaj teb qub tshaj plaws tectonic qauv ncav cuag kaum lab square meters. km nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam thiab ntau txhiab kilometers nyob rau hauv ntev. Lawv loj hlob thoob plaws hauv geological theem ntawm lub ntiaj teb keeb kwm. Ntiaj teb no tectonic lug yog formations uas nyob txog 10 lab square meters. km. Lawv qhov ntev ncav cuag ntau txhiab kilometers. Lub sij hawm ntawm lawv lub neej coincides nrog rau yav dhau los qhov chaw. Tseem muaj subglobal tectonic qauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust. Lawv npog thaj tsam ntawm ntau lab square meters. km thiab ncav cuag ntau txhiab kilometers. Lub sijhawm ntawm lawv txoj kev loj hlob yog ntau tshaj 1 billion xyoo.
Main tectonic structures
Rau lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev txav mus los, kev sib piv kev sib piv, cov phaj lithospheric yog qhov txawv. Txog niaj hnub no, 7 qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab 11-13 qhov chaw me tau paub. Cov qub suav nrog Eurasian, North thiab South American, African, Indo-Australian, Pacific, thiab Antarctic tectonic qauv. Cov qauv me me suav nrog Philippine, Arabian, Caribbean daim phiaj, Cocos, Nasca, thiab lwm yam.
Rift formations
Cov qauv tectonic no cais cov phaj lithospheric. Ntawm lawv, rifts feem ntau txawv. Lawv muab faib ua continental thiab nruab nrab dej hiav txwv. Lub tom kawg tsim ib lub ntiaj teb no, qhov ntev ntawm uas yog ntau tshaj 64 txhiab km. Piv txwv ntawm cov chaw xws li East African(qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb), Baikal. Lwm hom kev ua txhaum yog hloov chaw uas txiav cov rifts perpendicularly. Raws li lawv cov kab, muaj kab rov tav hloov ntawm ntu ntawm cov phaj lithospheric nyob ib sab ntawm lawv.
Platforms
Lawv yog cov tawv tawv tawv tsis muaj zog. Cov cheeb tsam no tau dhau los ntawm qhov ntev ntev ntawm kev txhim kho. Cov platforms yog peb-tiered. Lawv cov qauv muaj crystalline hauv qab daus, uas yog tsim los ntawm bas alt thiab granite-gneiss txheej. Ib daim npog sedimentary kuj txawv ntawm cov platforms. Lub hauv paus crystalline yog tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov pob zeb metamorphic, crumpled rau hauv quav. Tag nrho cov no complexly dislocated stratum yog tawg los ntawm intrusions (feem ntau muaj qhov nruab nrab thiab acidic muaj pes tsawg leeg). Nyob ntawm lub hnub nyoog ntawm lub hauv paus tsim, cov platforms tau muab faib ua cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab cov qauv qub qub. Lub tom kawg ua raws li lub hauv paus ntawm lub teb chaws, occupying lawv central feem. Cov tub ntxhais hluas formations yog nyob rau ntawm lawv periphery. Cov sedimentary npog muaj feem ntau undislocated txheej ntawm lagoonal, txee thiab, nyob rau hauv tsawg zaus, continental sediments.
Shields thiab daim phiaj
Cov qauv tectonic no yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov qauv geological. Cov ntaub thaiv npog yog ib feem ntawm lub platform uas lub hauv paus crystalline nyob rau saum npoo, uas yog, tsis muaj sedimentary txheej hauv lawv. Hauv kev nyem, cov ntaub thaiv npog yog sawv cev, raws li txoj cai, los ntawm toj siab thiabtoj. Cov phaj yog cov platforms lossis lawv cov ntu, tshwj xeeb los ntawm txheej tuab sedimentary. Lawv tsim yog txiav txim los ntawm tectonic subsidence thiab marine transgression. Hauv kev nyem, thaj chaw phaj feem ntau sib haum rau cov toj roob hauv pes thiab lowlands.
Anteclise
Lawv sawv cev rau cov phaj zoo tshaj plaws. Qhov saum npoo ntawm lub hauv paus yog convex. Lub sedimentary npog tsis muaj zog heev. Qhov tsim ntawm anteclises yog vim lub tectonic uplift ntawm thaj chaw. Hauv qhov no, ntau lub qab ntug tam sim no nyob rau thaj chaw tsis zoo nyob ze yuav tsis pom nyob hauv lawv.
Lawv yog cov qauv hauv cheeb tsam anteclise. Arrays yog sawv cev los ntawm lawv qhov siab dua. Nyob rau hauv lawv, lub hauv paus yog nyob ze ntawm qhov chaw los yog overlain los ntawm sedimentary formations ntawm lub hnub nyoog Quaternary. Protrusions yog hu ua ib feem ntawm arrays. Lawv sawv cev los ntawm elongated lossis isometric hauv qab daus uplifts ncav cuag 100 km hauv txoj kab uas hla. faus protrusions kuj txawv. Saum toj no lawv, cov sedimentary npog yog nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib qho kev txo qis.
Syneclise
Lawv yog qhov loj tshaj plaws tsis zoo superregional phaj tsim qauv. Qhov saum npoo ntawm lawv lub hauv paus yog concave. Lawv txawv los ntawm ib tug ca hauv qab, raws li zoo raws li maj mam poob lub kaum sab xis ntawm seams ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj. Syneclises yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm tectonic subsidence ntawm thaj chaw. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, lawv cov sedimentary npog yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm siab thickness.
Monoclines
Cov qauv tectonic no txawv ntawm ib sab kev xav ntawm cov txheej. Lawv lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov xwm txheej tsis tshua muaj siab tshaj 1 degree. Nyob ntawm seb cov qauv ntawm qhov tsis zoo thiab qhov zoo, ntawm thaj tsam ntawm cov monocline nyob, nws cov qeb kuj tuaj yeem sib txawv. Ntawm lub regional formations ntawm sedimentary npog, grabens, horsts, thiab saddles yog txaus siab. Lub tom kawg nyob hauv ib qho chaw nruab nrab ntawm qhov siab ntawm qhov chaw. Saddles nyob saum cov qauv tsis zoo nyob ib puag ncig lawv, tab sis hauv qab qhov zoo.
Pleated thaj chaw
Lawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nce ntxiv hauv cov tuab ntawm cov crust. Roob-folded cheeb tsam yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm convergence ntawm lithospheric cheeb tsam. Feem ntau ntawm lawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov hluas, yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev seismicity siab. Lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov formations yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev faib cov roob-folded cheeb tsam. Nws yog ntsia rau ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas crumpled txheej. Roob thaj tsam thiaj li muab faib ua:
- Baikal.
- Hercynian.
- caledonian.
- Cimmerian.
Alpine.
Qhov kev faib tawm no suav tias yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, vim tias feem ntau cov kws tshawb fawb paub txog qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm folding.
Pleated-blocky arrays
Cov kev tsim no yog tsim los ntawm kev txhawb siab ntawm kab rov tav thiab ntsug tectonic txav nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm yav tas los tsim thiab feem ntau twb puas lawm systems. Hauv qhov no, lub fold-blocktus qauv yog ntau yam ntxwv ntawm thaj tsam ntawm Paleozoic thiab cov theem ua ntej. Kev nyem ntawm cov massifs, feem ntau, zoo ib yam li kev teeb tsa ntawm qhov khoov ntawm cov pob zeb txheej. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis txhais tau tias ib txwm kuaj pom hauv qhov chaw fold-block. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas roob, cov qauv ntawm anticlinoria sib haum mus rau ridges, thiab synclinoria rau intermountain troughs. Nyob rau hauv lub folding cheeb tsam, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lawv periphery, marginal thiab siab heev kev nyuaj siab thiab hav yog txawv, raws li. Nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov formations muaj coarse clastic khoom uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm roob formations - molasses. Qhov tsim ntawm foothill troughs yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm subduction ntawm lithospheric thaj chaw.
Central Russia
Txhua qhov chaw loj loj yog sawv cev raws li ib qho chaw ntawm thaj chaw loj. Tej zaum nws yuav yog ib lub platform los yog ib tug fold system ntawm ib lub hnub nyoog geological. Txhua qhov kev tsim muaj ib qho kev qhia zoo sib xws hauv kev nyem. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv txawv nyob rau hauv climatic tej yam kev mob, nta ntawm av thiab zaub npog. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lub tectonic qauv ntawm lub Urals yog txaus siab. Nyob rau hauv nws lub xeev tam sim no, nws yog ib tug meganticlinorium, uas muaj ob peb anticlinoria elongated meridionally thiab sib cais los ntawm synclinoria. Lub tom kawg sib raug rau longitudinal kwj ha, yav tas los rau ridges. Tus yuam sij Ur altau anticlinorium khiav los ntawm tag nrho cov tsim. Raws li qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Riphean deposits, nws muaj peev xwm yuav xaus lus tias thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm lawv tsub zuj zuj, intensive subsidence coj qhov chaw. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau rov hloov dua los ntawm lub sijhawm luv luv uplifts. Mus rau qhov kawg ntawm RipheanBaikal folding tshwm sim. Uplifts tau pib thiab muaj zog hauv Cambrian. Thaum lub sijhawm no, yuav luag tag nrho thaj chaw tau hloov mus rau hauv av qhuav. Qhov no yog qhia los ntawm ib tug heev txwv kev faib ntawm deposits, uas yog sawv cev los ntawm ntsuab shales ntawm lub Lower Cambrian tsim, marbles thiab quartzite. Cov qauv tectonic ntawm Urals nyob rau hauv qis qis, yog li, ua tiav nws tsim nrog Baikal folding. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws, thaj chaw tau tsim uas txawv ntawm cov uas tshwm sim tom qab lub sijhawm. Lawv txuas ntxiv los ntawm kev tsim hauv qab daus ntawm Timan-Pechora cov npoo nyob rau sab hnub tuaj European platform.
Siberian tectonic qauv: Aldan Highlands
Kev tsim hauv cheeb tsam no yog tsim los ntawm prehistoric gneisses thiab Proterozoic shales. Lawv koom nrog Precambrian Siberian platform. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum tau hais txog qee qhov nta uas cov qauv tectonic muaj. Lub Aldan Highlands tsim thaum lub sij hawm Meso-Cenozoic keeb kwm ntawm yav qab teb Northern Baikal cheeb tsam thiab lub platform. Hauv ntau thaj chaw, cov pob zeb crystalline hauv qab daus yog nyob ze ntawm qhov chaw. Lawv sawv cev los ntawm nplua-grained granites, ancient quartzites, marbles thiab gneisses. Muaj ib qho chaw nyob rau sab qaum teb txoj kab nqes, hauv qab daus ntawm qhov tob ntawm txog 1.5 km. Nws cov pob zeb raug txiav los ntawm granite intrusion ntawm ntau theem ntawm geological kev loj hlob.
Teb chaws Europe
Nyob roob Khibiny muaj kev txaus siab. Cov qauv tectonic yog sawv cev los ntawm denudation dissected elevated plains. Lawv tuav thaj chawKola Peninsula thiab Karelia. Cov qauv tectonic uas tsim cov roob Khibiny tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm intrusion thiab dislocations. Nws yog lawv leej twg predetermined lub struts. Lub alkaline massif ntawm thaj chaw yog sawv cev los ntawm ib qho ntawm cov multiphase complex intrusion. Nws nyob ntawm ciam teb ntawm Gnei Archean complex thiab Proterozoic formations ntawm Varzuga-Imandra suite, nrog rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb transverse txhaum uas khiav raws txoj kab ntawm tus dej. Cola - ib. Niva.
