Kev nkag mus ntawm Ukraine rau Russia (1654) tau tshwm sim tawm tsam qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev nom kev tswv cuam tshuam nrog kev xav ntawm Ukrainians kom muaj kev ywj pheej thiab tsis nyob ntawm Poland nkaus xwb. Txij li thaum xyoo 1648, qhov kev tawm tsam tau hloov mus rau theem kev ua tub rog, tab sis txawm tias muaj pes tsawg tus yeej Cossacks nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Bogdan Khmelnitsky yeej cov tub rog Polish, lawv ua tsis tau zoo los hloov kev yeej ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua rau hauv kev sib faib nom tswv. Nws tau pom tseeb tias yog tias tsis muaj kev pab los ntawm ib tus phooj ywg muaj zog, nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem tawm ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Lub Tebchaws, vim li ntawd, Ukraine tau rov koom nrog Russia. Cia peb piav luv luv vim li cas rau qhov xwm txheej keeb kwm.
kev sib luag thiab kev ywj pheej
Lub sijhawm rau xyoo ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntshav ntau, cov neeg Ukrainian tau tsoo cov tub rog Polish ntau zaus nrog kev siv zog loj ntawm lawv cov tub rog. Tab sis, inflicting tangible blows rau lub Commonwe alth, Khmelnitsky thaum xub thawjtsis tau mus rhuav Ukraine tawm ntawm lub xeev Polish. Nws sawv ntawm txoj hauj lwm ntawm Cossack autonomy, uas yog, nws nrhiav kom paub tseeb tias cov Cossacks thiab cov gentry muaj txoj cai sib npaug, thiab cov Ukrainian av tau sib npaug zos nyob rau hauv lub Commonwe alth ntawm ib tug par nrog Poland thiab Lithuania. Tom qab ntawd tsis muaj kev sib tham txog kev sib sau ua ke ntawm Ukraine nrog Russia. 1654 hloov qhov xwm txheej.
Tej zaum kev ywj pheej?
Meanwhile, ob peb ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib npaug nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm autonomy. Twb tau thawj xyoo ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog hauv Ukraine, thiab hauv tebchaws Poland, muaj lus xaiv tias:
- Khmelnitsky xav rov kho qee qhov "Lus Lavxias teb sab" lossis tsim tus thawj tswj hwm tshiab.
- Nws lub npe nws tus kheej "Prince of Russia".
- Cossacks xav tsim kom muaj lub xeev ywj pheej.
Tab sis tom qab ntawd qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau kev ywj pheej ntawm Ukraine tseem tsis tau tsim. Cov neeg koom tseem ceeb hauv kev ua tsov ua rog - thiab cov no yog cov neeg tsis paub ntawv Cossacks thiab tib cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tsis paub ntawv - tsis tuaj yeem tsim lawv tus kheej lub xeev lub tswv yim, cov txheej txheem - Cossack foremen thiab gentry - tsis muaj qhov hnyav ntawm nom tswv kom paub txog cov phiaj xwm cais tawm.. Ntxiv mus, txawm Hetman Khmelnytsky tseem tsis tau muaj kev ntseeg siab nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Tsuas yog thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm tsim ntawm lub Ukrainian Cossack xeev, lub tswv yim ntawm kev ywj pheej kis tau thiab tau los ua ntau thiab ntau tsim.
Union nrog Qaib ntxhw
Lub sijhawm ntev kev ua phem tau mus ntxiv, Khmelnytsky ntau dua, cov thawj coj thiab pawg ntseeg tau ntseeg tias Ukraine yuav tsis muaj peev xwm.tso lawv tus kheej los ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm gentry ntawm Poland. Tsuas muaj ob lub zog nyob sib ze npaj los tawm tsam Tebchaws Meskas: Lavxias lub xeev nyob rau sab hnub tuaj thiab Tebchaws Ottoman nyob rau sab qab teb. Khmelnytsky tsis muaj kev xaiv me me: qhov nkag ntawm Ukraine mus rau hauv Russia, lossis kev lees paub ntawm vassalage los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv.
Thaum pib, tus neeg sib tw rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas ntawm Ukraine yog Turkish Sultan, uas muaj lub zog txaus los tawm tsam cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm Poland hauv Ukraine. Kev sib tham sib tham tau tuav ntawm Khmelnytsky thiab Sultan tsoom fwv. Xyoo 1651, Ottoman Porte tshaj tawm tias nws lees txais Zaporizhian Host ua vassals. Qhov tseeb, kev pab tiag tiag ntawm Turkish Sultan tsuas yog txwv los ntawm qhov tseeb tias Crimean Tatars, uas tau ua phem rau Cossacks rau ntau pua xyoo, tau koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua. Lawv tseem yog cov phooj ywg uas tsis ntseeg siab thiab nrog lawv tus cwj pwm treacherous, robberies thiab captivity ntawm cov pejxeem coj teeb meem ntau tshaj qhov zoo rau cov Ukrainians.
Thov rau Russia thov kev pab
Union nrog lub tebchaws Ottoman yeej tsis tshwm sim. Nws tsis yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm cov tub rog tsis muaj zog thiab kev pab nyiaj txiag ntawm Sultan, tab sis ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws incompatibility. Qhov sib txawv ntawm Orthodox thiab Muslims, uas cov neeg hu ua "infidels", tau los ua insurmountable. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, lub qhov muag ntawm Bogdan Khmelnytsky thiab cov pejxeem ntawm Ukraine tig mus rau cov ntseeg - cov Russians.
Lub Rau Hli 8, 1648, rau xyoo ua ntej kev koom ua ke ntawm Ukraine rau Russia (1654), Bohdan Khmelnitsky tau sau thawj tsab ntawv ntawm kev pab rau Lavxias teb sab autocrat AlexeiMikhailovich. Thaum pib, Russia tsis tau maj nrawm los koom nrog hauv kev ua tsov rog tag nrho nrog lub tebchaws Polish-Lithuanian muaj zog. Tab sis tus thawj coj ntawm Ukrainians rau tag nrho rau xyoo tau hais kom tsar los muab kev pab, nrhiav kev koom tes ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev nyob rau hauv tsov rog nrog gentry Poland. Khmelnytsky ua ntej Moscow ambassadors hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib koom tiv thaiv ntawm txoj kev ntseeg Orthodox ib yam rau cov fraternal haiv neeg, nrog rau nws yeej debunked exaggerated tswv yim hais txog lub zog ntawm lub Commonwe alth, sau tseg cov zoo zoo uas lub reunification ntawm Ukraine nrog Russia yuav muaj. Xyoo 1654 tau pom qhov pom thiab qhov tseeb ntawm Khmelnytsky.
Russia tus cwj pwm tos
Moscow nkag siab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev koom tes nrog Ukraine:
- Txoj kev sib koom siab, thawj zaug, qhib txoj kev mus rau sab qab teb mus txog Hiav Txwv Dub thiab mus rau sab hnub poob.
- Nws qaug zog Poland.
- Ua kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Zaporozhian Sich nrog Turkey.
- Txhim kho lub xeev los ntawm kev koom nrog hauv cov ntawv tshaj tawm Lavxias ntawm peb puas txhiab tus tub rog Cossack.
Txawm li cas los xij, tau ntev, vim muaj kev nyuaj sab hauv thiab sab nraud, nrog rau suav txog qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm ob tog kev sib ntaus sib tua - Poland thiab Ukraine - tsoomfwv tsarist tau tos-thiab-saib tus cwj pwm. Kev pab tsuas yog xa cov mov ci thiab ntsev mus rau Ukraine, tso cai rau cov neeg Ukrainians tsiv mus rau thaj av sab nraud, thiab sib pauv embassies.
Course to rapprochement
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm Bogdan Khmelnytsky thiab tsoomfwv Lavxias tau rov kho dua xyoo 1652-1653, thaum xyoo kawg ntawm kev ua tsov rog ntawm kev ywj pheej. yuav luag tsis tu ncuamuaj embassies los ntawm Ukraine mus rau Moscow thiab los ntawm Moscow rau Ukraine. Nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 1652 Khmelnitsky xa nws envoy Ivan Iskra mus rau Lavxias teb sab peev. Iskra, nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv ceeb toom, tau hais tias tus hetman thiab tag nrho cov tub rog Zaporizhzhya xav tias "tus huab tais huab tais yuav coj lawv mus rau nws sab."
Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1652 thiab Lub Ib Hlis 1653, Samoilo Zarudny tau sib tham nrog nws cov phooj ywg hauv Moscow. Zarudny tau hais tias tsar "kom lawv raug coj los nyob rau hauv nws tus huab tais lub Siab Tes." Thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj Tim 6, 1653, Khmelnytsky tau tsa lub rooj sab laj ntawm cov thawj coj hauv Chyhyryn, uas txiav txim siab tsis tso nrog Poland, tab sis txuas ntxiv mus sib ntaus kom txog thaum Ukraine tau los ua ib feem ntawm Russia.
Lub Plaub Hlis-Tsib Hlis 1653, kev sib tham hauv Moscow tau ua los ntawm Ambassadors Kondraty Burlyai thiab Siluan Muzhilovsky. Tsoom fwv tsarist kuj tau xa ambassadors mus rau Bogdan Khmelnitsky, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, thaum kawg ntawm lub Tsib Hlis 1653, A. Matveev thiab I. Fomin tawm mus rau Chigirin.
1654: Ukraine-Russia - ua ke rau ntau pua xyoo
Qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov xwm txheej hauv Ukraine yuam tsoomfwv tsarist kom nrawm qhov kev txiav txim siab. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 22, 1653, stolnik Fyodor Ladyzhensky tau tawm mus rau Ukraine los ntawm Moscow nrog tsab ntawv los ntawm Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, uas tau pom zoo kom hloov pauv thaj av ntawm Ukraine nyob rau hauv "siab muaj koob muaj npe tes."
Lub Kaum Hli 1, 1653, Zemsky Sobor tau ntsib hauv Moscow, tsim los daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm Russia thiab Ukraine thiab tshaj tawm ua tsov rog rau Tebchaws Meskas. Nyob rau hauv lub Faceted Chamber ntawm lub Kremlin, nws tau txiav txim siab "coj cov tub rog Zaporizhzhya thiab Hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky nrog lub teb chaws thiab lawv lub zos koom tes nyob rau hauv tes.sovereign." Qhov no yog li cas keeb kwm tau tsim. Kev sib sau ua ke ntawm Ukraine nrog Russia tau pom zoo tsis tsuas yog los ntawm tsar, tab sis kuj los ntawm txhua ntu ntawm cov pej xeem (tshwj tsis yog cov serfs, uas tsis muaj cai pov npav), uas cov neeg sawv cev tau sib sau ua ke ntawm pawg sab laj. Tib lub sijhawm, Zemsky Sobor txiav txim siab pib ua tsov rog nrog Poland.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog qhov kawg nkag mus rau Ukraine rau Russia. Xyoo 1654 xav tau ntau lub rooj sib tham ua ntej cov xwm txheej kawg rau kev nkag mus tau ua tiav. Kev lees paub los ntawm Russia ntawm Ukraine raws li ib tug dawb, ywj siab lub teb chaws yog ib qho tseem ceeb. Qhov no tau hais hauv qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm Zemsky Sobor raws li hauv qab no: "Yog li ntawd lawv yuav tsis raug tso rau hauv kev ua pej xeem ntawm Turkish Sultan lossis Crimean Khan, vim lawv tau los ua lus cog tseg ntawm cov neeg dawb huv."
Sau daim ntawv cog lus
Lub Ib Hlis 31, 1653, Lavxias teb sab Embassy tuaj txog ntawm lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm ntawm Khmelnitsky - lub nroog Pereyaslav - nrog tsab ntawv txiav txim siab ntawm Zemsky Sobor thiab "kev txiav txim siab tshaj plaws". Lub Embassy, tus thawj coj los ntawm V. Buturlin, tau txais tos zoo los ntawm cov thawj coj thiab cov neeg zoo tib yam.
Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj Tim 6, 1654, Bogdan Khmelnitsky tuaj txog hauv Pereyaslav thiab hnub tom qab tau ntsib nrog cov Ambassadors nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tham txog cov nqe lus ntawm lub union. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 8, tom qab kev sib tham tsis pub lwm tus paub nrog cov thawj coj hais txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev koom nrog, Bohdan Khmelnytsky tau tawm mus rau cov neeg thiab lees paub tias koom nrog Ukraine rau Russia. 1654 yog qhov hloov pauv ntawm txoj hmoo ntawm ob haiv neeg.
Ukrainian embassies tau mus xyuas Moscow ob peb zaug los tham txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev yeem nkag mus rau Left-Bank Ukraine nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws.
Keeb Kwm ntawm Ukraine nyob rau hnub: kev sib sau ua ke nrog Russia
- 1591-1593 - kev tawm tsam ntawm kev sau npe Cossacks tawm tsam Polish gentry thiab thawj qhov kev thov ntawm Hetman Kryshtof Kosinsky rau kev pab rau Lavxias teb sab Tsar.
- 1622, 1624 - Kev thov rov hais dua ntawm Npis Sov Isaiy Kopinskiy, thiab tom qab ntawd Metropolitan Txoj Haujlwm Boretskiy mus rau Tsar kom lees txais Orthodox ntawm Me Me rau Russia ua pej xeem Lavxias.
- 1648 - Bogdan Khmelnitsky tsa qhov kev tawm tsam tag nrho-Ukrainian tawm tsam cov neeg siab phem thiab thaum Lub Rau Hli 8 sau thawj tsab ntawv rau Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich txog kev pab thiab kev koom tes. Thawj yeej ntawm cov tub rog Cossack thiab kos npe rau Zborovsky kev thaj yeeb treaty, uas tau tso cai rau tus tswv tsev Zaporizhian.
- 1651 - rov pib dua ntawm kev ua phem, hnyav poob ntawm Cossacks ze Berestechko.
- 1653 - qhov kev thov rov hais dua tshiab los ntawm Bohdan Khmelnitsky rau cov neeg Lavxias nrog kev thov kom pab Cossacks thiab daim ntawv thov rau kev saws me nyuam ntawm Left-Bank Ukraine mus ua pej xeem. Zemsky Sobor ntsib thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1.
- 1654 - Lub Ib Hlis 8, Pereyaslav Rada tau ntsib, tshaj tawm kev txiav txim siab koom nrog Russia. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 27, Zemsky Sobor thiab tsar tau tso cai rau feem ntau ntawm cov lus thov tau muab tso rau los ntawm cov thawj coj thiab cov hetman, uas tau muab rau kev ywj pheej dav. Cov ntaub ntawv no thaum kawg tau txais kev sib sau ua ke ntawm Left-Bank Ukraine nrog Russia.
