Gluconeogenesis - yog dab tsi? Cov txheej txheem kev tswj hwm, enzymes

Cov txheej txheem:

Gluconeogenesis - yog dab tsi? Cov txheej txheem kev tswj hwm, enzymes
Gluconeogenesis - yog dab tsi? Cov txheej txheem kev tswj hwm, enzymes
Anonim

Ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb hauv lub cev yog gluconeogenesis. Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm txoj kev metabolic uas ua rau lub fact tias cov piam thaj yog tsim los ntawm cov tsis-carbohydrate compounds (pyruvate tshwj xeeb).

Nws yog dab tsi? Cov txheej txheem no tswj hwm li cas? Muaj ntau ntau yam tseem ceeb hais txog lub ntsiab lus no, thiab tam sim no nws tsim nyog them nqi rau lawv.

Definition

Yog li, gluconeogenesis yog txheej txheem ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov piam thaj los ntawm cov khoom uas tsis muaj carbohydrate ntawm keeb kwm. Nws tshwm sim hauv daim siab, me ntsis qis dua - hauv lub raum cortex thiab plab hnyuv mucosa.

txheej txheem no suav nrog txhua qhov rov qab glycolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog rau kev hla tshwj xeeb. Hauv cov ntsiab lus yooj yim, nws tsis rov ua dua cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov piam thaj oxidation tag nrho. Yuav ua li cas? Gluconeogenesis yog txheej txheem uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv txhua cov ntaub so ntswg. Ib qho kev zam tsuas yog 6-phosphatase cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nws tshwm sim hauv ob lub raum thiab lub siab xwb.

gluconeogenesis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv
gluconeogenesis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv

GeneralFeatures

Gluconeogenesis yog txheej txheem uas tshwm sim hauv cov kab mob, fungi, nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Interestingly, nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tib yam rau txhua hom thiab cov ntaub so ntswg.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws precursors ntawm qabzib hauv tsiaj yog peb-carbon compounds. Cov no suav nrog glycerol, pyruvate, lactate, thiab amino acids.

Glucose tsim nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm gluconeogenesis yog thauj mus rau hauv cov ntshav, thiab los ntawm qhov ntawd mus rau lwm cov ntaub so ntswg. Tom ntej no yog dab tsi? Tom qab kev tawm dag zog lub cev, uas lub cev raug rau, lactate tsim nyob rau hauv cov leeg pob txha rov qab xa mus rau daim siab. Nyob ntawd nws hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv qabzib. Nws, dhau los, rov nkag mus rau cov leeg, lossis hloov mus rau glycogen.

Tag nrho lub voj voog tau piav qhia yog hu ua Corey cycle. Qhov no yog ib yam ntawm cov txheej txheem biochemical enzymatic thaum lub sij hawm lactate yog thauj los ntawm cov leeg mus rau lub siab thiab ces hloov mus rau hauv qabzib.

gluconeogenesis cov enzymes
gluconeogenesis cov enzymes

substrates

Thaum tham txog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tswj hwm glycolysis thiab gluconeogenesis, cov ncauj lus no kuj tseem yuav tsum tau kov. Substrates yog cov reagent uas tsim cov khoom nruab nrab. Hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm gluconeogenesis, lawv lub luag haujlwm yog ua los ntawm:

YPyruvic acid (PVC). Yog tsis muaj nws, kev zom zaub mov carbohydrate thiab cov amino acid metabolism tsis yooj yim sua.

YGlycerin. Nws muaj lub cev qhuav dej muaj zog.

  • Lactic acid. Nws yog tus neeg koom nrog tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tswj hwm cov txheej txheem metabolic.
  • Amino acids. Lawv yog cov khoom siv hauv tsev tseem ceeb ntawm txhua yam kabmob muaj sia, suav nrog tib neeg.
  • Kev suav nrog cov ntsiab lus no hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm gluconeogenesis nyob ntawm lub cev lub cev ntawm lub cev.

    txheej txheem txheej txheem

    Lawv, qhov tseeb, rov ua tiav cov theem ntawm glycolysis (glucose oxidation), tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov kev taw qhia. Catalysis yog ua los ntawm tib enzymes.

    Muaj plaub qhov kev zam - kev hloov pauv ntawm pyruvate rau oxaloacetate, qabzib-6-phosphate rau cov piam thaj ntshiab, fructose-1, 6-diphosphate rau fructose-6-phosphate, thiab oxaloacetate rau phosphoenolpyruvate.

    Kuv xav ua kom tau txais kev tshwj tseg uas ob txoj kev tswj hwm kev sib raug zoo. Ntawd yog, yog tias lub xov tooj ntawm tes tau txais lub zog txaus, ces glycolysis nres. Yuav ua li cas tom qab ntawd? Gluconeogenesis pib! Ib yam yog muaj tseeb nyob rau hauv qhov opposite direction. Thaum glycolysis tau qhib, gluconeogenesis hauv daim siab thiab lub raum nres.

    txheej txheem ntawm gluconeogenesis
    txheej txheem ntawm gluconeogenesis

    Regulation

    Lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub ncauj lus hauv kev txiav txim siab. Dab tsi tuaj yeem hais txog kev tswj hwm ntawm gluconeogenesis? Yog hais tias nws tshwm sim nyob rau tib lub sij hawm raws li glycolysis ntawm tus nqi siab, ces qhov tshwm sim yuav ib tug loj loj nce nyob rau hauv ATP noj, thiab kub yuav pib tsim.

    cov txheej txheem no sib cuam tshuam. Yog tias, piv txwv li, qhov ntws ntawm cov piam thaj los ntawm glycolysis nce, ces tus nqi ntawm pyruvate los ntawm gluconeogenesis txo.

    Sib cais, peb yuav tsum tham txog qabzib-6-phosphate. Lub caij no, los ntawm txoj kev, muaj lwm lub npe. Nws tseem hu ua phosphorylated qabzib. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov hlwb, cov tshuaj no yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hexokinase, thiab nyob rau hauvdaim siab - thaum lub sij hawm phosphorolysis. Nws tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm GNG (hauv cov hnyuv me, cov leeg) lossis los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm monosaccharides (siab).

    Glucose-6-phosphate siv li cas? Ua ntej, glycogen yog synthesized. Tom qab ntawd nws yog oxidized ob zaug: thawj zaug nyob rau hauv anaerobic los yog aerobic mob, thiab lub thib ob lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub pentose phosphate txoj kev. Thiab tom qab ntawd nws hloov mus rau hauv qabzib ncaj qha.

    kev tswj ntawm gluconeogenesis
    kev tswj ntawm gluconeogenesis

    Lub luag haujlwm hauv lub cev

    Kev ua haujlwm ntawm gluconeogenesis yuav tsum tau tham sib cais. Raws li txhua tus paub, nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev thaum lub sij hawm tshaib plab, cov as-ham reserves yog nquag siv. Cov no suav nrog fatty acids thiab glycogen. Cov tshuaj no tau tawg mus rau hauv cov tsis-carbohydrate compounds, keto acids thiab amino acids.

    Feem ntau ntawm cov tshuaj no tsis tawm hauv lub cev. Recycling tab tom ua. Cov tshuaj no raug thauj los ntawm cov ntshav los ntawm lwm cov ntaub so ntswg mus rau lub siab, thiab tom qab ntawd siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm gluconeogenesis los ua ke cov piam thaj. Thiab nws yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog.

    Qhov xaus yog dab tsi? Lub luag haujlwm ntawm gluconeogenesis yog txhawm rau tswj cov piam thaj hauv lub cev thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm hnyav thiab ua kom nrawm nrawm. Ib qho khoom noj tas li ntawm cov tshuaj no yog qhov tsim nyog rau erythrocytes thiab paj hlwb. Yog hais tias tam sim ntawd lub cev reserves yog depleted, ces gluconeogenesis yuav pab tawm. Tom qab tag nrho, cov txheej txheem no yog lub ntsiab ntawm lub zog substrates.

    Kev tawg ntawm cov khoom
    Kev tawg ntawm cov khoom

    YCawv thiab gluconeogenesis

    Qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke no yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib, txij li lub ncauj lus tau kawm los ntawm kev kho mob thiabBiological point of view.

    Yog tias ib tus neeg haus cawv ntau, ces qhov tshwm sim ntawm gluconeogenesis hauv daim siab yuav qeeb qeeb. Qhov tshwm sim yog qhov txo qis hauv cov ntshav qabzib. Tus mob no hu ua hypoglycemia.

    Kev haus dej cawv ntawm lub plab khoob, lossis tom qab lub cev ua haujlwm hnyav, tuaj yeem ua rau txo qis hauv qabzib mus txog 30% ntawm cov qauv.

    Tau kawg, tus mob no yuav ua rau lub hlwb tsis zoo. Nws yog qhov txaus ntshai heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov cheeb tsam uas tswj lub cev kub. Tseeb, vim yog hypoglycemia, lawv tuaj yeem poob los ntawm 2 ° C lossis ntau dua, thiab qhov no yog qhov sib txawv heev. Tab sis yog hais tias ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv lub xeev no tau txais ib tug daws ntawm qabzib, ces qhov kub thiab txias yuav rov qab mus rau qhov qub.

    Kev tswj hwm ntawm glycolysis thiab gluconeogenesis
    Kev tswj hwm ntawm glycolysis thiab gluconeogenesis

    Kev yoo mov

    Kwv yees li 6 teev tom qab nws pib, gluconeogenesis pib txhawb nqa los ntawm glucagon (ib leeg saw polypeptide uas yog 29 amino acid residues).

    Tab sis cov txheej txheem no ua haujlwm tsuas yog thaum 32 teev. Tsuas yog lub sijhawm no, cortisol (catabolic steroid) txuas nrog nws. Tom qab ntawd, cov leeg nqaij thiab lwm cov ntaub so ntswg pib tawg. Lawv hloov mus rau hauv cov amino acids, uas yog precursors ntawm qabzib nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm gluconeogenesis, qhov no yog nqaij atrophy. Rau lub cev, nws yog ib qho kev ntsuas uas nws yuav tsum tau ua kom lub paj hlwb tau txais ib feem ntawm cov piam thaj uas tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm. Yog li ntawd nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas cov neeg mob rov qab los ntawm kev ua haujlwmthiab kab mob, tau txais kev noj zaub mov zoo ntxiv. Yog tsis muaj qhov no ces cov nqaij thiab cov nqaij yuav pib deplete.

    Kev tswj hwm ntawm glycolysis thiab gluconeogenesis
    Kev tswj hwm ntawm glycolysis thiab gluconeogenesis

    Clinical significance

    Saum toj no, peb tau tham luv luv txog cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm gluconeogenesis thiab lwm yam ntawm cov txheej txheem no. Thaum kawg, nws tsim nyog tham txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho mob.

    Yog tias kev siv lactate ua ib qho substrate tsim nyog rau gluconeogenesis txo qis, yuav muaj qhov tshwm sim: txo qis hauv pH ntshav thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lactic acidosis. Qhov no tuaj yeem tshwm sim vim qhov tsis xws luag hauv cov enzymes ntawm gluconeogenesis.

    Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias luv luv lactic acidosis tuaj yeem kov yeej cov neeg noj qab haus huv. Qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm cov leeg nqaij ua haujlwm hnyav. Tab sis tom qab ntawd tus mob no tau them sai sai los ntawm kev ua pa ntawm lub ntsws thiab tshem tawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide tawm ntawm lub cev.

    Los ntawm txoj kev, ethanol kuj cuam tshuam rau gluconeogenesis. Nws catabolism yog fraught nrog qhov nce ntawm NADH, thiab qhov no tau cuam tshuam nrog qhov sib npaug hauv cov tshuaj lactate dehydrogenase. Nws tsuas yog hloov mus rau qhov tsim ntawm lactate. Nws kuj txo qhov tsim ntawm pyruvate. Qhov tshwm sim yog qhov qeeb ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm gluconeogenesis.

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