Hnub no, tsuas yog Beijing ua ntej ntawm Moscow agglomeration hais txog kev txhim kho kev lag luam. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm technologies, qhov taw qhia ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov domestic khoom, pej xeem thiab tsiv teb tsaws, lub nroog agglomeration ntawm Moscow yog loj ua ntej ntawm Russia tag nrho. Txhua kaum tus neeg nyob hauv lub nroog muab ob txoj haujlwm ntxiv hauv thaj tsam vim muaj peev xwm siv tau ntau.
Tab sis Moscow tseem tsis tau tsim tam sim ntawd. Lub prerequisites rau tsim ib tug compact pab pawg neeg ntawm kev sib sau ua ke los ntawm ntau yam kev sib raug zoo tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub XIX caug xyoo thiab yog tshwm sim los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm capitalism. Kev lag luam kiv puag ncig ntawm 1830-1840 coj mus rau kev hloov pauv ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej peev rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom loj tshaj plaws hauv Russia, thiab hauv 1918 lub nroog rov qab los rau nws cov peev txheej. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev txhim kho tau nrawm dua.
Cia peb xav ntxiv yuav ua li cas lub nroog agglomeration ntawm Moscow tau tsim, uas kev sib haum xeebyog ib feem ntawm nws thiab dab tsi characterizes no supra-urban tsim hnub no. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias cov phiaj xwm kev tsim kho ntxiv yog qhov loj heev, yog li koj yuav tsum ua tib zoo mloog cov ntaub ntawv no.
yam ntxwv thiab cov pej xeem
Lub Moscow agglomeration suav nrog ntau tshaj xya caum lub nroog, suav nrog kaum plaub qhov chaw nyob nrog cov pejxeem ntawm ntau dua ib puas txhiab tus neeg. Qee tus ntawm lawv muaj qhov kev txiav txim thib ob nyob ib puag ncig lawv. Cov pejxeem ntawm Moscow agglomeration nyob rau hauv lub suburban cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv ib lub vojvoog ntawm 70 km ntawm Moscow Ring Road yog kwv yees li ntawm 14.5-17.4 lab tus tib neeg. Thaj tsam ntawm cheeb tsam no yog 13.6 txhiab square meters. km.
Nws yog qhov nyuaj los xam qhov ntim ntawm kev mus ncig los ntawm thaj chaw deb mus rau lub peev thiab rov qab. Txhua hnub, cov tsheb ciav hlau ntawm Moscow suburban railway hleb thauj ntau tshaj 1.5 lab tus neeg caij tsheb, uas muab ntau dua 700 txhiab tus neeg uas koom nrog kev tsiv teb tsaws txhua hnub. Tus tswv xeev ntawm cheeb tsam Moscow hauv 2012 kuj tau tshaj tawm cov lej loj - txog 830 txhiab tus neeg. Colossal congestion yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntawm nroog thiab kev thauj tus kheej. Thaum lub sij hawm siab tshaj plaws, cov tsheb thauj mus los ntawm qhov nkag thiab tawm qee zaum mus txog ob peb mais.
Lub Moscow agglomeration yog sai heev nthuav thiab compacting. Raws li xyoo 2006, kaum ob mais ntawm txoj kev nplhaib tau npog los ntawm ib cheeb tsam tsev txuas ntxiv. Yuav luag tsis tu ncua urbanized sawb hla lub peev ntawm Podolsk mus rau Pushkino, qhov ntev yog hais txog 80 km. Nyob rau yav tom ntej, nws tau npaj los tsim lub nroog satellite ntawm Moscow thiab Domodedovo - Konstantinovo. Raws li kev npaj, hauvNyob rau yav tom ntej, tus naj npawb ntawm lub nroog tshiab nyob ib ncig ntawm lub agglomeration yuav ncav cuag kaum ob.
Qhov xwm txheej ntawm Moscow agglomeration niaj hnub no yog qhov kev pabcuam kev pabcuam yeej ntawm no. Qhov no distinguishes lub agglomeration los ntawm lwm lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab Federation, uas yog txuam nrog ntau lawm (thiab, feem ntau, lub predominance ntawm industrial muaj peev xwm). Xws li tus yam ntxwv ntawm Moscow agglomeration paub meej tias lub koom haum supra-lub nroog tau nkag mus rau tom qab kev lag luam theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias muaj kev vam meej ntxiv (tsis zoo li lwm thaj tsam ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation, uas muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev lag luam, thiab qhov no yog feem ntau ntawm nroog agglomeration tsim thaum lub sij hawm Soviet).
qauv thiab kev sib xyaw ntawm lub nroog agglomeration
Ntawm qhov ntsuas nqaim heev, Moscow agglomeration suav nrog lub peev nws tus kheej thiab cov nroog ncaj qha nyob ib sab ntawm nws ciam teb. Qhov no yog qhov ze siv ntawm lub nroog satellite. Hauv kev nkag siab dav dua, agglomeration txhais tau tias tsis yog Moscow nkaus xwb nrog cov chaw nyob ib sab thiab ob txoj siv hauv nroog, tab sis tag nrho cheeb tsam nrog txoj siv thib peb.
Qee tus kws tshaj lij thiab cov nom tswv xav tias nws tsim nyog los koom ua ke lub peev thiab thaj tsam Moscow rau hauv ib qho chaw lossis tsim plaub lub koom haum tshiab ntawm lawv lub hauv paus. Tam sim no ciam teb ntawm Moscow yog arbitrary arbitrary; qhov tseeb, nws yog ib tug agglomeration uas muaj xws li lub zos nyob ze ntawm lub regional subordination. Tab sis cheeb tsam Moscow (sawv cev los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm hauv zos) tiv thaiv nws txoj kev ywj pheej thiab ntseeg siab txog qhov tsim nyog ntawm kev siv cov ntsiab lus "agglomeration" thiab "metropolis".
Thawj suburbanTxoj siv sia ncig Moscow
Qhov ze (thawj) txoj siv hauv nroog suav nrog lub nroog satellite ntawm lub nroog, uas nyob hauv 10-15 km ntawm txoj kev Moscow Ring Road. Cov no yog Balashikha, Khimki, Dolgoprudny, Mytishchi, Zelenograd (txawm hais tias raug cai Zelenograd yog ib feem ntawm Moscow), Odintsovo, Vidnoe, Korolev, Reutov, Lyubertsy, Krasnogorsk. Qhov no kuj suav nrog cov hav zoov tiv thaiv txoj siv sia, uas tau suav nrog hauv lub nroog los ntawm 1960 txog 1961 (tsis suav nrog lub nroog Zheleznodorozhny thiab Korolev). Raws li qhov kev ntsuas no, lub tswv yim ntawm "thawj suburban siv ntawm Moscow" tuaj yeem nthuav dav ntxiv.
Unified tariff zone "Greater Moscow"
Txij li xyoo 2011, Moscow railway junction tau qhia txog kev sib koom ua ke rau cov tsheb ciav hlau hauv cheeb tsam Greater Moscow tariff. Nws suav nrog tag nrho cov chaw nres tsheb thiab lub platform ntawm qhov deb ntawm 25 km ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb, thiab qee qhov ntau dua. Cov cheeb tsam tariff suav nrog txhua lub nroog ntawm Moscow agglomeration (ze siv) txuas nrog kev tsheb ciav hlau nrog lub peev. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov no suav nrog lub nroog (tam sim no ib cheeb tsam hauv nroog hauv Moscow) Shcherbinka, uas nyob rau sab qab teb ciam teb ntawm txoj siv.
Agglomeration raws li V. G. Glushkova
Raws li Vera Glushkova, tus sau nees nkaum phau ntawv tshawb fawb thiab nrov science txog Central Russia, feem ntau hais txog Moscow thiab cheeb tsam Moscow, cov phau ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv qhia ntawm Moscow Studies chav kawm rau cov tsev kawm theem nrab, phau ntawv qhia rau kev sib sau ua ke yog ib qho suburban cheeb tsam, cov ciam teb ntawm uas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug deb ntawm ib tug tshaj plaws ntawm xya caum kilometers ntawmCov nroog loj. Raws li xyoo 2010, thaj av no suav nrog kaum plaub lub nroog, nees nkaum tsib lub nroog, plaub lub nroog ZATO.
Qee qhov kev txiav txim thib ob agglomeration
Qee lub nroog ntawm cheeb tsam Moscow, suav nrog hauv kev sib sau ua ke, tsim lawv tus kheej cov qauv (ze dua) ntawm qhov kev txiav txim thib ob. Qhov loj tshaj plaws sab hnub tuaj agglomeration suav nrog Mytishchi, Korolev, Pushkino, Ivanteevka, Fryazino thiab Schelkovo nrog tag nrho cov pej xeem ntawm ib lab tus tib neeg. Peripheral settlements ntawm cheeb tsam, uas nyob sab nraum thawj ob suburban siv, kuj tsim agglomeration nrog cov nroog nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nyob ze. Xws li cov qauv hu ua Moscow macroregion. Nws suav nrog Dolgoprudnensko-Khiminsko-Krasnogordskaya agglomeration, Mytishchi-Pushkinsko-Shchelkovskaya, Balashikha-Lyubertskaya thiab lwm yam.
yam ntxwv ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub nroog
Moscow yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm tag nrho lub nroog agglomeration. Moscow thiab cov nroog ib puag ncig kuj yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev loj hlob Central metropolis. Qhov kev tsim no yuav suav nrog Moscow thiab cheeb tsam Moscow, qhov chaw nyob ib sab: cheeb tsam Tver, Kaluga, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tula, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, thiab kuj yog ib feem ntawm Kostroma cheeb tsam, Nizhny Novgorod thiab Ivanovo. Yog li ntawd, lub hauv paus loj loj yog "snowflake", cov rays ntawm cov rays raug kaw los ntawm cov chaw hauv cheeb tsam.
Kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntawm lwm thaj chaw
Lub Moscow agglomeration cuam tshuam rau thaj chaw nyob deb ntawm Smolensk thiab ib feem ntawm Vologda Oblast. Hauv qhov ntawdrooj plaub (vim tsis muaj kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov nroog loj), peb tab tom tham txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov qauv peev, thiab tsis yog hais txog kev koom ua ke ntawm cov nroog no mus rau hauv nroog loj yav tom ntej. Raws li txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Smolensk, lub nroog muab rau cov creation ntawm industries uas coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov kev txaus siab ntawm lub Moscow cheeb tsam.
Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, tej zaum, lub koom pheej ntawm Mordovia yuav nkag mus rau hauv lub industrial cheeb tsam ntawm lub nroog agglomeration, txawm hais tias Saransk nyob rau ntawm ib tug deb deb deb ntawm Moscow thiab gravitates ntau mus rau lub Volga cheeb tsam. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm agglomeration txuas mus rau ntau thaj chaw deb. Nyob rau xyoo 2000, ib txoj kev npaj tsim kho tau tsim, uas muab rau kev tsim cov chaw lag luam loj nyob ib ncig ntawm lub peev, uas yuav kos ib feem ntawm cov pej xeem rau lawv tus kheej. Tab sis nws tau muab tawm tias nws tsis tuaj yeem muaj kev loj hlob ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm lub peev thiab kev sib sau ua ke.
Tam sim no, tag nrho Central Federal District yog nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub nroog agglomeration. Cov cheeb tsam no raug kaw rau kev ua lag luam Moscow. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Central Federal District yuav tsum tau nqa tawm raws li ib feem ntawm kev hloov ntawm ntau lawm sab nraum lub peev thiab cheeb tsam Moscow. Qhov no yuav tsum coj mus rau lub creation ntawm "Great Moscow", uas yog, lub merger ntawm Central Federal District rau hauv lub Moscow agglomeration.
theem kev txhim kho
Lub nroog loj loj no tsis tau tshwm sim los ntawm kos, tsis tau tsim los ntawm leej twg thiab tsis tau raug xaiv los ua, tab sis tau coj los ua lub hauv paus ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Moscow thiab thaj chaw ib puag ncig. Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub sijhawm niaj hnub no, uas tsis yog yam ntxwv ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog. Yog li, rau feudal Moscow (ib puag ncig los ntawm kev sib hais haum, monasteries, zos), lub nroog-fortresses thiabyav tas los cov peev ntawm cov thawj tswj hwm, uas raug tshem tawm ntawm lub peev kwv yees li ntawm qhov deb ntawm ib hnub lub peb hlis ntuj ntawm cov tub rog.
Early Soviet Agglomeration
Yam yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau kev tsim cov agglomeration tshwm sim tsuas yog nrog kev loj hlob ntawm peev. Moscow nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo dhau los ua ib tug loj chaw tsim tshuaj paus. Txij thaum ntawd los, kev tsim kho tsheb ciav hlau tau rub cov pej xeem mus rau niaj hnub no lub peev thiab ua rau muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog ib puag ncig tam sim no. Cov txheej txheem no tau teeb tsa tus yam ntxwv "zoo li lub hnub qub" zoo li lub agglomeration. Thaum xyoo 1912, lub nroog thib kaum uas muaj neeg coob tshaj plaws tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm txoj siv sia ntawm ntau lub nroog.
Nyob rau xyoo 1926, Moscow agglomeration suav nrog yim lub nroog thiab peb caug-rau lub nroog-hom chaw nyob, thiab tag nrho cov pejxeem muaj txog ob thiab ib nrab lab tus tib neeg. Industrialization thiab urbanization, transformation ntawm Moscow mus rau hauv lub economic thiab kev nom kev tswv centre ntawm ib tug loj lub teb chaws coj mus rau lub fact tias nyob rau hauv thawj tsib lub xyoos qhov loj ntawm agglomeration ntau tshaj ob npaug. Lub sijhawm no, qhov sib xyaw ua ke tau dhau los ua nyuaj: raws li lub nroog satellite, qhov pib ntawm hnub no qhov kev txiav txim thib ob tau tsim.
Kev txhim kho hauv lub tebchaws Soviet
Nyob rau tsib caug, cov qauv no tsuas yog nce ntxiv vim qhov tseeb tias cov tuam txhab tsim kev lag luam hauv nroog tau nce ntxiv, thiab kev tshawb fawb thiab lwm yam kev lag luam uas tsis yog kev lag luam tau tshaj tawm. Kev thauj mus los hauv cheeb tsam, kev siv hluav taws xob, thiab cov txheej txheem kev sib koom ua ke tau nquag txhim kho. Moscow tau kov yeej tsib labLub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv xyoo 1959, thiab cov pej xeem ntawm kev sib sau ua ke (Moscow thiab cov nroog nyob ze) tom qab ntawd suav txog 9 lab tus pej xeem Soviet. Thaum kawg ntawm tsib caug, cov qauv ntawm qhov kev txiav txim thib ob thaum kawg tau tsim ua ib feem ntawm thaj av.
Ib qho tseem ceeb tseem ceeb yog kev suav nrog cov cheeb tsam ze tshaj plaws hauv lub nroog. Thaj chaw tau nce los ntawm ob thiab ib nrab zaug, thiab cov pejxeem - los ntawm 1 lab tus tib neeg. Cov txheej txheem hauv nroog tau qeeb me ntsis hauv lub xyoo caum, thaum kev lag luam thiab cov pej xeem ceev hauv cheeb tsam Moscow tau nce. Lub agglomeration tau tshaj li kaum lab lub sijhawm los ntawm kev suav pej xeem xyoo 1970. Xyoo 1970s, kev lag luam uas tsis yog kev tsim khoom tsim, kev tsim hluav taws xob ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau tau ua tiav, kev siv kev sib txuas lus tau nce ntxiv thiab kev loj hlob tshiab tau tsim.
