Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no thaum ub, cov neeg uas tsis hais lus Greek lossis Latin hu ua barbarians. Cov pab pawg neeg Barbarian, nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm qee qhov xwm txheej, tau nyob hauv thaj av Europe thiab pib tsim cov xeev medieval tshiab.
Hnub Nyoog tsiv teb tsaws chaw zoo
Kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw zoo ntawm cov neeg thiab ntau yam kev tsov kev rog uas tshwm sim vim kev sib cais ntawm cov xeev uas muaj nyob rau hauv medieval Europe coj mus rau kev tsim ntawm barbarian kingdoms. Kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw coob ntawm cov neeg barbarian pib thaum ntxov li xyoo pua thib ob AD. Lub Tebchaws Roman tau tawm tsam los ntawm cov pab pawg neeg German. Rau ib puas xyoo, cov neeg Loos tau ua tiav kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg phem. Qhov xwm txheej tau hloov pauv loj heev hauv 378 thaum sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Adrianople ntawm Loos thiab Goths. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua no, Roman faj tim teb chaws tau swb lawm, yog li qhia lub ntiaj teb tias lub teb chaws Ottoman loj tsis muaj kev vam meej ntxiv lawm. Ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm ntseeg tias nws yog qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua uas hloov pauv qhov sib npaug ntawm lub hwj chim hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab cim qhov pib ntawm kev tawg ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman.
Lub sijhawm thib ob ntawm kev hloov pauv, txawm tias nyuaj rauCov neeg Loos, muaj kev ntxeem tau ntawm cov neeg Esxias. Lub fragmented Roman faj tim teb chaws yuav tsis endlessly tuav rov qab lub loj heev tawm tsam ntawm Huns. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sim siab nyuaj, hauv 476 lub tebchaws Roman sab hnub poob tau tso tseg. Qhov thib peb theem yog suav hais tias yog kev hloov chaw ntawm Slavic pab pawg neeg los ntawm Asia thiab Siberia mus rau sab hnub tuaj.
Nyob hauv keeb kwm ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub Nyoog, kev tsim cov neeg tsis ncaj ncees kingdoms siv sijhawm ntev heev. Lub sijhawm no tau kav tsib caug xyoo, xaus rau xyoo pua xya nrog kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Slavs hauv Byzantium.
Yog vim li cas rau kev hloov pauv
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ntuj thiab kev nom kev tswv tau coj mus rau kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw thiab tsim lub tebchaws barbarian. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov xwm txheej no tau muab hauv qab no:
1. Ib qho laj thawj tau muab los ntawm keeb kwm Jordanes. Cov Scandinavian Goths, coj los ntawm King Filimer, raug yuam kom tawm hauv lawv thaj av vim muaj neeg coob coob ntawm thaj chaw nyob.
2. Qhov thib ob yog vim li cas climatic. Qhov txias txias yog tshwm sim los ntawm huab cua pessimum. Humidity nce, huab cua kub poob. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov neeg sab qaum teb yog thawj tus raug mob khaub thuas. Kev ua liaj ua teb tau poob qis, hav zoov tau muab txoj hauv kev rau cov dej khov, kev thauj mus los ua tsis tiav, thiab kev tuag nce ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub North tsiv mus rau warmer climes, uas tom qab ntawd coj mus rau lub tsim ntawm barbarian kingdoms nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe.
3. Thaum pib ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw loj, tib neeg qhov tseem ceeb tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Lub koom haum nws tus kheej, cov pab pawg neeg koom siab los yog nyob rau hauv enmity nrog ib leeg, sim uaqhia lawv txoj cai thiab lub hwj chim. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev ntshaw kom kov yeej.
Huns
Cov Huns, lossis Huns, tau hu ua cov pab pawg steppe uas nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Asia. Cov Huns tsim lub xeev muaj zog heev. Lawv cov yeeb ncuab nyob mus ib txhis yog lawv cov neeg nyob ze Suav. Nws yog qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Tuam Tshoj thiab lub xeev Hunnic uas ua rau muaj kev tsim kho ntawm Tuam Tsev Loj Loj ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog nrog kev txav ntawm cov pab pawg no uas theem ob ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm haiv neeg pib.
Tus Huns raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev tawm tsam Suav, uas yuam kom lawv mus nrhiav chaw nyob tshiab. Lub Huns 'kev txav tau tsim ib qho "domino effect". Tau nyob hauv thaj av tshiab, cov Huns tau yuam cov neeg nyob hauv, thiab lawv, dhau los, raug yuam mus nrhiav tsev nyob rau lwm qhov chaw. Cov Huns, maj mam kis mus rau sab hnub poob, thawj zaug tsav tawm cov Alans. Tom qab ntawd ib pawg neeg ntawm Goths sawv ntawm lawv txoj kev, uas, tsis muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam, muab faib ua Western thiab Eastern Goths. Yog li ntawd, los ntawm lub xyoo pua plaub lub Huns tuaj ze rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws.
Thaum lub tebchaws Roman poob qis
Nyob rau xyoo pua plaub, lub tebchaws Loos loj tau hla dhau lub sijhawm nyuaj. Yuav kom tswj hwm lub xeev loj dua, lub teb chaws Ottoman tau muab faib ua ob ntu:
- Eastern - nrog peev Constantinople;
- Western - lub peev tseem nyob hauv Rome.
Ntau pab pawg tau khiav tawm ntawm kev tawm tsam tas li ntawm Huns. Cov Visigoths (Western Goths) tau pib thov kom nyob twj ywm hauv thaj chaw ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntawdpawg neeg tau sawv. Xyoo 410, lawv tau txeeb Loos, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau sab hnub poob ntawm lub tebchaws, thiab tsiv mus rau thaj av ntawm Gaul.
Cov neeg tsis ncaj ncees tau ruaj khov nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman uas txawm tias cov tub rog Roman feem ntau suav nrog lawv. Thiab cov thawj coj ntawm pawg neeg raug suav hais tias yog cov thawj coj ntawm huab tais. Ib tug ntawm cov thawj tswj hwm overthrew tus huab tais ntawm sab hnub poob ntawm lub xeev thiab coj nws qhov chaw. Raws li txoj cai, tus huab tais sab hnub tuaj yog tus kav ntawm thaj chaw sab hnub poob, tab sis qhov tseeb lub hwj chim tau koom nrog cov thawj coj ntawm pawg neeg barbarian. Nyob rau hauv 476, Western Roman faj tim teb chaws thaum kawg tso tseg. Qhov no yog lub sij hawm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim ntawm barbarian kingdoms. Tom qab kawm luv luv txog keeb kwm no, ib tus tuaj yeem pom txoj kab meej ntawm kev tsim cov xeev tshiab ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab kev tawg ntawm lub ntiaj teb thaum ub.
Visigoths
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua peb, Visigoths yog pawg neeg Loos. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis tu ncua ntawm lawv. Xyoo 369, kev sib haum xeeb tau kos npe, raws li lub tebchaws Roman faj tim teb chaws lees paub kev ywj pheej ntawm Visigoths, thiab Danube pib cais lawv ntawm cov neeg phem.
Tom qab cov Huns tawm tsam pab pawg, Visigoths thov cov neeg Loos kom nyob twj ywm, thiab lawv faib cov av ntawm Thrace rau lawv. Tom qab ntau xyoo ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg Loos thiab Goths, cov kev sib raug zoo hauv qab no tau tsim: Visigoths muaj nyob sib nrug ntawm Roman Empire, tsis ua raws li nws cov txheej txheem, tsis them se, rov qab los lawv tau txhawb nqa ntau qib ntawm cov tub rog Loos.
Los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntev txhua xyoo Visigoths tau txais lawv tus kheej ntau dua thiab yooj yim dua rau kev muaj nyob hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Qhov tseeb tiag, qhov tseeb no ua rau muaj kev tsis txaus siab hauv cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv Loos. Lwm qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib raug zoo tau xaus nrog kev ntes ntawm Rome los ntawm Visigoths hauv 410. Nyob rau xyoo tom ntej, cov neeg barbarians txuas ntxiv ua cov koom haum. Lawv lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau ntes cov av ntau tshaj plaws uas lawv tau txais los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov neeg Loos.
Hnub uas tsim lub nceeg vaj barbarian ntawm Visigoths yog 418, txawm hais tias nyob rau ob peb xyoos tom ntej no lawv tseem koom nrog cov neeg Loos. Cov Visigoths nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Aquitaine ntawm Iberian Peninsula. Theodoric Thawj, raug xaiv tsa hauv 419, tau los ua thawj tus huab tais. Lub xeev muaj nyob rau peb puas xyoo thiab tau los ua thawj zaug ntawm cov neeg tsis ncaj ncees hauv keeb kwm.
Cov Visigoths tshaj tawm lawv txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman nkaus xwb nyob rau hauv 475 thaum lub sij hawm kav Eirich, tus tub ntawm Theodoric. Txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua tsib, thaj tsam ntawm lub xeev tau nce rau rau lub sijhawm.
Thoob plaws hauv lawv lub neej, Visigoths tau tawm tsam lwm lub tebchaws barbarian tsim nyob rau hauv lub ruins ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws. Qhov kev tawm tsam hnyav tshaj plaws tau tsim nrog Franks. Hauv kev tawm tsam nrog lawv, Visigoths poob ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lawv thaj chaw.
Kev kov yeej thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub nceeg vaj tau tshwm sim hauv 710, thaum Visigoths tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam ntawm Arabs hauv lawv txoj kev nrhiav kom ntes Iberian Peninsula.
Vandas thiab Alans
Kev tsim ntawm lub nceeg vaj barbarian ntawm Vandals thiab Alans tshwm simnees nkaum xyoo tom qab tsim lub xeev los ntawm Visigoths. Lub nceeg vaj nyob ib cheeb tsam loj nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm African sab av loj. Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws zoo, Vandals tuaj txog ntawm Danube plains thiab nyob hauv Gaul, thiab tom qab ntawd lawv, nrog rau Alans, tau nyob Spain. Lawv raug ntiab tawm ntawm Iberian Peninsula los ntawm Visigoths hauv 429.
Tau tuav ib feem ntawm cov neeg Asmeskas cov khoom ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws, Vandals thiab Alans yuav tsum tau tawm tsam cov neeg Loos tsis tu ncua, uas xav rov qab los ntawm lawv. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg lim hiam kuj tau tawm tsam lub teb chaws Ottoman thiab txuas ntxiv mus kov yeej thaj av tshiab hauv Africa. Cov Vandals tsuas yog lwm haiv neeg barbarian uas muaj lawv lub nkoj. Qhov no txhawb lawv lub peev xwm tiv thaiv cov neeg Loos thiab lwm pab pawg neeg uas nkag mus rau lawv thaj chaw.
Hauv 533 kev tsov rog nrog Byzantium pib. Nws kav yuav luag ib xyoos thiab xaus nrog swb ntawm barbarians. Yog li ntawd, lub Nceeg Vaj Vandal tau tso tseg.
Burgundy
Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Burgundians nyob sab laug ntug dej Rhine. Nyob rau hauv 435 lawv tau tawm tsam los ntawm Huns, tua lawv tus huab tais thiab tshem lawv lub tsev. Cov Burgundians yuav tsum tau tawm hauv lawv lub tsev thiab tsiv mus rau ntug dej ntawm Rhone.
Cov Burgundians nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm ko taw ntawm Alps, uas tam sim no yog rau Fabkis. Lub nceeg vaj tiv kev sib cav sib ceg, cov neeg dag rau lub zwm txwv ua phem tua lawv cov neeg tawm tsam. Gundobad ua lub luag haujlwm loj tshaj plaws hauv kev koom ua ke lub nceeg vaj. Tom qab tua nws cov kwv tij thiab dhau los ua tus neeg thov rau lub zwm txwv, nws tau tshaj tawm thawj txoj cai lij choj ntawm Burgundy -"Qhov Tseeb Burgundian".
Lub xyoo pua rau tau cim los ntawm kev ua tsov rog ntawm Burgundians thiab Franks. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawm tsam, Burgundy tau kov yeej thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau lub xeev ntawm Franks. Kev tsim ntawm lub nceeg vaj barbarian ntawm Burgundians hnub rov qab mus rau 413. Yog li ntawd, lub nceeg vaj kav ib puas xyoo.
Ostrogoths
Kev tsim ntawm lub nceeg vaj barbarian ntawm Ostrogoths pib hauv 489. Nws kav tsuas yog rau caum-rau xyoo. Lawv yog Roman federates thiab, ua ywj siab, tswj lub imperial nom tswv system. Lub xeev nyob hauv thaj chaw niaj hnub Sicily, Ltalis, Provence thiab Pre-Alpine cheeb tsam, lub peev yog Ravenna. Lub nceeg vaj tau kov yeej los ntawm Byzantium hauv 555.
Franks
Thaum lub sijhawm tsim lub tebchaws barbarian, lub nceeg vaj ntawm Franks, tau pib nws keeb kwm nyob rau xyoo pua peb, tau los ua nom tswv tsuas yog nyob rau peb caug xyoo tom ntej. Francia tau dhau los ua tus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab muaj zog ntawm lwm lub xeev. Cov Franks muaj ntau heev thiab suav nrog ntau qhov kev tsim ntawm barbarian kingdoms. Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Franks tau koom ua ke thaum huab tais Clovis thawj zaug ntawm Merovingian dynasty, txawm tias tom qab ntawd lub xeev tau muab faib rau nws cov tub. Nws yog ib tug ntawm ob peb tus thawj tswj hwm uas hloov siab los ntseeg Catholic. Nws kuj tau tswj hwm kom nthuav dav cov khoom ntawm lub xeev, kov yeej cov neeg Loos, Visigoths thiab Bretons. Nws cov tub tau muab thaj av ntawm Burgundians, Saxons, Frisians thiab Thuringians rau Thrace.
Mus rau qhov kawgNyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua xya, cov nom tswv tau txais lub hwj chim loj heev thiab tau kav Thrace. Qhov no ua rau poob ntawm Merovingian dynasty. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua tom ntej tau cim los ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog. Xyoo 718, Charles los ntawm Carolingian dynasty tau los ua hwj chim. Tus thawj tswj hwm no ntxiv dag zog rau txoj haujlwm ntawm Francia hauv Tebchaws Europe, uas tau qaug zog heev thaum muaj kev sib cav sib ceg. Tus kav tom ntej no yog nws tus tub Pepin, uas tau tsim lub hauv paus rau Vatican niaj hnub no.
Thaum kawg ntawm thawj txhiab xyoo, Thrace tau muab faib ua peb lub xeev: West Frankish, Middle thiab East Frankish.
Anglo-Saxons
Cov Anglo-Saxons tau nyob hauv British Isles. Lub Heptarchy yog lub npe muab rau kev tsim ntawm cov neeg tsis ncaj ncees hauv tebchaws Askiv. Muaj xya lub xeev. Lawv pib tsim nyob rau xyoo pua rau.
West Saxons tsim Wessex, South Saxons tsim Sussex, East Saxons tsim Essex. Cov Angles tsim East Anglia, Northumbria thiab Mercia. Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Kent tau koom nrog Jutes. Nws tsis yog txog rau xyoo pua cuaj uas Wessex tau ua tiav hauv kev koom ua ke cov neeg nyob hauv British Isles. Lub xeev tshiab hu ua England.
Resettlement ntawm Slavs
Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm kev tsim ntawm barbarian kingdoms, lub resettlement ntawm Slavic pab pawg neeg kuj tshwm sim. Kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm Proto-Slavs pib me ntsis tom qab cov pab pawg neeg German. Cov Slavs nyob ib ncig ntawm lub B altic mus rau lub Dnieper thiab mus rau Mediterranean hiav txwv. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nws yog nyob rau lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm uas thawj mention ntawm lub Slavs tshwm nyob rau hauv keeb kwm chronicles.
Thawj zaug, cov Slavs nyob thaj chaw ntawm B altic mus rau Carpathians. Txawm li cas los xij, dhau sijhawm lawvcov khoom tau nthuav dav heev. Txog rau xyoo pua plaub, lawv yog cov phooj ywg ntawm cov neeg German, tab sis tom qab ntawd lawv pib sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov Huns. Qhov no yog ib qho kev txiav txim siab hauv kev yeej ntawm Huns hla Goths.
Kev txav ntawm cov pab pawg neeg German ua rau cov pab pawg Slavic tuaj yeem tuav thaj chaw ntawm Dniester qis thiab nruab nrab Dnieper. Tom qab ntawd lawv pib tsiv mus rau Danube thiab Hiav Txwv Dub. Txij li thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua rau, ib tug series ntawm raids los ntawm Slavic pab pawg neeg mus rau lub Balkans tau raug sau tseg. Lub Danube tau dhau los ua ciam teb tsis raug cai ntawm thaj av Slavic.
Lub ntsiab lus hauv keeb kwm ntiaj teb
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw ntawm tib neeg yog qhov tsis meej heev. Ntawm ib sab, qee pawg neeg tau tso tseg. Ntawm qhov tod tes, barbarian kingdoms raug tsim. Lub xeev tau tawm tsam ntawm lawv tus kheej, tab sis kuj tau koom tes thiab koom ua ke hauv kev sib koom ua ke. Lawv sib pauv kev txawj ntse thiab kev paub. Cov koom haum no tau dhau los ua cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm cov tebchaws European niaj hnub no, ua rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub xeev thiab kev cai lij choj.
