Ukraine yog ib ntawm 14 lub xeev nyob sib ze Russia ntawm thaj av. Thiab qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg nyob ze yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev, vim hais tias Ukraine yog ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntiaj teb no. Cov neeg Lavxias thiab Ukrainians muaj hnub so thiab muaj keeb kwm sib xws, thiab rau feem ntau Ukrainians, Lavxias yog lawv hom lus.
Keeb kwm ntawm Ukrainians
Keeb kwm ntawm Ukrainians yog raws li cov pab pawg neeg uas ib zaug nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Ukraine. Muaj ntau pawg neeg xws li: Scythians, Cumans, Slavs, Tatars, Huns, Sarmatians. Yog li ntawd, Ukrainians yog ib pawg neeg sib xyaw uas nws txoj kev kawm tau cuam tshuam los ntawm txhua haiv neeg uas ib zaug nyob ntawm no.
Scythians yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Ukrainians niaj hnub
Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg Ukrainian, muaj pov thawj hais tias thawj zaug ntawm cov Scythians ntog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 7 BC. e. Cov no yog cov neeg tsov rog uas tuaj ntawm Asia Me thiab tsim lawv tus kheej lub xeev, ncab ntawm Ukrainian steppes mus rau lub roob Ural. Lub Scythian chaw nyob tau ruaj khov nrog lub ntiaj teb rampart, muaj qhov siab txog li 10 meters. Cov neeg Aristocracy ntawm Scythians nyob hauv cov tsev pob zeb uas muaj av nplaum. Cov neeg txawj ntse nyob hauv cov tsev pheeb suab ntaub,muaj 2-3 chav thiab qhov cub. Cov Scythians tau koom nrog kev yug nyuj, yug yaj, nyuj thiab nees.
Cov chaw paub zoo Scythian nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Ukraine, yog li cov Scythians tuaj yeem hu ua cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm niaj hnub Ukrainians. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntsiab lus ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm Scythians muaj nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm Ukrainians. Yog li, piv txwv li, lub tebchaws Ukrainian hnav ris tsho muaj ntau yam nrog cov ris tsho ntawm Scythians: paj ntoo, lub hood, uas tom qab ntawd hloov mus ua lub kaus mom Cossack, thiab lub tsho nrog paj ntaub ntawm lub hauv siab thiab lub xub pwg.
Anty - ib pawg neeg nyob sab nrauv
Antes nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Ukraine nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 3rd-4th. Lo lus "Antes" txhais tau tias "ib pawg neeg nyob sab nrauv." Lawv nyob hauv ob lub tsev txhab nyiaj ntawm Dnieper thiab tau nyob raws Vorskla, thiab tseem nyob hauv qee thaj chaw nyob hauv thaj chaw mus txog Kharkov sab hnub tuaj, mus rau Kherson sab qab teb. Cov Ants yog cov tub rog txawj ntse, lawv pab pawg tau tsim thiab muaj qhov pib ntawm thawj lub xeev. Nws yog Ants uas hu ua qhov txuas ntawm Scythians thiab Ukrainians.
monuments ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm Polovtsians
Nyob rau xyoo 11-13th, cov Polovtsians nyob hauv steppes ntawm Eastern Ukraine. Pob zeb poj niam, uas tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv steppes, yog monuments ntawm Polovtsian kab lis kev cai. Sculptures tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov steppe thiab yog cov cim ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv. Qhov siab ntawm cov no (ua los ntawm grey sandstone) cov mlom yog 1-4 meters, thiab txog ob txhiab tus mlom no tau muaj sia nyob rau peb lub sijhawm. Lawv pom nyob rau thaj tsam dav, los ntawm cov teb chaws Europe sab hnub tuaj mus rau sab hnub poob Asia.
Nws yuav tsum tau hais meejnthuav qhov tseeb. Hauv Ukraine, muaj ntau lub tiaj ua si-tsev cia puav pheej ntawm cov poj niam pob zeb. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Lugansk National University, lwm yam - nyob rau hauv Donetsk. Lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm xwm nyob rau hauv Kharkiv nthuav tawm cov duab puab, qhia txog kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Polovtsians.
Kievan Rus
Nyob rau xyoo pua 9, thawj lub xeev nyob hauv Eastern Slavs, Kievan Rus, tau tsim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Eastern Europe. Nws yog keeb kwm ib txwm muaj rau peb haiv neeg Slavic: Lavxias, Ukrainian thiab Belarusian. Xyoo 882, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Oleg tau mus rau kev sib tw los ntawm Novgorod mus rau sab qab teb, ntes Kyiv, hais tom qab ntawd: "Cia qhov no yog leej niam ntawm Lavxias lub nroog."
Kev Cai Raus Dej ntawm Russia
Paganism tsis tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke ntau pab pawg ntawm Eastern Slavs. Russia xav tau kev ntseeg ntau dua, uas yuav tso cai rau cov Slavs tuaj koom lub ntiaj teb kab lis kev cai. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10th, lub hwj chim ntawm Byzantine Empire mus txog nws lub zog loj tshaj plaws, tab sis nws cov neeg sawv cev raug txwv tsis pub muaj feem xyuam rau cov pagans, uas tau suav hais tias yog barbarians. Kev cai raus dej ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv 988 tau tso cai rau nws tsev neeg txiav txim mus intermarry nrog Byzantine lub tsev hais plaub, nkag mus rau hauv tsev neeg ntawm cov neeg ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm tub huabtais Vladimir Svyatoslavovich.
Keeb kwm ntawm Ukraine thiab nthuav qhov tseeb uas ua raws li kev cai raus dej ntawm Kievan Rus
Tom qab kev ua kev cai raus dej ntawm Russia, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vladimir yeej txhais tes ntawm tus ntxhais ntawm Byzantine huab tais Anna. Vladimir tus ntxhais tom qab ntawd tau sib yuav rau tus tub huabtais Polish Casimir I.
Ntxhais Yaroslav the Wise, Elizabeth, tau ua vajntxwvNorway Harold. Tus ntxhais thib ob ntawm Yaroslav the Wise, Anna, tau sib yuav King Henry thawj ntawm Fabkis, thiab tom qab nws tuag nws yog poj huab tais ntawm Fabkis. Tus ntxhais thib peb ntawm Yaroslav the Wise, Anastasia, tau sib yuav King Andrew thawj zaug ntawm Hungary.
Muaj ntau qhov tseeb uas lees paub tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm tsev neeg ntawm European princes thiab tsev neeg txiav txim siab ntawm Kievan Rus. Qhov no tau ua pov thawj ntawm lub meej mom ntawm Russia ntawm cov neeg European.
Nyob rau hauv Yaroslav the Wise, ib lub nroog tau raug xaiv los ntawm cov pov thawj hauv tebchaws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov monasteries pib muaj kev cuam tshuam loj, thiab Kiev-Pechersk Lavra tau los ua qhov chaw ntawm Orthodox lub neej.
National liberation tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg Ukrainian
Kievan Rus nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th tau tawg mus rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov thawj tswj hwm, ntawm cov uas zoo nyob ze kev sib raug zoo raug tswj. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus tawm tsam txawv teb chaws invaders. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 1018, Novgorod squads kuj koom nyob rau hauv lub ntiab tawm ntawm lub Polish invaders los ntawm ib ncig ntawm Ukraine.
Pib txij li nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th, Ukraine tau raug kev ua phem los ntawm Lithuania thiab Poland. Nyob rau hauv 1387, Poland ntes Galicia. Tom qab ntawd, cov Ukrainians tsis tau tso cai rau lub nroog tus kheej-tsoom fwv, uas tau muab rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Polish bourgeoisie. Ukrainians tau ntsib kev sib raug zoo thiab lub teb chaws-kev cai dab qhuas kev tsim txom. Polish thiab Lithuanian cov neeg tsim txom tau nrhiav kev ntseeg thiab kev tawm tsam cov neeg Ukrainians, txhawm rau rhuav tshem lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg Lavxias.
Cov neeg ntawm Ukraine tawm tsam cov neeg tsim txom, tawm tsam kev tawm tsam thiab tawm tsamkhaws cia cov kev cai ntawm Ukrainians.
Zaporizhzhya Sich
Tsoomfwv Polish tom qab Galicia txeeb Podolia, nrhiav los ntawm txhua txoj kev los tswj hwm tag nrho Ukraine. Nws tau ua tiav qhov no. Ntawm Sejm ntawm Lublin, Ukrainian thaj chaw tau subordinated rau Poland.
Raws li cov lus teb rau kev ua qhev hauv Ukraine thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, Cossacks sawv. Nws tau teeb tsa nws lub chaw tshaj li qhov pib ntawm Dnieper - Zaporozhian Sich, uas tau los ua qhov chaw ntawm tag nrho cov Ukrainian ua tawm tsam invaders. Tsis tas li ntawd, Ukrainian Cossacks, nco ntsoov txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg zej zog nrog Lavxias tus thawj tswj hwm, tau nkag mus rau hauv kev tiv thaiv kev sib koom tes nrog Don Cossacks.
Thiab xyoo 1648 txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm cov neeg Ukrainian tawm tsam Polish invaders pib. Hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky tau los ua tus thawj coj hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, uas tau tsim lub hom phiaj rau cov neeg Ukrainian: kom tso lawv tus kheej los ntawm kev tsim txom Polish, rov sib sau ua ke Ukrainian av thiab ntxiv Ukraine rau Russia.
Bogdan Khmelnitsky
Hetman ntawm Zaporizhzhya pab tub rog thiab tus thawj coj ntawm cov neeg Ukrainian hauv kev tawm tsam rau kev ywj pheej Bogdan Khmelnitsky yog ib qho ntawm ntau pua tus neeg Ukrainians nto moo tshaj plaws. Hluas Khmelnytsky kawm tiav los ntawm Ukrainian tsev kawm ntawv thiab ib tug Jesuit collegium nyob rau hauv Lvov. Nws yog ib tug neeg txawj ntse thiab txawj ntse uas paub Latin zoo, yog li nws tau hwm los ntawm lwm tus.
Bogdan Khmelnytsky yog tus tsim ntawm thawj lub xeev Ukrainian - Hetmanate, uas nws kav tau cuaj xyoo. Thaum lub sij hawm no, nws txawj ua ib tug politician, tub rog thawj coj thiablub taub hau ntawm lub xeev, uas nws tsim nyob rau hauv lub zoo xws li cov tub rog Zaporizhzhya. Lub xeev no muaj nws txoj kev txiav txim plaub ntug thiab nws txoj cai lij choj, thiab cov pejxeem tau muab faib ua ntau pua. Muaj Cossack warriors, peasants, burghers thiab txiv plig.
Nyob hauv Ukraine, lawv tau qhuas thiab hwm lub cim xeeb ntawm Bogdan Khmelnitsky ua ib tug ntawm nws cov tub zoo tshaj plaws, lub teb chaws hero. Kobzars tau mob siab rau lawv cov paj huam Ukrainian rau nws, thiab nws cov duab nyob rau hauv 17th thiab 18th centuries yog ib qho khoom plig ntawm txhua lub tsev Ukrainian. Tus hetman tau piav qhia rau nws hauv lub kaus mom nrog cov plaub hau noog, hauv satin caftan thiab nrog tus mace hauv nws txhais tes.
Union nrog Russia
Khmelnitsky pib kav lub xeev nyob rau lub sijhawm nyuaj rau lub tebchaws. Cov pejxeem tau nkees ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, kev ua qoob loo tsis ua haujlwm thiab kev sib kis. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug xeev, nws yog heev nyuaj rau cov neeg ntawm Ukraine los tiv thaiv invaders. Hetman pib tshawb nrhiav cov phooj ywg thiab tig mus rau Russia kom pab. Thaum kawg ntawm 1653, Zemsky Sobor nyob rau hauv Russia tau pov ntawv los lees txais Ukraine "hauv qab tes ntawm Lavxias teb sab Tsar." Thiab thaum Lub Ib Hlis 8, 1654, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Russia thiab Ukraine tau xaus rau hauv Pereyaslav. Qhov tseeb ntxim nyiam no tseem ceeb rau ob leeg tib neeg.
Ukraine hauv Soviet lub sijhawm
Ib feem ntawm USSR kev lag luam nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Ukraine. Ukrainian SSR muaj ib qho ntawm cov kev lag luam loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov koom haum koom pheej. Thaum lub sij hawm lub xyoo ntawm Soviet lub hwj chim, Ukraine tau los ua ib tug heev tsim muaj koom pheej, suav txog 300 industries, ntawm uas ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw koom rau mechanical engineering thiab ferrous metallurgy. Thiab Ukrainian kev ua liaj ua teb muaj ntau haiv neeg.
Cov hauv qab no paubnthuav qhov tseeb txog Ukraine nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm:
- Ukrainian SSR tsim 17% ntawm tag nrho cov hluav taws xob tsim nyob rau hauv USSR. Ib qho chaw ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tau tsim rau ntawm Dnieper, thiab 5 lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear tau nyob thiab ua haujlwm ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Ukraine.
- Ib qho ntawm cov kev lag luam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv Ukraine yog kev lag luam thee, 90% ntawm cov uas tau tsom mus rau hauv Donetsk thee phiab. Lwm qhov kev lag luam, xws li kev lag luam hluav taws xob hluav taws xob thiab kev lag luam hlau thiab hlau, kuj yog nyob ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm kev lag luam no.
- Ukrainian SSR tau tsim ntau dua 30% ntawm cov khoom dov thiab cov hlau ua hauv USSR. Thaum lub sij hawm Soviet era, cov nroj tsuag loj heev tau tsim nyob rau hauv Ukrainian SSR: Azovstal, Krivorozhstal, Zaporizhstal, Yenakiyevo Metallurgical Cog, Kramatorsk Metallurgical Cog.
Nyob rau xyoo 1970, kev tsim kho ntawm ntau lub lag luam hauv Ukraine pib. Txawm tias muaj pes tsawg lub nroog nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws, xws li kev tsim kho tau ua nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm lawv. Tom qab ntawd cov nroj tsuag hauv qab no tau tsim: Kharkov Tractor Plant, Lugansk Diesel Locomotive Plant, Kyiv Bolshevik Cog, Kharkov Transport Engineering Plant muaj npe tom qab V. A. Malyshev, Kremenchug Automobile Plant ("AvtoKraz"), Zaporozhye Automobile Plant ("Avtozas"). Qhov no tsis yog tag nrho cov npe ntawm cov tuam txhab tsim, tab sis tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm nws.
Cov kev lag luam hauv qab no tau tsim nyob rau hauv Ukraine:
- Metallurgy.
- Engineering.
- tsheb laij teb kev tsim kho.
- tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam.
- Kev lag luam teeb.
- Aircraft kev lag luam. Ukrainian aircraft tsim nyob rau hauv Kharkov Aviation Plant tau paub thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no. Ua ntej Great Patriotic War, cov nroj tsuag tau tsim 17 hom dav hlau. Tom qab pib ua tsov ua rog, cov nroj tsuag tsim Su-2 tawm tsam aircraft, thiab tom qab tsov rog, MiG thiab Yak-18 fighters, thiab tom qab Tu-141 thiab Kh-55 cruise missiles.
Ukraine thaum Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Loj
Ukrainians, nrog rau cov kwv tij los ntawm lwm lub tebchaws Soviet, tau tawm tsam Nazi lub tshuab ua tsov rog ntawm nws txoj kev mus rau kev vam meej. 2.5 lab Ukrainians sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv ib qeb ntawm cov tub rog Soviet.
Cov pej xeem Ukrainian tau qhia cov piv txwv ntawm kev ua siab loj thiab kev ua yeeb yam tsis sib xws. 3,992 cov koom haum hauv av tau ua haujlwm nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Ukraine, uas ntau dua 100 txhiab tus neeg tau koom nrog, 1,993 pawg neeg tawm tsam thiab 46 pawg neeg koom nrog, uas 518 txhiab tus neeg koom.
Tom qab cov Nazis txeeb tau thaj chaw ntawm Ukraine, nws cov neeg nyob tau nyob. Qhov chaw no tau ua haujlwm rau Nazis ua cov khoom siv raw. Cov khoom raug xa tawm mus rau lub teb chaws Yelemees los ntawm cov nroog nyob hauv Ukraine. Ntau npaum li cas lawv muaj peev xwm nyiag khoom, cov neeg German zoo mob siab rau sau tseg. Thiab ntawm no yog cov lej:
- Lub Peb Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1943, kwv yees li 6 lab tons ntawm nplej, 1.4 lab tons ntawm qos yaj ywm, kwv yees li 50 txhiab tons ntawm butter, 220 txhiab tons suab thaj, 2.5 lab taub hau nyuj raug xa tawm.
- Lub Peb Hlis 1944, cov ntaub ntawv lees paub qhov nyiaj nyiag los zoo ib yam li xyoo 1943.
Ukrainians -Heroes ntawm lub Soviet Union
Qhov tseeb tias Ukrainians tau tawm tsam tus yeeb ncuab tawm tsam fascist invaders tau lees paub los ntawm lawv cov khoom plig. Thaum lub sij hawm lub xyoo ntawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog, cov tub rog tau txais 7 lab khoom plig, ntawm uas 2.5 lab yog khoom plig ntawm Ukrainians. 2072 Ukrainian pej xeem los ua Heroes ntawm lub Soviet Union, thiab 32 cov neeg tau txais lub npe no ob zaug. Fighter pilot Ivan Kozhedub tau muab tsub lub title ntawm Hero ntawm lub Soviet Union peb zaug. Nws tus kheej tua 62 lub dav hlau Nazi, tab sis nws tus kheej tsis raug tua.
Tsis muaj leej twg hnov qab
Cov neeg ntawm Ukraine nco txog lawv cov neeg tiv thaiv. Ukrainian paj huam thiab nkauj tau mob siab rau lawv. Cov npe ntawm tus phab ej nto moo raug muab rau ntau lub koom haum.
Tsis muaj leej twg hnov qab thiab tsis muaj dab tsi hnov qab. Ukrainians yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias lawv yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov yeej, cov heroes uas yeej lub yeej nyob rau hauv lub txaus ntshai tsov rog, sib ntaus sib tua lub xub pwg nyom nrog lawv comrades los ntawm lub fraternal republics.
Tam sim no, monuments rau tus phab ej ntawm Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob hauv Ukraine tau raug rhuav tshem los ntawm lub sijhawm thiab kev cuam tshuam. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev txiav txim "Tsis muaj leej twg tsis nco qab" yog qhov tseem ceeb tam sim no. Qhov kev txiav txim no suav nrog kev kho dua tshiab thiab muab tso rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm Ukraine ntawm monuments rau tus phab ej ntawm Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Loj. Ntau lub monuments twb tau rov qab los, thiab ntau thiab ntau tus neeg tuaj koom qhov kev txiav txim no txhua xyoo. Lub cim xeeb ntawm kev ua koob tsheej ntawm cov txiv thiab yawg yuav tsum khaws cia rau cov xeeb ntxwv! Keeb kwm tsis tuaj yeem tso cai rov sau dua.
