Muaj tsawg heev nyob rau hauv Ancient Sparta, raws li cov inhabitants suav hais tias lub ceg ntawm pab tub rog insignificant. Lub zog tseem ceeb yog cov tub rog ko taw (hoplites). Lawv tej riam phom muaj ib daim thaiv hnyav, ntaj, thiab hmuv ntev.
Greek hoplites: lawv yog leej twg?
Nws tsis muaj qhov zais cia tias keeb kwm ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Ancient yuav luag tag nrho muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab kev tsov kev rog. Txhua lub xeev tau nrhiav kom muaj nws cov tub rog npaj kev sib ntaus sib tua, thiab tim Nkij teb chaws tsis muaj kev zam. Feem ntau ntawm nws cov tub rog yog hoplites - cov tub rog hnyav hnyav. Lawv thawj zaug tshwm sim hauv cov tub rog ntawm Ancient Sparta. Greek hoplites, qhov tseeb, yog cov tub rog pej xeem thiab ua haujlwm rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub nroog-xeev uas lawv nyob.
Hnub ntawd, kev ua tub rog yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm txhua tus txiv neej. Yog li ntawd, ib qho ntawm cov rooj sib tham ntawm cov pej xeem inevitably hloov mus rau hauv kev sib sau ntawm cov qub tub rog uas twb tau ua haujlwm rau lawv lub sijhawm, lossis cov tub rog uas tseem ua haujlwm rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Nws hloov tawm tias txhua tus pej xeem ntawm txoj cai pub dawb sai lossis tom qab ntawd dhau los ua ib qho hoplite.
Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias cov tub rog ko taw hnyav hnyav no, txij li xyoo pua 7th thiab rau plaub caug xyoo tom ntej no, tau tswj hwm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Nws paub tiasua ntej leej txiv ntawm Alexander lub Great, King Philip II, hoplites yog lub hauv paus ntawm classical phalanx.
Hauv tebchaws Greece thaum ub, cov tub rog tau muab faib ua ob peb lub tswv yim. Mora yog lub siab tshaj plaws, ces suckers, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib ua me me units. Cov thawj coj uas hais kom kab mob kis tau hu ua polemarchs, thiab cov suckers hu ua lohags.
Armaments
Greek hoplites ib txwm nqa Argive shields, lossis hoplons. Lawv muaj ib puag ncig zoo thiab hnyav tshaj 8 kg. Qhov tseeb nthuav yog tias thaum khiav tawm, thawj qhov uas cov tub rog tau ua yog poob lawv cov ntaub thaiv npog vim lawv qhov hnyav hnyav, yog li qhov poob ntawm hoplon tau suav tias yog kev txaj muag rau txhua lub hoplite. Lawv tau siv tsis yog los npog lub cev thaum sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis kuj yog ib lub stretcher uas raug mob los yog tuag comrades.
Historians feem ntau koom nrog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov lus nto moo "nrog daim ntaub thaiv npog los yog daim ntaub thaiv" nrog cov cuab yeej Greek no. Feem ntau, lub hoplon muaj ib lub hauv paus ntoo, uas yog upholstered nrog hlau los yog bronze daim ntawv nyob rau sab nraud, thiab them nrog tawv rau sab hauv. Nws muaj qhov yooj yim tuav, qhov twg tus tub rog txhais tes tau threaded. Cov riam phom tseem ceeb ntawm hoplites yog xiphos - luv luv ncaj los yog mahairs - nkhaus ntaj nrog rov qab khoov. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, lawv kuj yuav tsum hnav xistons - peb-meter hmuv rau pov.
riam phom ntau lawm
Thaum pib, lub xeev tsis quav ntsej txog kev muab nws cov tub rog nrog riam phom thiab txawm tau dhau txoj cai lij choj raws li txhua tus neeg Greek hoplite (5xyoo pua BC e.) tau yuam kom muab nws tus kheej ntawm nws tus kheej cov nqi, txawm tias tag nrho cov khaub ncaws kim heev (txog 30 drachmas). Cov nyiaj no tau muab piv rau cov nyiaj tau los txhua hli ntawm tus kws kos duab. Feem ntau cov riam phom kim kim no tau txais qub txeeg qub teg.
Los ntawm txoj kev, nws cov khoom lag luam hauv Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws vam meej hauv cov cai, thiab nws tau raug xa mus rau cov chaw me me los ntawm lwm qhov chaw. Thaum lub sijhawm Pericles, ib lub rooj cob qhia loj heev tau ua haujlwm hauv Athens, uas lawv tau koom nrog kev tsim cov ntaub thaiv npog. Tej zaum nws yog qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv ancient Greece. Nws ua haujlwm txog 120 tus qhev thiab muaj coob tus pej xeem dawb.
Greek Hoplite Armor
Thaum xub thawj, cov tub rog tau hnav Illyrian kaus mom hlau, lossis skittles, ntawm lawv lub taub hau. Lawv tau ua los ntawm tooj dag thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ib tug horsehair zuag. Lawv tau siv los ntawm 7th mus rau 6th centuries. BC e., mus txog thaum lawv tau hloov los ntawm Kaulinthaus. Cov kaus mom hlau tshiab tau kaw tag nrho thiab tsuas yog qhib rau lub qhov ncauj thiab qhov muag xwb. Tawm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, lawv feem ntau tau hloov mus rau sab nraub qaum ntawm lub taub hau. Tom qab ntawd, Chalkid kaus mom hlau tau tshwm sim, uas tseem tshuav pob ntseg qhib. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua II. BC e. Cov Thracian tau suav hais tias yog cov neeg nyiam tshaj plaws - nrog lub ntsej muag me me, ua tiav los ntawm lub plhu plhu thiab lub visor.
Tus tub rog lub cev tau tiv thaiv pem hauv ntej thiab tom qab los ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv - hippothorax. Feem ntau, nws hnyav txog 1 lub peev xwm (kwv yees li 34 kg), tab sis qee cov tub rog muaj armor ob zaug hnyav dua. Thaum lub sij hawm, lub hippothorax tau maj mam hloov los ntawm ib tug sib zog version - ib tug linen plhaub hu ua linothorax.
Lwm qhov hauv lub cev kuj tau tiv thaiv. Yog li ntawd, cov Greek hoplites yognruab nrog leggings - knimids, nrog rau bracers, uas tau siv kom txog rau thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 5 BC. BC e. Cov pov thawj ntawm qhov tseeb no yog ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tshawb pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Peloponnesian Peninsula. Ntawm ntau lub amphoras thiab lwm yam khoom siv hauv tsev, cov duab tau pom ntau zaus qhov twg Greek hoplite (daim duab ntawm ib feem ntawm lub nkoj no tau nthuav tawm hauv qab no) sib ntaus nrog riam phom hauv nws txhais tes tawm tsam lwm tus yeeb ncuab.
Kev hloov pauv hauv tub rog
In the 7th-5th centuries. BC e. ib qho kev hloov kho tau ua tiav los ntsuas cov cuab yeej ntawm cov hoplites. Feem ntau, cov kev ntsuas no tau ua txhawm rau txhawm rau cawm cov tub rog txoj sia, txij li cov tub rog Spartan thaum lub sijhawm ntawd tsuas muaj 8 mora, uas yog me ntsis ntau dua 4 txhiab tus tub rog.
Txawm li cas los xij, pib txij nruab nrab ntawm 5th c. BC e. Cov cuab yeej siv ntawm cov tub rog Greek tau pib ua kom pom kev: linen shells pib hloov chaw anatomical cuirasses. Bracers kuj yuav luag tag. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog kev hloov hauv kev tsim cov tub rog. Nws tau los ua denser thiab ntxaum, thiab cov tub rog nyob hauv lub duav tau ob npaug. Tsuas yog tus naj npawb ntawm Spartan formations tseem tsis hloov pauv - 144 tus tub rog txhua. Vim muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev tsim, chopping tshuab raug xa tawm tsawg dua, yog li cov tub rog txhais tes tsis muaj kev phom sij ntawm kev txiav tawm. Tam sim no tho riam phom tau siv ntau ntxiv, yog li cov hmuv lengthened los ntawm 3 mus rau 6 meters. Yog li cov Greek hoplites pib tig mus ua sarissophores - cov tub rog ko taw uas tsim lub hauv paus ntawm phalanx.
kev lig kev cai
UsuallyCov Spartans tau mus rau kev sib tw rau lub hli tag nrho, thiab ua ntej lawv tus thawj coj yeej ib txwm ua kev txi kom lawv muaj hmoo. Hluav taws, coj los ntawm Sparta, yeej ib txwm nqa nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm cov tub rog, uas yog tsim nyog rau kev tua hluav taws, tam sim no rau lub camp fij. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv coj nrog lawv cov duab nrog Dioscuri puag. Lawv tau ua tus neeg koom siab sib koom ua ke ntawm cov phooj ywg hauv caj npab thiab yog qhov zoo rau cov tub rog Spartan.
Lub chaw tub rog Greek yuav luag ib txwm muaj lub voj voog thiab tau saib xyuas zoo los ntawm helots. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias thaum lub sijhawm sib tw Spartans hnav khaub ncaws ntse heev. Es tsis txhob ntawm cov khaub ncaws ntxhib li niaj zaus, lawv hnav cov khaub ncaws liab qab, thiab tsis yog ib qho parka, polished riam phom. Nkag mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, cov tub rog tau sau paj ntaub, zoo li lawv mus rau qee yam hnub so.
tub rog qauv
Tsis yog Greek hoplites nkaus xwb tau txais kev pabcuam hauv cov tub rog. Leej twg yog cov peltasts thiab slingers uas tau pab Spartans hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, koj yuav kawm ntxiv. Txij li thaum cov Greeks suav hais tias kev ua tub rog tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, cov nees feem ntau tsuas yog siv los thauj cov tub rog nplua nuj mus rau kev sib ntaus sib tua. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov hnub, ntxiv rau hnyav infantry (hoplites), kuj muaj lub teeb infantry, muaj cov neeg pluag lub zos thiab qhev. Cov tom kawg, txawm lawv raug yuam los, yog cov neeg ntseeg siab tau mob siab rau lawv tus tswv.
Txhua lub hoplite yeej ib txwm muaj nws tus qhev, uas pab nws muab nws cov khoom siv. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, cov qhev yog cov slingers uas nqa cov hnab ntaub nrog ob peb lub kaum os av nplaum lossis pob zeb cores txog li 40 cm inch.muaj ib txoj hlua khi tshwj xeeb, nruab nrog lub thickening. Qhov no yog tus swb. Nws yog masterfully spun tshaj nws lub taub hau, thiab ces tso. Cov tub ntxhais khiav tawm thiab hla tus yeeb ncuab nrog kev ceev nrawm, ua rau raug mob hnyav rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub cev.
Tswv
Peltsts tau hu ua lub teeb infantrymen armed nrog darts. Lawv raug xaiv los ntawm cov pej xeem txom nyem tshaj plaws hu ua kev pabcuam, uas tsis muaj sijhawm los yuav riam phom thiab hoplite armor. Nws tshwm sim tias qee tus ntawm lawv tau yuav cov khaub ncaws zoo li no ntawm tus nqi hauv nroog.
Peltasts pov lawv cov riam phom ntawm qhov deb li ntawm 15 m. Lawv tsis xav tau ntau lub darts, vim lawv tswj tau siv ob peb lub sijhawm luv luv kom txog thaum cov yeeb ncuab tuaj ze. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias lub dart ua riam phom yog qhov txaus ntshai tshaj tus xub, vim hais tias, nkag mus rau hauv tus yeeb ncuab daim thaiv, nws tau daig hauv nws, tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv.
Lub cev muaj zog thiab kev kawm
Raws li koj paub, cov Greek hoplites yog cov tub rog uas tsis tuaj yeem khaws cov tsim thaum tsiv, thiab tsis muaj lus nug txog kev sib ntaus sib tua. Tau kawg, nws tuaj yeem xav tias cov pej xeem dawb tau koom nrog qee yam kev tawm dag zog lub cev, tab sis tsis muaj lub sijhawm lossis lub zog los ua haujlwm tas li txhim kho lawv lub cev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lawv mus txog hnub nyoog laus dua, thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb.
Spartans yog lwm qhov teeb meem. Txij thaum yau, lawv txhua tus tau qhia txog kev ua tsov ua rog. Lawv paub yuav ua li cas sib ntaus yog, thiab yogtxaus siab rau nws. Spartan hoplites tsis tau tsuas yog paub yuav ua li cas kom zoo kawg nkaus ua kab, nyob rau hauv uas lawv tau pab los ntawm flutists, tab sis kuj txawj sib ntaus sib tua tes-rau-tes sib ntaus sib tua. Lawv yuav luag yog cov tub rog zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Ancient World.
300 Spartans
Nws muaj kev nyab xeeb hais tias nws yog Greek hoplite uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv lawv lub nroog los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab cov tub rog. Xyoo 480 BC e. - Lub sijhawm no yog lub sijhawm uas cov tub rog loj ntawm tus vajntxwv Persia Xerxes hla lub strait thiab nkag mus rau txawv tebchaws. Tim Nkij teb chaws raug yuam kom tiv thaiv nws tus kheej. Nws cov tub rog sib koom ua ke muaj kev sib cais ntawm hoplites xa los ntawm kaum ib lub nroog, suav nrog Sparta. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev ua ntej ntawm tus yeeb ncuab hauv av, cov Greeks tau sim thaiv txoj kev nqaim Thermopylae. Rau ob hnub lawv tau tswj hwm kom thim cov tub rog zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Persians, tab sis kev ntxeev siab ntawm ib tus neeg nyob hauv zos, uas tau coj cov yeeb ncuab detachments nyob ib ncig ntawm cov neeg tiv thaiv, tsis tau muab ib lub caij nyoog ntawm yeej. Tag nrho cov tub rog Greek tau thim rov qab, tshwj tsis yog peb puas Spartans thiab ob lub chaw ntxiv - Thebans thiab Thespians, uas, txawm li cas los xij, kuj tau tso siab rau kev hlub tshua ntawm cov yeeb ncuab nrawm.
Cov Spartans paub tias lawv yeej tsis muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis txoj cai thiab kev hwm tsis pub lawv thim rov qab. Ntawm no, hauv Thermopylae, lawv tiv thaiv lawv thaj av - Opuntian Locris thiab Boeotia, dhau los ntawm cov tub rog Persian yuav tsum dhau mus. Cov hoplites siab tawv tsis thim rov qab thiab tuag, sib ntaus sib tua tsis sib haum.
Lub sij hawm inexorably khiav mus tom ntej, tab sis keeb kwm tseem khaws cov pov thawj irrefutable ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm lub nroog dawb ntawm Spartathiab nws cov tub rog siab tawv uas tiv thaiv lawv thaj av los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab. Lawv heroism tseem qhuas los ntawm ntau tus neeg, thiab cov thawj coj tseem ceeb ua yeeb yaj kiab txog lawv. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua lub khw uas muaj lub chaw ua khoom plig, yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog ib daim duab tiag tiag ntawm Greek hoplite hauv ib qho hnav ris tsho zoo nkauj txawv txawv.
