Cov lus Slavic yog ib ceg loj ntawm cov lus Indo-European, vim cov Slavs yog pawg neeg coob tshaj plaws nyob hauv Europe koom nrog kev hais lus thiab kab lis kev cai zoo sib xws. Ntau tshaj 400 lab tus tib neeg siv lawv.
cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Cov lus Slavic pab pawg yog ib ceg ntawm Indo-European cov lus siv nyob rau hauv feem ntau lub teb chaws ntawm Eastern Europe, lub Balkans, qhov chaw ntawm Central Europe thiab sab qaum teb Asia. Nws muaj feem xyuam nrog cov lus B altic (Lithuanian, Latvian thiab cov laus Prussian uas ploj lawm). Cov lus uas yog pawg Slavic keeb kwm los ntawm Central thiab Eastern Europe (Poland, Ukraine) thiab kis mus rau tag nrho cov cheeb tsam saum toj no.
Qee ntawm lawv tau siv los ntawm cov neeg sau npe nrov hauv ntiaj teb (xws li Lavxias, Polish, Czech). Thiab lub Koom Txoos Slavonic tseem siv rau hauv cov kev pabcuam hauv lub Koom Txoos Orthodox.
Kev faib tawm
Muaj peb pawg lus Slavic: South Slavic, West Slavic thiab East Slavic ceg.
Hauv kev hais lus sib tham, hauvTsis zoo li cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv kom meej meej, cov lus hais tsis yog ib txwm pom tseeb. Muaj cov lus hloov pauv sib txuas lus sib txawv, tshwj tsis yog thaj chaw uas South Slavs raug cais los ntawm lwm cov Slavs los ntawm Romanians, Hungarians thiab German hais lus Austrian. Tab sis txawm nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam sib cais no muaj qee qhov seem ntawm cov lus qub qub (piv txwv li, qhov zoo sib xws ntawm Lavxias thiab Bulgarian).
Yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias kev faib ib txwm ua nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm peb ceg cais yuav tsum tsis txhob muab suav hais tias yog ib tug tseeb qauv ntawm keeb kwm kev loj hlob. Nws yog qhov tseeb dua los xav txog nws raws li tus txheej txheem uas qhov kev sib txawv thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov lus hais tas li tau tshwm sim, vim li ntawd cov lus Slavic pab pawg muaj kev sib haum xeeb zoo ib yam thoob plaws hauv tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm nws qhov kev faib tawm. Tau ntau pua xyoo, txoj kev ntawm cov neeg sib txawv tau hla, thiab lawv cov kab lis kev cai tau sib xyaw.
Dab tsi
Tab sis tseem, nws yuav yog ib qho exaggeration xav tias kev sib txuas lus ntawm ob tus neeg hais lus ntawm Slavic hom lus sib txawv yog ua tau yam tsis muaj teeb meem kev hais lus. Ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov suab lus, cov qauv sau ntawv thiab cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev nkag siab tsis zoo txawm tias hauv kev sib tham yooj yim, tsis hais txog cov teeb meem hauv kev sau xov xwm, kev hais lus thiab kos duab. Yog li, lo lus Lavxias teb sab "ntsuab" yog pom tau rau txhua tus Slavs, tab sis "liab" txhais tau tias "zoo nkauj" hauv lwm hom lus. Suknja yog "daim tiab" hauv Serbo-Croatian, "lub tsho tiv no" hauv Slovenian, zoo ib yam "dawb" yog "hnav khaub ncaws" hauv Ukrainian.
pab pawg sab hnub tuaj ntawm cov lus Slavic
Nws suav nrog Lavxias, Ukrainian thiab Belarusian. Lavxias yog hom lus ntawm yuav luag 160 lab tus tib neeg, suav nrog ntau lub tebchaws uas yog ib feem ntawm yav dhau los Soviet Union. Nws cov lus tseem ceeb yog sab qaum teb, sab qab teb thiab kev hloov pauv hauv nruab nrab pawg. Xws li cov lus hauv Moscow, uas cov lus sau raws li, belongs rau nws. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, kwv yees li 260 lab tus tib neeg hais lus Lavxias hauv ntiaj teb.
Ntxiv rau qhov "zoo thiab muaj zog", pawg lus Eastern Slavic suav nrog ob hom lus loj ntxiv.
- Ukrainian, uas tau muab faib ua sab qaum teb, sab qab teb sab hnub poob, sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj thiab Carpathian dialects. Cov ntawv nyeem yog ua raws li cov lus Kiev-Poltava. Ntau tshaj 37 lab tus neeg hais lus Ukrainian hauv Ukraine thiab cov tebchaws nyob sib ze, thiab ntau dua 350,000 tus neeg paub cov lus hauv tebchaws Canada thiab Tebchaws Meskas. Qhov no yog vim muaj cov zej zog loj ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw uas tau tawm hauv lub tebchaws thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Cov lus Carpathian, tseem hu ua Carpatho-Ruthenian, qee zaum raug kho raws li ib hom lus.
- Belarusian - txog xya lab tus tib neeg hais nws hauv Belarus. Nws cov lus tseem ceeb yog sab hnub poob, qee qhov ntawm cov yam ntxwv uas tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm kev sib thooj rau thaj av Polish, thiab sab qaum teb. Cov lus Minsk, uas yog lub hauv paus rau cov lus sau, yog nyob ntawm ciam teb ntawm ob pawg no.
West Slavic ceg
Nws suav nrog Polish thiab lwm yam lus Lechitic (Kashubian thiab nws cov variant ploj mus - Slovenian),Lusatian thiab Czechoslovak dialects. Qhov no Slavic pab pawg neeg ntawm hom lus kuj muaj ntau heev. Ntau tshaj 40 lab tus tib neeg hais lus Polish tsis yog tsuas yog hauv tebchaws Poland thiab lwm qhov chaw ntawm Eastern Europe (tshwj xeeb, hauv Lithuania, Czech koom pheej thiab Belarus), tab sis kuj nyob rau Fabkis, Tebchaws Asmeskas thiab Canada. Nws kuj tau muab faib ua ob peb pawg.
lus Polish
Cov tseem ceeb yog sab qaum teb sab hnub poob, sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj, Silesian thiab Mazovian. Cov lus Kashubian suav hais tias yog ib feem ntawm cov lus Pomeranian, uas, zoo li Polish, yog Lechitic. Nws cov neeg hais lus nyob sab hnub poob ntawm Gdansk thiab ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv B altic.
Cov lus Sloven uas ploj lawm yog nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Kashubian cov lus, uas txawv ntawm sab qab teb. Lwm yam lus Lechitic tsis siv yog Polab, uas tau hais nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th thiab 18th. Slavs uas nyob hauv cheeb tsam ntawm tus dej Elbe.
Nws tus txheeb ze ze yog Lusatian Serbo, uas tseem hais los ntawm Lusatians hauv East Germany. Nws muaj ob hom lus: Upper Sorbian (siv hauv thiab ib ncig ntawm Bautzen) thiab Lower Sorbian (hais lus hauv Cottbus).
pawg lus Czechoslovak
Nws suav nrog:
- Czech, hais txog 12 lab tus tib neeg hauv Czech koom pheej. Nws cov lus yog Bohemian, Moravian thiab Silesian. Cov lus sau tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua 16th hauv Central Bohemia raws li Prague dialect.
- Slovak, nws siv li ntawm 6 lab tus tib neeg, feem ntau yog cov neeg nyob hauv Slovakia. Lus hais lustau tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus ntawm Central Slovakia nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Cov lus Western Slovak zoo ib yam li Moravian thiab txawv ntawm nruab nrab thiab sab hnub tuaj, uas qhia cov yam ntxwv sib xws nrog Polish thiab Ukrainian.
pab pawg lus South Slavic
Ntawm peb lub ntsiab, nws yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg hais lus ib txwm muaj. Tab sis qhov no yog ib pab pawg neeg Slavic txaus siab, cov npe uas, nrog rau lawv cov lus, yog qhov dav heev.
Lawv raug cais raws li hauv qab no:
1. Eastern subgroup. Cov no suav nrog:
- Bulgarian tau hais los ntawm ntau dua cuaj lab tus tib neeg hauv Bulgaria thiab thaj chaw nyob sib ze ntawm lwm lub tebchaws Balkan thiab Ukraine. Muaj ob pawg tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus hauv zos: Eastern thiab Western. Thawj qhov tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev hais lus nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, qhov thib ob muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau nws.
- lus Macedonian - nws tau hais los ntawm kwv yees li ob lab tus tib neeg hauv lub tebchaws ntawm Balkan Peninsula. Nws yog tus tswv cuab tseem ceeb kawg ntawm ceg kom tau txais cov qauv sau ntawv, uas tau tshwm sim thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II.
2. Western subgroup:
- Serbo-Croatian - kwv yees li 20 lab tus tib neeg siv nws. Lub hauv paus rau kev sau ntawv yog cov lus Shtokavian, uas muaj nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian thiab Montenegrin thaj chaw.
- Slovenian - hais ntau dua 2.2 labCov neeg nyob hauv Slovenia thiab nyob ib puag ncig ntawm Ltalis thiab Austria. Nws qhia qee qhov sib txawv nrog cov lus ntawm Croatia thiab suav nrog ntau hom lus nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv. Hauv Slovene (tshwj xeeb nws cov lus sab hnub poob thiab sab qaum teb sab hnub poob), cov kab ke ntawm cov qub kev sib txuas nrog cov lus West Slavic (Czech thiab Slovak) tuaj yeem pom.
