Muaj peb chav kawm ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke: oxides, hydroxides (uas suav nrog acids thiab bases), thiab ntsev. Ntau cov hlau thiab cov hlau tsis muaj hlau tuaj yeem tsim oxides, hydroxides, thiab kuj yog ib feem ntawm cov kua qaub seem. Yog li, phosphorus muaj nyob rau hauv cov kua qaub residue PO4. Muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm phosphorus oxide. Raws li, muaj ntau yam hydroxides ntawm nws, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov oxides. Qhov siab tshaj plaws phosphorus hydroxide yog phosphoric acid. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav txiav txim siab txog lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov khoom no thiab nws cov khoom sib txuas, nrog rau tham txog nws qhov tshwm sim hauv qhov xwm txheej thiab lwm qhov tseeb nthuav.
Lub cev muaj zog ntawm phosphorus
Nws tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv ntau yam kev hloov pauv. Phosphorus yog ib yam khoom uas muaj ib qho tshuaj lom neeg. Nws cov atoms tsis ua ke rau hauv molecules. Cov mis rau phosphorus yog P. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua lattice, cov khoom no tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv daim ntawv ntawm peb yam khoom.
Feem ntau yog cov phosphorus dawb - nws muaj cov qauv siv quav ciab thiab muaj kuab lom. Lub melting point ntawm cov khoom no yog plaub caug plaub degrees Celsius, thiab lub boiling point yog ob puas thiab yim caum degrees. Nrog kev sib txhuam muabcov ntaub ntawv, nws ignites sai heev, yog li lawv txiav nws tsuas yog muab tso rau hauv ib qho chaw dej. Yog tias koj ua kom sov rau lub sijhawm ntev ntawm qhov kub ntawm ob puas thiab tsib caug degrees Celsius, nws hloov mus ua liab phosphorus. Cov tshuaj no yog nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug xim av-liab hmoov. Liab phosphorus, tsis zoo li dawb, tsis muaj tshuaj lom.
Daim ntawv ruaj khov tshaj plaws ntawm lub neej ntawm cov khoom no tuaj yeem hu ua cov phosphorus dub, uas los ntawm qee qhov sab nraud zoo ib yam li hlau: nws muaj qhov tshwj xeeb luster, muaj zog hardness, hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity.
Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm chemistry
Phosphorus yog cov tshuaj lom neeg uas nyob hauv pawg thib tsib thiab lub sijhawm thib peb hauv daim ntawv teev sijhawm. Los ntawm qhov no peb tuaj yeem xaus tias nws qhov muaj txiaj ntsig yog tsib. Tsis tas li ntawd, los ntawm lub sij hawm lub sij hawm nws yuav pom tau hais tias lub caij phosphorus muaj ib tug atomic loj ntawm peb caug-ib grams ib mole. Qhov no txhais tau tias 1 mole ntawm ib yam khoom yuav hnyav 31 ib grams. Xav txog cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm phosphorus, peb yuav tham txog nws cov kev cuam tshuam nrog cov yooj yim thiab complex compounds.
Kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj yooj yim
Thawj yam koj yuav tsum tau xyuam xim rau yog oxidation ntawm phosphorus. Qhov no yog nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog oxygen. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ob yam sib txawv tuaj yeem tsim tau - txhua yam yuav nyob ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov khoom no.
thawj qhov kev xaiv - plaub moles ntawm phosphorus thiab peb moles ntawm oxygen tsim ob moles ntawm phosphorus trioxide. Xws li kev sib cuam tshuam tshuaj lom neeg tuaj yeem sau tau siv cov hauv qab noequation: 4P + 3O2=2P2O3.
Qhov kev xaiv thib ob yog tsim ntawm plaub moles ntawm phosphorus thiab tsib moles ntawm oxygen, ob moles ntawm phosphorus pentoxide. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tuaj yeem qhia tau siv qhov sib npaug hauv qab no:
Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si tshuaj tiv thaiv, muaj ib qho tseem ceeb tso tawm ntawm lub teeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, phosphorus tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom yooj yim xws li hlau, halogens (fluorine, iodine, bromine, chlorine), sulfur. Cov tshuaj no muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm ob qho tib si txo thiab oxidizing zog. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog halogens yog chlorination. Nws tshwm sim hauv ob theem. Thawj yog tsim ntawm ob moles ntawm phosphorus trichlorate los ntawm ob moles ntawm cov tsis-hlau nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug thiab peb moles ntawm chlorine. Qhov kev cuam tshuam no tuaj yeem qhia tau siv qhov sib npaug hauv qab no: 2P +3Cl2=2PCl3.
theem thib ob ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine atom rau cov phosphorus trichlorate uas twb tau txais lawm. Yog li, thaum tib lub ntim ntawm chlorine ntxiv rau ib lub mole ntawm tom kawg, ib mole ntawm phosphorus pentachlorate yog tsim. Peb sau qhov sib npaug rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no raws li nram no: PCl3 + Cl2=PCl5.
Qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm phosphorus nrog hlau tuaj yeem pom hauv qhov piv txwv no. Yog tias peb noj peb moles ntawm poov tshuaj thiab ib mole ntawm phosphorus, peb tau txais ib mole ntawm poov tshuaj phosphide. Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem sau tau siv cov kev sib npaug hauv qab no: 3K + P=K3R.
Sib tham nrogcomplex tshuaj
Cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke uas phosphorus tuaj yeem ua rau muaj cov kua qaub thiab ntsev. Cia peb piav qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm lub caij nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab nrog cov pab pawg ntawm cov tshuaj no.
phosphorus thiab acids
Ntawm txhua lwm yam, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm phosphorus thiab nitric acid sawv tawm. Txhawm rau kom ua tiav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau siv cov khoom nram qab no: phosphorus nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm peb moles, tsib moles ntawm nitrate acid, thiab kuj dej - ob moles. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam tshuaj, peb tau txais cov khoom hauv qab no: phosphoric acid thiab nitrogen oxide. Qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog sau raws li hauv qab no: 4 + 5NO.
hom tshuaj lom neeg no tuaj yeem txiav txim siab ntawm qhov piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas suav tias tsis yog hlau nrog cuprum sulfate. Yuav kom ua tiav cov txheej txheem no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum noj ob moles ntawm phosphorus, tsib moles ntawm tooj liab sulfate, yim moles dej. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj no, peb tau txais cov tshuaj hauv qab no: sulfate acid nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm tsib moles, ntshiab tooj liab - tib tus nqi, thiab phosphoric acid - ob moles. Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem sau ua qauv ntawm qhov sib npaug hauv qab no: SO4 + 5Cu + 2H3PO4.
Tau qhov tsis yog hlau
Hauv kev lag luam, cov khoom hauv nqe lus nug yog muab rho tawm los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg xws li calcium phosphate. Rau qhov noCov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv qab no tau ua tiav: cov ntsev teev tseg yog tov nrog xuab zeb (silicon oxide) thiab carbon hauv molar proportions ntawm 1: 3: 5, vim li ntawd, calcium silicate, phosphorus thiab chad gas tau txais hauv molar ratio ntawm 3.:2:5.
Phosphorus compounds thiab lawv cov khoom
Feem ntau ntawm cov tebchaw ntawm cov khoom tsis yog hlau yog phosphorus hydroxide. Nws tuaj yeem ua tau ntau yam nyob ntawm cov oxide uas nws tau tsim. Phosphorus hydroxide tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm nws cov oxide thiab dej. Vim yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, ntau hom tshuaj raug tsim. Yog li, hydroxide (3) tuaj yeem tau los ntawm trioxide, thiab phosphorus hydroxide (5) los ntawm pentoxide. Cov tshuaj no muaj acidic zog thiab muaj peev xwm, nyob rau hauv lem, ntawm reacting nrog hlau, ntsev, bases, thiab lwm yam.
Qhov siab tshaj plaws phosphorus hydroxide yog phosphoric acid. Nws yog oxygenated thiab tribasic. Nws formula yog H3PO4.
Basic chemical properties
Phosphorus hydroxide, cov mis uas tau muab los saum toj no, muaj peev xwm hnov mob nrog ob yam yooj yim thiab nyuaj. Cia wb mus saib cov txheej txheem no.
Reactions ntawm phosphoric acid nrog hlau
Zoo li lwm cov tshuaj sib xyaw ntawm cov chav kawm no, phosphorus hydroxide tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog hlau. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm no, qhov kev hloov pauv tshwm sim tshwm sim hauv cov hlau atoms hloov cov atoms hydrogen, yog li tsim cov ntsev thiab hydrogen, uas tso tawm rau hauv huab cua raws li cov pa roj nrog cov ntxhiab tsw tsw. Yuav kom qhov kev tshwm sim notuaj yeem pom tau, cov hlau yuav tsum nyob rau sab laug ntawm hydrogen hauv electrochemical series ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Ntawd yog, cov khoom xws li tooj liab, nyiaj thiab lwm yam zoo li lawv tsis tuaj yeem hnov mob nrog phosphoric acid, vim tias vim lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg tsawg lawv yuav tsis tuaj yeem tshem cov hydrogen atoms ntawm lawv cov tebchaw.
Ua ib qho piv txwv. Thaum ob lub moles ntawm cov khoom no ntxiv rau ob moles ntawm phosphorus hydroxide, peb tau txais txhuas phosphate thiab hydrogen nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm 2 thiab 3 moles, feem. Qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog sau raws li nram no: 2Al + 2H3PO4=2AlPO4 + 3H2.
Sib tham nrog hauv paus
Phosphorus hydroxide, zoo li ntau lwm cov kua qaub, tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv tshuaj lom neeg nrog cov hauv paus. Cov txheej txheem zoo li no yog hu ua kev sib pauv hloov. Yog li ntawd, ib qho hydroxide tshiab yog tsim, nrog rau cov kua qaub tshiab. Xws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsuas yog tshwm sim yog tias ib qho ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm tsis muaj dej, uas yog, nws precipitates, evaporates li roj, los yog dej los yog cov electrolyte tsis muaj zog heev.
Phosphoric acid thiab ntsev
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, kev sib pauv tshuaj kuj tshwm sim. Yog li ntawd, koj tuaj yeem tau txais cov kua qaub thiab ntsev tshiab. Txhawm rau kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no tshwm sim, txoj cai uas tau piav qhia saum toj no kuj yuav tsum tau ua raws.
Kev siv phosphorus thiab nws cov tebchaw hauv kev lag luam
Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov tebchaw ntawm cov tshuaj no yog siv rauua ib qho sib tov uas yog siv rau sab saum npoo ntawm matchboxes. Kev sib tw taub hau lawv tus kheej kuj tau kho nrog cov sib tov uas muaj phosphorus.
Pentoxide ntawm cov khoom tsis yog hlau yog dav siv los ua lub tshuab ziab khaub ncaws. Nws kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev lag luam chemical kom tau txais phosphorus hydroxide, cov mis thiab cov khoom uas tau tham saum toj no. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov iav.
Phosphorus hydroxide kuj tseem siv hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm chiv. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias phosphorus tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov nroj tsuag. Yog li ntawd, muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm txawv chiv uas yog ua nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub compound ntawm cov tsis-hlau nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug. Rau cov hom phiaj no, cov tshuaj xws li calcium phosphate yog siv. Ntsev yog siv los ua ib qho chiv hauv av. Tsis tas li ntawd, zoo tib yam thiab ob chav superphosphate yog siv rau qhov no. Ammophos thiab nitroammophos tuaj yeem ua chiv. Ntxiv rau tag nrho cov saum toj no, ntsev los yog phosphorus hydroxide yog siv los ua ib qho reagent los txiav txim seb muaj cov nyiaj hauv cov tshuaj. Yog li, ib qho tshuaj ntxiv, uas suav nrog cov kua qaub seem PO 4, rau cov tshuaj. Yog hais tias tom kawg muaj ntsev los yog nyiaj hydroxide, nplua nuj daj precipitate yuav tsim. Qhov no yog argentum phosphate, uas muaj cov tshuaj hauv qab no: AgNO3.
qauv ntawm phosphorus atom
Raws li koj paub, txhua lub atoms muaj lub nucleus thiab electrons tigNyob ib ncig ntawm nws. Lub nucleus muaj protons thiab neutrons. Cov hluav taws xob muaj qhov tsis zoo, cov protons muaj qhov zoo, thiab cov neutrons muaj pes tsawg tus nqi. Tus naj npawb ntawm phosphorus nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm yog kaum tsib. Los ntawm qhov no peb tuaj yeem xaus tias nws cov nucleus muaj kaum tsib protons. Yog hais tias lub atom yog nruab nrab thiab tsis yog ib qho ion, ces muaj ntau li electrons raws li muaj protons. Qhov ntawd yog, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm phosphorus, muaj kaum tsib ntawm lawv.
Yog tias ib qho ntawm cov hluav taws xob tawm ntawm nws lub orbit, lub atom yuav tig mus rau hauv ib qho zoo ion, uas yog, cation. Yog tias ib qho hluav taws xob koom nrog, qhov tsis zoo ion raug tsim - anion.
Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev cov tshuaj lom neeg, koj tuaj yeem pom tias phosphorus belongs rau lub sijhawm thib peb. Los ntawm qhov no nws yog tseeb hais tias muaj peb lub orbits nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus, nyob rau hauv uas electrons yog tusyees faib. Thawj muaj ob, qhov thib ob muaj yim, thiab peb muaj tsib.
Nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej
Cov feem ntau ntawm phosphorus nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust yog 0.08%. Nws tsis yog ib qho tshuaj lom neeg feem ntau hauv qhov xwm txheej. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj tag nrho pawg ntawm cov zaub mov uas suav nrog phosphorus. Cov no yog apatites, nrog rau phosphorites. Feem ntau ntawm thawj pab pawg yog fluorapatite. Nws cov tshuaj formula yog raws li nram no: 3Ca3(PO4)2•CaF2. Nws tuaj nyob rau hauv pob tshab, ntsuab thiab turquoise ntxoov. Ntawm cov phosphorites, calcium phosphate yog qhov ntau tshaj plaws, muaj cov tshuaj hauv qab no: Ca3(PO4)2. Tsis tas li ntawd, phosphorus compoundsmuaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm ntau yam kab mob nyob.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm phosphorus thiab nws cov tebchaw hauv cov xwm thiab lub cev
Cov tshuaj no tseem ceeb heev rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm yuav luag txhua lub cev thiab lawv lub cev. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, tsis muaj nws, kev ua haujlwm du ntawm lub raum yog ua tsis tau. Cov khoom no koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem metabolic ntawm lub cev. Nws kuj txhawb nqa cov ntaub so ntswg sai. Yog tsis muaj nws, qee cov vitamins tsuas yog tsis tuaj yeem ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig rau lub cev - uas yog vim li cas phosphorus feem ntau ntxiv rau yuav luag tag nrho cov vitamin npaj ua ib qho ntxiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj uas ua kom lub siab ua haujlwm zoo. Nws, ntxiv rau tag nrho cov saum toj no, koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev faib cell, yog li lub neej hauv ntiaj teb yog ua tsis tau yam tsis muaj qhov microelement.
Txoj cai ntawm dej-ntsev sib npaug yog lwm txoj haujlwm uas cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau tsis yog hauv cov kab lus no ua rau lub cev. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov pob txha thiab cov leeg nqaij. Ib feem loj ntawm nws kuj muaj nyob rau hauv cov hniav. Ntawm lwm yam, nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias phosphorus koom nrog hauv kev ua kom lub cev ua haujlwm ntawm lub paj hlwb. Cov tsos mob ntawm qhov tsis txaus nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov kab mob hauv cov lus nug yog raws li hauv qab no: nce qaug zog, ua haujlwm tsis zoo, cuam tshuam hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub paj hlwb (neurosis, hysteria, thiab lwm yam), mob khaub thuas heev, qaug zog ntawm cov leeg nqaij., mob pob txha thiab cov leeg, tsis qab los noj mov. Txhawm rau zam qhov tshwm sim xws li qhov tsis muaj phosphorus hauv lub cev, koj yuav tsum paubcov zaub mov twg muaj.
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, ntses yuav tsum tau muab cais tawm ntawm cov khoom noj uas nplua nuj nyob hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg. Ib qho tshwj xeeb siab ntawm phosphorus yog pom nyob rau hauv hom xws li sturgeon, mackerel, nees mackerel, tuna, sardine, capelin, pollock, smelt. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kab lus uas tau tham hauv tsab xov xwm no muaj nyob hauv cov nqaij npuas, cws, nrog rau cov khoom siv mis nyuj xws li tsev cheese, cov cheese ua tiav, thiab cheese.
Cov Lus Qhia
Phosphorus, txawm hais tias tsis yog cov tshuaj lom neeg ntau hauv ntiaj teb, yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ob qho tib si los ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev lom neeg ntawm kev pom. Nws thiab nws cov tebchaw, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, phosphorus hydroxide, yog siv rau hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam khoom. Tsab ntawv kuj tau piav qhia txog cov khoom ntawm phosphorus hydroxide (phosphoric acid) thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws kev cuam tshuam nrog hlau, hauv paus thiab ntsev.
