Cov chav kawm tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom tsis muaj zog, ntxiv rau oxides, acids thiab ntsev, suav nrog ib pawg ntawm cov tshuaj hu ua bases lossis hydroxides. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj ib tug qauv molecular txoj kev npaj: lawv yuav tsum muaj ib los yog ntau tshaj hydroxyl pawg txuas nrog ib tug hlau ion nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg. Basic hydroxides yog cov caj ces muaj feem xyuam rau cov hlau oxides thiab ntsev, uas txiav txim siab tsis tsuas yog lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj, tab sis kuj muaj txoj hauv kev tau txais hauv chav kuaj thiab kev lag luam.
Muaj ntau hom kev faib tawm ntawm cov hauv paus, uas yog ua raws ob qho tib si ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau uas yog ib feem ntawm cov molecule, thiab ntawm lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom kom yaj hauv dej. Hauv peb tsab xov xwm, peb yuav xav txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm hydroxides, nrog rau kev paub txog lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj, uas siv cov hauv paus hauv kev lag luam thiab lub neej txhua hnub nyob ntawm.
Lub cev muaj zog
Txhua lub hauv paus tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob lossis cov hlau raug yog cov khib nyiab nrog ntau cov ntsiab lus melting. Nrog rau dej, lawvmuab faib mus rau hauv heev soluble - alkali thiab insoluble nyob rau hauv dej. Piv txwv li, cov hydroxides yooj yim uas muaj pawg IA cov ntsiab lus raws li cations tau yooj yim yaj hauv dej thiab muaj zog electrolytes. Lawv yog soapy rau kov, corrode ntaub, tawv nqaij thiab hu ua alkalis. Thaum lawv dissociate hauv kev daws, OH- ions raug kuaj pom, uas tau txiav txim siab siv cov ntsuas. Piv txwv li, tsis muaj xim phenolphthalein ua crimson nyob rau hauv nruab nrab alkaline. Ob qho kev daws teeb meem thiab melts ntawm sodium, potassium, barium, thiab calcium hydroxides yog electrolytes; ua hluav taws xob thiab raug suav hais tias yog cov conductors ntawm hom thib ob. Soluble bases, feem ntau siv hauv kev lag luam, suav nrog txog 11 lub tebchaw, xws li cov hydroxides yooj yim ntawm sodium, potassium, ammonium, thiab lwm yam.
Cov qauv ntawm lub hauv paus molecule
Ib daim ntawv cog lus ionic yog tsim los ntawm cov hlau cation thiab anions ntawm hydroxyl pawg hauv cov khoom molecule. Nws muaj zog txaus rau dej-insoluble hydroxides, yog li cov polar dej molecules tsis tuaj yeem rhuav tshem cov siv lead ua lattice ntawm xws li cov compound. Alkalis yog cov khoom ruaj khov thiab xyaum tsis tsim oxide thiab dej thaum rhuab. Yog li, qhov yooj yim hydroxides ntawm poov tshuaj thiab sodium boil ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 1000 ° C, thaum lawv tsis decompose. Hauv cov qauv duab ntawm txhua lub hauv paus, nws pom tseeb tias cov pa atom ntawm hydroxyl pawg yog khi los ntawm ib qho kev sib cog lus rau cov hlau atom, thiab lwm yam rau hydrogen atom. Cov qauv ntawm cov molecule thiab hom tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus txiav txim tsis tsuas yog lub cev, tab sis kujthiab tag nrho cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj. Cia peb nyob ntawm lawv kom ntxaws ntxiv.
Calcium thiab magnesium thiab nta ntawm cov khoom ntawm lawv cov tebchaw
Ob lub ntsiab lus yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov hlau nquag thiab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog oxygen thiab dej. Cov khoom ntawm thawj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ib qho yooj yim oxide. Cov hydroxide yog tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem exothermic uas tso tawm ntau cov cua sov. Calcium thiab magnesium hauv paus yog sparingly soluble dawb hmoov tshuaj. Cov npe hauv qab no feem ntau siv rau cov khoom siv calcium: mis nyuj ntawm txiv qaub (yog tias nws yog ib qho kev ncua hauv dej) thiab txiv qaub dej. Ua ib qho yooj yim hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 cuam tshuam nrog acidic thiab amphoteric oxides, acids thiab amphoteric bases, xws li txhuas thiab zinc hydroxides. Tsis zoo li cov cua sov-resistant alkalis, magnesium thiab calcium tebchaw decompose rau hauv oxide thiab dej nyob rau hauv tus ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Ob lub hauv paus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Ca(OH) 2, tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam, kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev xav tau hauv tsev. Cia peb xav txog lawv daim ntawv thov ntxiv.
Teb daim ntawv thov ntawm calcium thiab magnesium compounds
Nws paub zoo tias kev tsim kho siv cov khoom siv tshuaj hu ua fluff lossis slaked txiv qaub. Nws yog calcium puag. Feem ntau nws tau txais los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv dej nrog calcium oxide yooj yim. Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov hydroxides yooj yim tso cai rau lawv siv dav hauv ntau ceg ntawm kev lag luam hauv tebchaws. Piv txwv li, los ntxuav impurities hauv ntau lawmqab zib nyoos, kom tau txais tshuaj dawb, nyob rau hauv bleaching ntawm paj rwb thiab linen yarn. Ua ntej kev tsim cov ion exchangers - cation exchangers, calcium thiab magnesium bases tau siv nyob rau hauv dej softening technologies, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tshem tawm cov hydrocarbons uas degrade nws zoo. Ua li no, dej tau boiled nrog ib tug me me ntawm soda tshauv los yog slaked txiv qaub. Ib qho aqueous suspension ntawm magnesium hydroxide tuaj yeem siv los ua kev kho mob rau cov neeg mob gastritis kom txo cov kua qaub ntawm gastric.
Cov khoom ntawm cov oxides thiab hydroxides
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau cov tshuaj ntawm pab pawg no yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv acid oxides, acids, amphoteric bases thiab ntsev. Interestingly, insoluble bases xws li tooj liab, hlau los yog nickel hydroxides tsis tuaj yeem tau los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ncaj qha ntawm oxide nrog dej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub chaw soj nstuam siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm tus coj ntsev thiab alkali. Yog li ntawd, lub hauv paus yog tsim uas precipitate. Piv txwv li, qhov no yog li cas ib tug xiav precipitate ntawm tooj liab hydroxide, ib tug ntsuab precipitate ntawm ib tug ferrous puag, yog tau. Tom qab ntawd, lawv tau evaporated rau cov khoom hmoov uas muaj feem xyuam rau cov dej-insoluble hydroxides. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tebchaw no yog tias, nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, lawv decompose rau hauv cov oxide thiab dej, uas tsis tuaj yeem hais txog alkalis. Tom qab tag nrho, cov dej-soluble puag yog thermally ruaj khov.
Electrolysis Ability
Txuas ntxiv kawm txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm hydroxides, cia peb nyob ntawm ib qho ntxiv uas ib tus tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm cov hauv paus ntawm alkali thiab alkaline ntiaj teb hlau los ntawm cov dej-insoluble compounds. Qhov no yog qhov impossibility ntawm yav tas los dissociate rau hauv ions nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob tam sim no. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, melts thiab daws cov poov tshuaj, sodium, barium, thiab strontium hydroxides yooj yim raug rau electrolysis thiab yog cov conductors ntawm hom thib ob.
Nyob hauv av
Hais txog cov khoom ntawm chav kawm no ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic, peb tau sau ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas ua rau lawv cov khoom tsim hauv chav kuaj thiab kev lag luam. Txoj kev siv tau yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab siv tau zoo tshaj plaws tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog qhov thermal decomposition ntawm ntuj limestone, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov ceev lime tau txais. Yog tias koj ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog dej, ces nws tsim ib qho yooj yim hydroxide - Ca (OH) 2. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom no nrog xuab zeb thiab dej yog hu ua mortar. Nws tseem siv tau rau plastering phab ntsa, rau kev sib txuas ntawm cib, thiab lwm yam kev ua haujlwm hauv tsev. Alkalis kuj tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev cuam tshuam cov oxides sib xws nrog dej. Piv txwv li: K2O + H2O=2KON. Cov txheej txheem yog exothermic nrog kev tso tawm ntawm cov cua kub ntau.
Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm alkalis nrog acidic thiab amphoteric oxides
Cov yam ntxwv tshuaj ntawm cov dej-soluble hauv paus suav nrog lawv lub peev xwm tsim cov ntsev hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxides uas tsis yog hlau atoms hauv cov molecules,Piv txwv li, xws li carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide los yog silicon oxide. Tshwj xeeb, calcium hydroxide yog siv los ua kom cov pa qhuav, thiab sodium thiab potassium hydroxides kom tau txais cov carbonates sib xws. Oxides ntawm zinc thiab txhuas, muaj feem xyuam rau cov tshuaj amphoteric, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog ob qho tib si acids thiab alkalis. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub tom kawg, complex compounds tuaj yeem tsim, xws li sodium hydroxozincate.
Neutralization reaction
Ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov hauv paus, ob qho tib si insoluble hauv dej thiab alkalis, yog lawv lub peev xwm los ua cov tshuaj inorganic lossis organic acids. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no txo qis rau kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ob hom ions: hydrogen thiab hydroxyl pawg. Nws ua rau kev tsim cov dej molecules: HCI + KOH=KCI + H2O. Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm electrolytic dissociation, tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog txo kom tsim ib qho tsis muaj zog, me ntsis dissociated electrolyte - dej.
Hauv qhov piv txwv saum toj no, qhov nruab nrab ntsev tau tsim - potassium chloride. Yog tias cov hydroxides yooj yim raug coj mus rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv qhov tsawg dua qhov tsim nyog rau kev ua tiav qhov nruab nrab ntawm polybasic acid, tom qab evaporation ntawm cov khoom tshwm sim, muaju ntawm cov kua qaub ntsev yog pom. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv neutralization plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem metabolic uas tshwm sim hauv cov kab mob hauv lub neej - cov hlwb thiab tso cai rau lawv, nrog kev pab los ntawm lawv tus kheej qhov tsis sib xws, txhawm rau tshem tawm cov nyiaj ntau dhau ntawm hydrogen ions hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv dissimilation.
