Cov khoom siv tshuaj tam sim no (lub npe hu ua HIT) yog cov khoom siv uas lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox hloov mus rau hauv lub zog hluav taws xob. Lawv lwm lub npe yog electrochemical cell, galvanic cell, electrochemical cell. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm yog raws li hauv qab no: raws li kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ob lub reagents, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj tshwm sim nrog kev tso tawm ntawm lub zog los ntawm cov hluav taws xob ncaj qha. Hauv lwm qhov chaw tam sim no, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob tshwm sim raws li cov txheej txheem ntau theem. Ua ntej, thermal zog yog tso tawm, ces nws hloov mus rau hauv txhua yam zog, thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd mus rau hauv hluav taws xob lub zog. Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm HIT yog cov txheej txheem ib-theem, uas yog, hluav taws xob tau txais tam sim ntawd, hla cov theem ntawm tau txais thermal thiab mechanical zog.
History
thawj qhov chaw tam sim no tshwm sim li cas? Cov khoom siv tshuaj yog hu ua galvanic hlwb hauv kev hwm ntawm Italian kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum yim - Luigi Galvani. Nws yog ib tug kws kho mob, anatomist, physiologist thiab physicist. Ib qho ntawm nws cov lus qhiakev tshawb fawb yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tsiaj txhu rau ntau yam kev cuam tshuam sab nraud. Cov txheej txheem tshuaj ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob tau tshawb pom los ntawm Galvani los ntawm lub sijhawm, thaum ib qho kev sim ntawm cov qav. Nws txuas ob daim hlau rau ntawm cov hlab ntsha ntawm tus qav taw. Qhov no ua rau cov leeg nqaij contraction. Galvani tus kheej piav qhia txog qhov tshwm sim no tsis raug. Tab sis cov txiaj ntsig ntawm nws qhov kev sim thiab kev soj ntsuam tau pab nws tus phooj ywg Alessandro Volta hauv kev tshawb fawb tom ntej.
Volta tau piav qhia hauv nws cov ntawv sau txog qhov kev xav ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov hluav taws xob tam sim no los ntawm kev siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm ob lub hlau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov leeg nqaij ntawm tus qav. Thawj cov tshuaj tam sim no zoo li lub thawv ntawm saline, nrog cov phaj zinc thiab tooj liab rau hauv nws.
HIT tau pib tsim tawm ntawm kev lag luam nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puas xyoo, ua tsaug rau Fabkis tus txiv neej Leclanche, uas tau tsim thawj manganese-zinc cell nrog ntsev electrolyte, muaj npe tom qab nws. Ob peb xyoos tom qab, lub xov tooj ntawm tes electrochemical no tau txhim kho los ntawm lwm tus kws tshawb fawb thiab tsuas yog thawj cov tshuaj tam sim no mus txog rau xyoo 1940.
Tsim thiab lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua haujlwm HIT
Cov cuab yeej ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj tam sim no suav nrog ob lub electrodes (tus coj ntawm thawj hom) thiab cov electrolyte nyob nruab nrab ntawm lawv (tus neeg xyuas pib ntawm hom thib ob, lossis ionic conductor). Ib qho hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm tshwm sim ntawm thaj tsam ntawm lawv. Cov electrode uas txo tus neeg sawv cev yog oxidizedhu ua anode, thiab qhov uas tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing txo yog hu ua cathode. Ua ke nrog cov electrolyte, lawv tsim cov txheej txheem electrochemical.
A by-product ntawm redox cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm electrodes yog tsim hluav taws xob tam sim no. Thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo li no, tus neeg sawv cev txo qis yog oxidized thiab pub electrons rau oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev, uas lees txais lawv thiab yog li txo. Lub xub ntiag ntawm electrolyte ntawm cathode thiab anode yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog tias koj tsuas yog sib tov hmoov los ntawm ob lub hlau sib txawv ua ke, tsis muaj hluav taws xob yuav raug tso tawm, txhua lub zog yuav raug tso tawm hauv daim ntawv kub. Ib qho electrolyte yuav tsum tau ua kom cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov hluav taws xob. Feem ntau, nws yog ntsev los yog yaj.
Electrodes zoo li hlau daim hlau lossis daim phiaj. Thaum lawv nyob rau hauv ib qho electrolyte, qhov hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm sib txawv tshwm sim ntawm lawv - qhov qhib hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Lub anode nyiam pub electrons, thaum lub cathode nyiam txais lawv. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj pib ntawm lawv qhov chaw. Lawv nres thaum lub Circuit Court qhib, thiab thaum twg ib qho ntawm cov reagents raug siv lawm. Qhib Circuit Court tshwm sim thaum ib qho ntawm cov electrodes lossis electrolyte raug tshem tawm.
Kev sib xyaw ntawm electrochemical systems
Cov tshuaj tam sim no siv cov pa oxygen thiab ntsev, oxygen, halides, siab dua hlau oxides, nitroorganic compounds, thiab lwm yam raws li oxidizing agents. Hlau thiab lawv cov oxides qis, hydrogen yog txo cov neeg ua hauj lwm hauv lawv.thiab hydrocarbon compounds. Yuav siv cov electrolytes li cas:
- Aqueous daws ntawm acids, alkalis, saline, thiab lwm yam.
- Non-aqueous daws nrog ionic conductivity, tau los ntawm dissolving ntsev nyob rau hauv cov organic los yog inorganic solvents.
- Molten ntsev.
- Cov khoom sib xyaw nrog cov ionic lattice nyob rau hauv uas ib qho ntawm cov ions yog txawb.
- Matrix electrolytes. Cov no yog cov kua dej los yog melts nyob rau hauv lub pores ntawm lub cev tsis-conductive - ib tug electron cab kuj.
- Ion-exchange electrolytes. Cov no yog cov khoom sib txuas nrog cov pawg ionogenic ruaj khov ntawm tib lub cim. Ions ntawm lwm lub cim yog mobile. Cov cuab yeej no ua rau cov conductivity ntawm xws li electrolyte unipolar.
Galvanic roj teeb
Cov khoom siv tshuaj tam sim no muaj cov galvanic cells - hlwb. Qhov hluav taws xob hauv ib qho ntawm cov hlwb no me me - los ntawm 0.5 txog 4V. Raws li qhov xav tau, lub roj teeb galvanic yog siv hauv HIT, muaj ntau lub xov tooj sib txuas. Qee lub sij hawm ib qho kev sib txuas lossis kev sib txuas ua ke ntawm ob peb lub ntsiab yog siv. Tsuas yog tib lub hlwb lossis cov roj teeb uas ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog. Lawv yuav tsum muaj qhov tsis sib xws: electrochemical system, tsim, kev xaiv thev naus laus zis thiab tus qauv loj. Rau kev sib txuas ua ke, nws siv tau los siv cov khoom sib txawv.
HIT Classification
Tshuaj muaj peev xwm tam sim no txawv hauv:
- size;
- designs;
- reagents;
- qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub zog tsim tawm.
Cov kev ntsuas no txiav txim siab HIT kev ua tau zoo tsim nyog rau ib daim ntawv thov tshwj xeeb.
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog ua raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cuab yeej. Nyob ntawm cov yam ntxwv no, lawv paub qhov txawv:
- Cov tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb tam sim no yog cov khoom pov tseg. Lawv muaj qee yam khoom ntawm reagents, uas tau noj thaum lub sijhawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tom qab ib tug tag nrho tawm, xws li ib tug cell poob nws functionality. Hauv lwm txoj kev, thawj HITs hu ua galvanic cells. Nws yuav raug hu lawv yooj yim - lub ntsiab. Cov piv txwv yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm lub hauv paus fais fab yog "roj teeb" A-A.
- Rechargeable chemical tam sim no qhov chaw - roj teeb (lawv tseem hu ua theem nrab, thim rov qab HIT) yog cov hlwb rov siv tau. Los ntawm kev hla tam sim no los ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob sab nraud nyob rau hauv qhov kev taw qhia los ntawm lub roj teeb, tom qab ua tiav kev tso tawm, cov khoom siv reagents tau rov tsim dua tshiab, rov ntxiv cov tshuaj siv zog (them nqi). Ua tsaug rau lub peev xwm los them rov qab los ntawm qhov chaw tam sim no tsis tu ncua, cov cuab yeej no siv tau ntev, nrog kev so rau kev rov them dua. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hu ua roj teeb tawm. Xws li HITs suav nrog roj teeb rau ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob (laptops, xov tooj ntawm tes, thiab lwm yam).
- Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thermal tam sim no - cov khoom siv txuas ntxiv. ATNyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv cov hauj lwm, muaj ib tug tas mus li ntws ntawm tshiab feem ntawm reagents thiab tshem tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom.
- Combined (semi-roj) galvanic hlwb muaj cov khoom ntawm ib qho ntawm cov reagents. Qhov thib ob yog pub rau hauv lub cuab yeej los ntawm sab nraud. Lub neej ntawm cov cuab yeej nyob ntawm qhov khoom ntawm thawj reagent. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov hluav taws xob tam sim no yog siv los ua cov roj teeb, yog tias muaj peev xwm rov qab tau lawv cov nqi los ntawm kev hla tam sim no los ntawm lwm qhov chaw.
- HIT txuas ntxiv rov ua tau rov qab siv tau los yog tshuaj lom neeg. Rau lawv, nws muaj peev xwm hloov tau cov tshuaj reagents siv nrog cov ntu tshiab tom qab tso tawm tiav. Ntawd yog, lawv tsis yog cov khoom siv txuas ntxiv, tab sis, zoo li cov roj teeb, lawv tau them rov qab ib ntus.
HIT Features
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj xws li:
- Qhib qhov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob (ORC lossis qhov hluav taws xob tawm). Qhov ntsuas no, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nyob ntawm qhov xaiv electrochemical system (kev sib txuas ntawm tus neeg sawv cev, oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev thiab electrolyte). Tsis tas li ntawd, NRC raug cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov concentration ntawm electrolyte, qib ntawm kev tso tawm, kub, thiab lwm yam. NRC nyob ntawm tus nqi tam sim no dhau los ntawm HIT.
- Power.
- Tso tawm tam sim no - nyob ntawm qhov tsis kam ntawm sab nraud Circuit Court.
- Peev Xwm - qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm hluav taws xob uas HIT muab tawm thaum nws tawm tag nrho.
- Lub zog cia - lub zog siab tshaj plaws tau txais thaum lub cuab yeej tawm tag nrho.
- Zoo yam ntxwv. Rau cov roj teeb, qhov no yog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ib tug guaranteed tus naj npawb ntawm cov nqi-tso tawm mus uas tsis txo lub peev xwm los yog nqi voltage (peev txheej txheem).
- Kub ua haujlwm ntau.
- Lub neej txee yog lub sijhawm tso cai siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab thawj zaug tso tawm ntawm lub cuab yeej.
- Lub neej siv tau - qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cai tag nrho lub sijhawm cia thiab ua haujlwm. Rau cov roj hlwb, kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua thiab tsis tu ncua lub neej tseem ceeb.
- Tag nrho lub zog ploj mus dhau lub neej.
- Mechanical zog tiv thaiv kev co, poob siab, thiab lwm yam.
- Muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm hauv txhua txoj haujlwm.
- Kev ntseeg.
- kho kom yooj yim.
HIT Requirements
Kev tsim cov hlwb electrochemical yuav tsum muab cov xwm txheej zoo rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws. Cov xwm txheej no suav nrog:
- tiv thaiv kev xau tam sim no;
- txawm ua haujlwm;
- mechanical zog (nrog rau nruj);
- sib cais ntawm reagents;
- kev sib cuag zoo ntawm electrodes thiab electrolyte;
- dissipation ntawm tam sim no los ntawm thaj chaw tshuaj tiv thaiv mus rau sab nraud nrog kev poob qis.
Cov khoom siv tshuaj tam sim no yuav tsum ua raws li cov hauv qab no:
- siab tshaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev txwv tshwj xeeb;
- qhov ntsuas kub ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws;
- qhov nro loj tshaj;
- tus nqi qis kawgunits ntawm lub zog;
- voltage stability;
- kev nyab xeeb;
- kev ruaj ntseg;
- yooj yim ntawm kev saib xyuas, thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws tsis xav tau;
- ntev kev pab cuam lub neej.
Kev siv nyiaj txiag
Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm thawj cov galvanic cell yog tias lawv tsis tas yuav muaj kev saib xyuas. Ua ntej koj pib siv lawv, nws yog txaus los xyuas qhov tsos, hnub tas sij hawm. Thaum sib txuas, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau soj ntsuam qhov polarity thiab xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm lub cuab yeej. Ntau cov tshuaj lom neeg tam sim no - cov roj teeb, xav tau kev saib xyuas hnyav dua. Lub hom phiaj ntawm lawv cov kev saib xyuas yog ua kom lawv lub neej ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws. Kev saib xyuas lub roj teeb yog:
- kua huv;
- qhib Circuit Court voltage xyuas;
- tuav cov qib electrolyte (tsuas yog cov dej distilled tuaj yeem siv rau saum toj);
- tswj cov electrolyte concentration (siv hydrometer - ib qho yooj yim ntaus ntawv rau ntsuas qhov ntom ntawm cov kua).
Thaum ua haujlwm galvanic hlwb, txhua yam kev xav tau hais txog kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj kev nyab xeeb yuav tsum raug soj ntsuam.
Kev faib tawm ntawm HIT los ntawm electrochemical systems
Hom tshuaj tam sim no, nyob ntawm qhov system:
- lead (acid);
- nickel-cadmium, nickel-hlau, nickel-zinc;
- manganese-zinc, tooj liab-zinc, mercury-zinc, zinc chloride;
- silver-zinc, silver-cadmium;
- air-hlau;
- nickel-hydrogen thiab silver-hydrogen;
- lithium thiab lwm yam.
Ymanganese-magnesium;
Ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm HIT
Cov khoom siv tshuaj tam sim no yog siv rau hauv:
- tsheb;
- khoom siv nqa tau;
- tub rog thiab thev naus laus zis;
- khoom siv tshawb fawb;
- tshuaj (pacemakers).
Ib txwm piv txwv ntawm HIT hauv lub neej txhua hnub:
- batteries (dry batteries);
- roj teeb rau cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiab khoom siv hluav taws xob;
- khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis cuam tshuam;
- tsheb roj teeb.
Lithium tshuaj tam sim no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog siv dav. Qhov no yog vim lithium (Li) muaj lub zog tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws. Qhov tseeb yog tias nws muaj qhov tsis zoo electrode feem ntau ntawm tag nrho lwm cov hlau. Lithium-ion roj teeb (LIA) ua ntej ntawm tag nrho lwm yam CPS nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub zog tshwj xeeb thiab kev khiav hauj lwm voltage. Tam sim no lawv maj mam mastering ib cheeb tsam tshiab - kev thauj mus los. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, kev txhim kho ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb txog kev txhim kho cov roj teeb lithium yuav txav mus rau ultra-thin designs thiab cov roj teeb loj loj.
