halogens tau hais tsis yog hlau. Cov no suav nrog fluorine, astatine, iodine, bromine, chlorine, thiab ib qho khoom siv hu ua ununseptium (tennessine). Cov tshuaj no muaj ntau yam tshuaj ua haujlwm thiab tsim nyog tham txog ntau yam ntxiv.
High oxidative kev ua haujlwm
Ntawm no yog thawj cov khoom uas tau hais. Tag nrho cov halogens muaj cov oxidative siab, tab sis fluorine yog cov nquag nquag. Ntxiv mus: chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine, ununseptium. Tab sis fluorine reacts nrog tag nrho cov hlau yam tsis muaj kev zam. Ntxiv mus, feem ntau ntawm lawv, nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ntawm lub caij no, nws tus kheej-ignite, thiab cov txheej txheem no yog nrog los ntawm kev tso tawm ntawm ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm tshav kub.
Yog tias fluorine tsis yog cua sov, ces qhov no nws yuav hnov mob nrog ntau yam tsis yog hlau. Piv txwv li, nrog sulfur, carbon, silicon, phosphorus. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau txaisexothermic heev, thiab tej zaum yuav nrog los ntawm kev tawg.
Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias fluorine, thaum cua sov, oxidizes tag nrho lwm cov halogens. Lub tswvyim yog raws li nram no: Hal2 + F2=2HalF. Thiab ntawm no Hal yog chlorine, bromine thiab iodine. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv xws li cov tebchaw, lub degree ntawm lawv oxidation yog +1.
Thiab ib qho tshuaj ntxiv ntawm halogen-fluorine yog nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog hnyav inert gases nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm irradiation. Lawv kuj hu ua noble. Cov pa roj no muaj xws li helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon, thiab tsis ntev los no pom oganesson.
Kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj complex
Qhov no yog lwm yam khoom siv tshuaj ntawm halogens. Cov tshuaj complex, raws li paub, suav nrog cov tebchaw uas muaj ob lossis ntau lub ntsiab lus. Tib yam fluorine manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv xws li tshwm sim heev. Lawv nrog rau qhov tawg. Tab sis, piv txwv li, qhov no yog li cas nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog dej zoo li nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug formula: 2F2 + 2H2O → 4HF + O 2.
chlorine kuj ua haujlwm, txawm hais tias nws cov haujlwm tsawg dua li cov fluorine. Tab sis nws reacts nrog txhua yam yooj yim tsuas yog cov pa roj carbon monoxide, nitrogen thiab oxygen. Nov yog ib qho piv txwv: Si + 2Cl2 → SiCl4 + 662kJ.
Tab sis cov tshuaj chlorine nrog hydrogen yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nthuav. Yog tias tsis muaj teeb pom kev zoo thiab qhov kub thiab txias, ces tsis muaj dab tsi tshwm sim ntawm lawv. Tab sis yog tias koj ua kom lub ci ci thiab ua kom sov rau lawv, ces qhov tawg yuav tshwm sim, ntxiv rau, los ntawm cov saw hlau. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm photons, quanta ntawm electromagnetic hluav taws xob, uasdissociates Cl2 molecules rau hauv atoms. Tom ntej no, tag nrho cov saw ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim, thiab nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm lawv ib tug particle tau txais uas pib pib ntawm theem tom ntej.
Bromine
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, feem ntau ntawm cov lus hais txog fluorine thiab me ntsis txog cov tshuaj chlorine. Qhov no yog vim cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm halogens tsis tu ncua los ntawm fluorine mus rau astatine.
Bromine yog hom nruab nrab hauv lawv cov koob. Nws yog soluble hauv dej ntau dua li lwm cov halogens. Cov kev daws teeb meem yog hu ua bromine dej, ib yam khoom muaj zog uas tuaj yeem oxidize npib tsib xee, hlau, chromium, cob alt thiab manganese.
Yog tias peb tham txog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm halogen, ces nws tsim nyog hais tias nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm nws nyob nruab nrab ntawm qhov tsis zoo chlorine thiab iodine. Los ntawm txoj kev, thaum nws reacts nrog iodide daws, dawb iodine raug tso tawm. Nws zoo li no: Br2 + 2Kl → I2 + 2KBr.
Tsis tas li ntawd, bromine tuaj yeem ua rau cov hlau tsis muaj hlau (tellurium thiab selenium), thiab hauv cov kua hauv lub xeev nws cuam tshuam nrog kub, ua rau tsim cov tribromide AuBr 3. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem koom nrog cov organic molecules nrog triple daim ntawv cog lus. Yog hais tias cua sov nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug catalyst, nws muaj peev xwm react nrog benzene los tsim bromobenzene C6H5Br, uas yog hu ua kev hloov pauv.
Iodine
Cov khoom siv tshuaj nquag tshaj plaws ntawm halogens hauv lub rooj yog iodine. Nws peculiarity nyob rau hauv lub fact tias nws tsim ib tug xov tooj ntawm txawv acids. Cov no suav nrog:
Iodine. Cov kua tsis muaj xim nrog cov ntxhiab tsw. Cov kua qaub uas muaj zog uas yog cov muaj zog txo tus neeg sawv cev.
Iodine. Tsis ruaj khov, tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv cov kev daws teeb meem loj heev.
Iodine. Cov yam ntxwv zoo ib yam li yav dhau los. Tsim cov ntsev iodite.
Iodine. Crystalline tsis muaj xim yam khoom nrog lub vitreous luster. Soluble nyob rau hauv dej, nquag mus rau polymerization. Nws muaj oxidizing zog.
Iodine. Hygroscopic crystalline khoom. Siv nyob rau hauv analytical chemistry ua tus oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev.
Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm halogen-iodine suav nrog kev ua haujlwm siab. Txawm hais tias nws tsawg dua li cov tshuaj chlorine nrog bromine, thiab ntau dua yog li tsis piv nrog fluorine. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nto moo tshaj plaws yog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm iodine nrog cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, uas ua rau cov xim xiav tom kawg.
Astatine
Nws tseem tsim nyog hais ob peb lo lus hais txog nws txuas ntxiv ntawm kev sib tham ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm halogens. Lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg cov khoom ntawm astatine yog ze rau cov uas tsis muaj npe iodine thiab polonium (ib lub xov tooj cua). Nov yog nws cov lus piav qhia luv luv:
- Ua kom tsis muaj AgAt ntsev, zoo li txhua yam halogens.
- tuaj yeem oxidized rau ntawm, zoo li iodine.
- Cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas nrog cov hlau, qhia txog oxidation lub xeev ntawm -1. Zoo li txhua yam halogens ho.
- Reacts nrog iodine thiab bromine los tsim cov tshuaj interhalogen. Astatine iodide thiab bromide, kom meej (AtI thiab AtBr).
- Dissols hauv nitrogen thiab hydrochloricacids.
- Yog tias koj ua rau nws nrog hydrogen, ces gaseous hydrogen astatide tsim - ib qho tsis ruaj tsis khov gaseous acid.
- Zoo li txhua yam halogens, nws tuaj yeem hloov cov hydrogen hauv methane molecule.
- Muaj cov yam ntxwv alpha hluav taws xob. Los ntawm nws lub xub ntiag, lub xub ntiag ntawm astatine tau txiav txim siab.
Los ntawm txoj kev, kev qhia txog astatine hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev daws rau hauv tib neeg lub cev kho cov thyroid caj pas. Hauv kev kho hluav taws xob, lub ntsiab lus no tau siv.
Tennesin
Thiab nws yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib, vim peb tab tom tham txog cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm halogens. Tsis muaj ntau yam paub txog kev sib txuas nrog tennessine, txij li tam sim no nws cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tseem yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib tham, txij li nws tau suav nrog hauv lub rooj tsuas yog xyoo 2014.
Feem ntau nws yog ib nrab hlau. Nws qhia tau hais tias yuav luag tsis muaj zog oxidizing, yog li qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm cov halogens, vim nws cov electrons nyob deb dhau ntawm cov nucleus. Tab sis nws muaj feem ntau tias tennessine yuav yog halogen, txo cov cuab yeej uas yuav siab dua qhov oxidizing ib.
Kev sim ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog hydrogen. TsH yog qhov kev sib txuas yooj yim tshaj plaws. Qhov tshwm sim tennessine hydrogen txuas ntxiv feem ntau ntawm cov qauv rau hydrogen halides.
Lub cev muaj zog
Lawv yuav tsum hais luv luv. So:
- Fluorine yog lub teeb daj daj uas muaj ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab.
- Chlorine yog lub teeb ntsuab ntsuab. Nws kuj muaj ntxhiab tsw thiab muaj tshuaj lom ntau dua li fluorine.
- Bromine yog cov kua liab-xim av hnyav. Nwscov vapors muaj tshuaj lom heev.
- Astatine yog cov khoom xiav-dub. Zoo li iodine.
Iodine yog cov khoom grey tsaus nrog cov xim hlau.
Tau txais halogens
Nov yog qhov kawg. Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev tsim cov halogens ncaj qha cuam tshuam. Thawj qhov xwm txheej thib ob. Nov yog qee txoj hauv kev kom tau txais cov tshuaj no:
- Los ntawm cov electrolysis ntawm melts los yog kev daws teeb meem ntawm halides - lawv cov tebchaw nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus los yog radicals.
- Los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lawv cov ntsev thiab cov concentrated sulfuric acid. Tab sis qhov no tsuas yog siv rau HF thiab HCl.
- HBr thiab HI tuaj yeem tau los ntawm hydrolysis ntawm phosphorus halides.
- Oxidation ntawm hydrohalic acids.
- HClO yog tau los ntawm hydrolysis hauv aqueous daws ntawm chlorine.
- HOBr yog tsim los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm dej thiab halogen.
Tab sis feem ntau muaj ntau txoj hauv kev kom tau, cov no tsuas yog piv txwv xwb. Tom qab tag nrho, halogens tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam. Fluorine yog siv los tsim cov roj nplua nyeem, chlorine yog siv rau tshuaj dawb thiab tshuaj tua kab mob, bromine yog siv hauv tshuaj thiab tsim cov khoom siv yees duab, thiab iodine tseem tsis tsim nyog tham txog.
