Ib qho ntawm cov khoom lag luam tshaj plaws hauv Lavxias yog lub ntsiab lus -nik- (-nits-). Kuv yuav tsum hais tias nws muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov consonants k / c. Qhov txawv nrog tsab ntawv "k" ua cov lus uas yog txiv neej, qhov sib txawv nrog tsab ntawv "c" cuam tshuam nrog cov lus ntawm poj niam txiv neej.
Nws ua cov lus nrog lub ntsiab lus zoo, uas yog, nws tshwm sim hauv cov npe. Cov lus nrog -nick-suffix tuaj yeem muab faib ua pawg raws li lawv lub ntsiab lus lexical.
Lo lus nrog lub ntsej muag lub ntsiab
Ntawm no yog pab pawg neeg semantic loj heev. Tag nrho cov lus hauv nws qhia tus neeg los ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, kev ua haujlwm, kev ua haujlwm.
Yog hais tias cov no yog txiv neej, lawv muaj lub ntsiab lus -nickname-, piv txwv ntawm cov lus xws li: boatman, tanner, gardener, forester, tub kawm ntawv, repairman, qias neeg, tub sab, agrarian, altynnik, apparatchik, balalaika, pamper, baluster, rambler, nees-tus tswv, khau khau, dawb-ticker,towpath, hlaws, neeg ua hauj lwm, fornicator, xiab taker, hangman, out of turn, water worker, tub rog thawj coj, magician, freedman, godfather, eighties, yim qib, rider, repeater, qib ob, sophomore, kawm tiav, eyeballer, goloshtannik, neeg yos hav zoov, tus miner, potter, tus kav nroog, neeg txhaum, neeg txhaum, tus neeg sau qoob loo, cov neeg nyob hauv lub caij ntuj sov, tus neeg saib xyuas, qib cuaj, qib kaum, tus thawj coj, tus tub kawm tiav, tus neeg tshuav nuj nqi, tus neeg ua haujlwm ua ntej, tus neeg ua haujlwm, tus neeg ua haujlwm preschooler, tus tiv thaiv, tus neeg nqa khoom, tus neeg txiav txim siab, tus kws ua yeeb yaj kiab, tus neeg ua yeeb yaj kiab, cov neeg hais lus phem, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, cov neeg siab phem, cov neeg nyiam ntshav, cov neeg nyiam, cov neeg ua khawv koob, cov neeg ua yeeb yam, cov neeg ua yeeb yam, cov neeg saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv, cov neeg ua haujlwm noj qab haus huv, miller, equestrian, cov phooj ywg zoo, cov tub ntxhais kawm zoo, phom, submariner, misanthrope, warlock, qib plaub, plaub -cov menyuam kawm ntawv xyoo, ntaus nruas, glutton, shabashnik, hatter, sharomyzhnik, qib rau, log tsheb nick, schoolboy, skinner, saddler, swordsman, skirter, snitch, pagan.
Yog hais tias lawv yog poj niam, lub npe denoting lawv muaj lub morpheme -nitz-: xib fwb, interlocutor, poj niam ua hauj lwm, charmer, tim khawv, neeg ua hauj lwm, poj niam, khawv koob, thiab lwm yam.
cog lus
Muaj cov npe hauv Lavxias nrog lub ntsiab lus -nick-, qhia txog tsob ntoo lossis qhov chaw uas nws loj hlob.
Piv txwv li: barberry, birch, vineyard, cherry, wolfberry, lichen, blackhead; vetelnik, mossman,alder, gooseberry, sunflower, broom, currant, raspberry, strawberry, blueberry, lingonberry, spruce, aspen, wren, buckthorn, hazel, aub sawv, barley, Berry.
Lo lus uas txhais tau tias tsev neeg
Lo lus nrog lub ntsiab lus -nick- (-nitz-) qhia cov tais diav lossis lwm yam hauv tsev. Piv txwv ntawm cov lus no: teapot, zaub xam lav, teapot, kas fes lauj kaub, stewpan, washstand, gravy nkoj, washbasin, kua txob lauj kaub, tureen, crouton tais, duckling.
Muaj ib pawg lus nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub cuab yeej, lub cuab yeej: lub tswb moos, tus neeg xyuas pib, lub tshuab nqus dej, lub twj tso kua dej, lub tshuab tua hluav taws, lub ntsuas kub, lub tshuab mis, lub tshuab nqa, lub thoob khib nyiab Cov khoom siv, lub dab tshos, lub xov tooj cua, lub boiler, lub tub yees, lub freezer, ib tug hlau soldering, ib tug tswm ciab.
Ib pawg tshwj xeeb suav nrog cov lus uas lub npe khoom noj lossis pluas noj: yav tsaus ntuj, tav su khoom noj txom ncauj, qos yaj ywm pancake, kurnik, gingerbread, pickle, cheesecake.
Lub ntsiab lus -nick- kuj ua cov lus nrog lub ntsiab lus "cov khaub ncaws": lub caij ntuj sov, lub tsho quilted, oversleeve, sweatshirt, ris tsho hauv qab, skew tsev kho mob.
Lo lus tsim los ntawm txoj kev ua ntej-suffix
Qee cov lus nrog -nick- cov lus tom qab yog tsim los ntawm kev ntxiv cov npe ua ntej thiab cov lus nyob rau tib lub sijhawm. Cov lus no kuj muaj lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb:
- khoom hauv qab ib yam dab tsi: qhov rais sill, armrest, khob tuav, headrest.
- khoom uas npog ib yam dab tsi: headband, tip,pob qhov rooj, armlet, hauv caug ncoo, muzzle, headphones.
- tus neeg tsis muaj dab tsi: stowaway, unmercenary, horseless, txaj muag, tsis muaj tsev nyob, spineless, atheist, dowry.
- neeg los yog khoom raws ib yam dab tsi: ciam teb, plantain.
Lub hom phiaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus no yog tsim los ntawm kev pab los ntawm cov lus tom qab, thiab lub ntsiab lus spatial yog qhia los ntawm prefix.
Yuav ua li cas thiaj paub qhov txawv ntawm –nick- thiab –ik- suffixes
Dab tsi yog cov lus tom qab zoo li tus kws kho tsheb? Yog koj hais tias -nick-, ces nws yuav yuam kev. Nyob rau hauv lo lus mechanic, lo lus-forming morpheme yog -ik-. Txhawm rau ua pov thawj qhov no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas lo lus: tus kws kho tsheb yog tus neeg muaj peev xwm los tswj cov txheej txheem, muaj tsab ntawv "n" hauv lub hauv paus tsim. Nws ua raws li lub ntsiab lus ntawm no yog -ik-.
Raws li tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, tib lub morpheme -ik-, thiab tsis -nik-, yog qhov txawv ntawm lo lus "sandstone", vim lo lus keeb kwm yog xuab zeb. Thiab ntawm lub plawv ntawm lo lus no muaj tsab ntawv "n"
Thiab nyob rau hauv lo lus lichen, twv yuav raug hu, lub ntsiab lus -nickname-. Nws yog muab los ntawm lo lus "deprive". Raws li koj tau pom, tsis muaj "n" ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lo lus no.
Yuav ua li cas ob lub consonants HH tshwm nyob rau hauv nouns
Ib lo lus ob zaug tshwm sim, raws li txoj cai, ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm morphemes, tshwj tsis yog, tau kawg, lo lus yog los ntawm txawv teb chaws. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias ib qho "n" yog hais txog lub qia ntawm cov lus tsim, thiab qhov thib ob "n" yog thawj tsab ntawv ntawm lub ntsiab lus. Koj tuaj yeem hais ua piv txwv cov lus nrog -nick-: bannik (bathhouse), wanderer (lub teb chaws), xaiv ib qho
Kev nyuaj yuav tshwm sim thaum qhov txawv ntawm cov lus tom qab -nick- lossis -n- thiab -ik:
Xav txog cov piv txwv: guard - guard (-nick-), xaiv ib - xaiv ib (-ik-). Yuav tsum kawm dab tsi hauv qhov no? Ib qho xwm txheej yooj yim heev: -nik- yog siv thaum lub npe raug tsim los ntawm lwm tus, thiab -ik- tsim ib lub npe los ntawm ib qho adjective lossis participle.
Ntawm no yog cov piv txwv ntawm cov lus uas lub ntsiab lus yog -nick- lossis -n- thiab -ik:
- -nick-: druzhin-nick (druzhina-n.), rowan-nick (rowan-n.), arshin-nick (arshin-n.), votchin-nick (v. d.-n.)
- -n+ -ik: hryvnia-n-ik (hryvnia - adj.), kon-n-ik (equestrian - adj.), root-n-ik (root - adj.), captive-n - ik (captive - adj.), dawb ceev-n-ik (sacred - adj.), own-n-ik (own - adj.), public-n-ik (public - adj.), xa-n-ik (xa - adj.), production-n-ik (production - adj.), related-n-ik (related - adj.), noob-n-ik (noob - adj.), modern-n-ik (modern - adj.), exiled-n-ik (exiled - adj.)
Lo lus nrog ib "n"
Ib tsab ntawv "n" yog sau rau cov npe uas yog tsim los ntawm adjectives lossis koom nrog ib tsab ntawv "n". Piv txwv ntawm cov lus uas ib tsab ntawv n sau: varen-ik (boiled), windy-ik (cua daj), gostin-its-a (chav nyob), drovyan-ik (ntoo-hlwb), hemp-ik(hemp), pob txha-ik-a (pob txha), maslen-nws-a (oily), peat-ik (peat).
Suffix –nick- in English
No cov lus nrog cov lus "satellite" thiab "beatnik" tau nkag rau hauv lus Askiv. Thawj lo lus yog paub rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb tom qab tso tawm thawj satellite ntawm lub ntiaj teb.
Lo lus thib ob yog txuam nrog lub npe ntawm tus neeg sau xov xwm Herba Cain, uas tau hais kom hu cov tiam neeg tawg rog lo lus "beatniks".
Yog li no, cov lus Lavxias tau nkag mus rau hauv lus Askiv thiab tsim nyob rau hauv nws tag nrho cov zes ntawm cov lus nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus neeg ua raws li qee yam kev coj cwj pwm.
Hauv lus Askiv, nws muab cov lus thuam, thuam lub ntsiab lus. Cov cuab yeej no muaj feem xyuam nrog kev qiv nyiaj, nco ntsoov Leo Tolstoy: nws siv Fabkis los qhia nws cov cim tsis zoo.
Hais txog ob lo lus Askiv muaj lo lus "nick" suffix. Piv txwv ntawm ib co ntawm lawv:
- neatnik - saib xyuas nws tus kheej;
- kev sib haum xeeb - tiv thaiv tsov rog;
- refusenik - txwv kev mus ncig;
- protestnik - neeg tawm tsam;
- draftnik - hu ua tub rog;
- Vietnik - ua haujlwm hauv Nyab Laj;
- folknik - fan of dab neeg;
- nudnik - tus neeg tho txawv;
- no-goodnik - tus neeg tsis tsim nyog uas tsis muaj dab tsi xav tau;
- Freudnik - tus ua raws ntawm Freud;
- Goethenik - qhuas ntawm Goethe;
- detentenik - tus txhawb nqa ntawm detente;
- computernik - kiv cua ntawm computer technology;
- real-estatenik - tus tswv vaj tse;
- sitnik - ib tug follower ntawm Buddhism.
Vim li no, muaj ib lub npe-nickname- hauv Lavxias uas tau ua haujlwm zoo hauv lus Askiv.
