Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ntau yam, tus neeg taw qhia nws tus kheej hauv ntiaj teb ib puag ncig nws. Nws yog los ntawm kev pom, hnov, hnov tsw thiab lwm yam kev xav uas peb hnov txog ib puag ncig sab nraud, paub txog kev phom sij. Txhua tus neeg cov kev ntsuas sib txawv yuav tsis tsim nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev. Peb yuav sim xyuas seb nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm dab tsi tus olfactory analyzer yog. Cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm, qhov tseem ceeb rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm ib qho ntawm lub cev xav tau tham hauv kab lus no.
Kev txhais ntawm lub cev olfactory
Ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig ib tus neeg pom nrog kev pab ntawm lub cev ntawm lub zeem muag, tab sis tsis muaj qhov hnov tsw, daim duab yuav tsis ci li, nkag siab.
Lub olfactory system yog tsim los paub txog cov khoom uas yog soluble thiab volatile. Cov kab ke no tsim cov duab kos duab hauv daim ntawv ntawm qee yam tsw. Tus nqi ntawm olfactory analyzer kuj yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias nws muaj peev xwm muab lub hom phiaj kev soj ntsuam ntawm huab cua, zaub mov thiab ib puag ncig zoo.
Yog peb piv cov khoom nruab nrog cev hauv tib neeg thiab tsiaj, peb tuaj yeem hais tias rautsiaj, lub cev no tseem ceeb heev. Tab sis tej zaum nws yuav tsis raug tsim los sib npaug rau txhua tus. Piv txwv li, muaj cov ntaub ntawv lub neej nyob rau hauv uas lub olfactory analyzer tau tsim zoo. Yog li, qee hom kab npauj npaim tuaj yeem pom lawv tus khub los ntawm kev hnov tsw ntawm qhov deb txog li 8 mais. Txhua leej txhua tus paub cov dev uas tuaj yeem taug kev ntawm ib tus neeg, coj los ntawm qhov tsw ntawm nws cov khoom.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev olfactory
Yog tias peb xav txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm olfactory analyzer, peb tuaj yeem nco ntsoov qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws:
- Kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom noj kom muaj txiaj ntsig thiab ntxim nyiam. Nrog rau qhov system no, koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov kev tsim nyog ntawm cov khoom.
- Tsim kev noj qab haus huv.
- Tus olfactory analyzer yog ncaj qha koom nrog kev teeb tsa lub plab zom mov rau kev ua zaub mov.
- Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov tshuaj phem rau tib neeg lub cev.
- Kev tsim ntawm kev sib deev tus cwj pwm, uas tuaj yeem hloov pauv raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm pheromones.
- Nrog kev koom tes ntawm tus ntsuas no, tus neeg tau taw qhia hauv ib puag ncig.
- Kev paub ntawm lub ntiaj teb sab nraud tsis tiav yog tsis muaj lub cev tsis hnov tsw.
Nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv cov neeg dig muag, lawv qhov hnov ntxhiab tsw tuaj yeem ua rau hnyav dua, thiab lawv tau hnov ntau yam zoo dua uas pab lawv taug kev hauv ntiaj teb.
Structure of the olfactory analyzer
Yog tias peb xav txog cov qauv ntawm lub cev kev nkag siab no, peb tuaj yeem nco ntsoov cov haujlwm hauv qab no:
- Pib. Nws suav nrog cov cell receptor nyob hauv qhov ntswg mucosa. Lawv xaus nyob rau hauv cilia surrounded los ntawmslime. Nws dissolves ntxhiab tsw. Kev sib cuam tshuam tshuaj lom neeg tshwm sim, uas hloov mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha impulse.
- Lub chaw ua haujlwm muaj cov hlab ntsha olfactory. Los ntawm nws, cov teeb liab los ntawm receptors mus rau lub forebrain, qhov twg lub teeb olfactory nyob. Thawj qhov kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nws, ces cov impulses yuav mus rau seem tom ntej ntawm lub analyzer.
- Lub hauv paus yog nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm lub cev thiab frontal lobes ntawm cerebral cortex. Nws nyob ntawm no tias qhov kev kawm kawg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau ua tiav, kev lees paub ntawm qhov tsis hnov tsw yog nqa tawm thiab cov lus teb kawg ntawm peb lub cev rau nws cov cawv yog tsim.
Cia peb paub txog cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov chaw haujlwm no kom ntxaws ntxiv.
Peripheral ib feem ntawm lub ntsuas ntsuas
Xav txog cov qauv ntawm olfactory analyzer, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau pib ntawm thawj ntu. Nws nyob hauv qhov ntswg kab noj hniav. Nyob rau hauv cov chaw no, cov mucous daim nyias nyias yog thickened me ntsis, npog nrog mucous secretions nyob rau hauv lub sab saum toj, uas plays lub luag hauj lwm tiv thaiv, tiv thaiv kom qhuav, thiab kuj koom nyob rau hauv kev tshem tawm cov seem irritants tom qab lawv raug lawm.
Qhov no yog qhov chaw sib cuag ntawm cov tshuaj tsw qab thiab receptor hlwb tshwm sim. Muaj ob hom cell hauv epithelium:
- Txhawb nqa. Lawv koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem metabolic.
- Olfactory. Cov no yog cov receptors lawv tus kheej, uas muaj ntau tus cilia kom nce qhov chaw sib cuag.
Olfactory cells muaj obtxheej txheem, ib tug ntawm uas txuas mus rau lub olfactory qhov muag teev, thiab lub thib ob muaj cov duab ntawm ib tug pas thiab xaus nrog ib tug npuas nrog cilia.
tus neeg saib xyuas
Lub chaw haujlwm no yog tsim los nqa cov ntaub ntawv, yog li nws tau sawv cev los ntawm cov hlab ntsha txoj hauv kev uas tsim cov hlab ntsha olfactory. Nws muaj cov khoom sib cais mus rau thalamus.
Kev sib txuas nrog limbic system tau pom, uas piav qhia txog qhov muaj kev xav hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev hnov qab. Piv txwv li, qee qhov ntxhiab tsw tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev zoo siab, lwm tus ntxub, thiab lwm yam.
Central Analyzer Section
Lub chaw haujlwm no suav nrog lub teeb pom kev zoo. Qhov no kuj suav nrog chav haujlwm hauv lub cev ntawm lub hlwb.
Nws yog txhua yam nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm piriformis lobe ntawm lub cortex hauv hippocampus.
Small mechanism
Rau qhov kev nkag siab zoo ntawm cov tshuaj ua kom khaus, lawv cov molecules yuav tsum ua ntej yaj hauv cov hnoos qeev uas nyob ib puag ncig cov receptor hlwb. Tom qab ntawd muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog cov protein tshwj xeeb ua rau hauv lub cell membrane.
Kev sib cuag li no tuaj yeem ua tau yog tias cov duab ntawm cov stimulus molecule phim cov duab ntawm cov protein. Cov tshuaj mucous tswj kev nkag mus tau ntawm receptor nto rau tsw molecules.
Tom qab cov stimulus molecule tau nkag mus rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov protein receptor, cov qauv ntawm cov kev hloov tom kawg, vim tias cov sodium ion channels hauv daim nyias nyias qhib. sodium ionsnkag mus rau hauv thiab tsim cov nqi zoo uas ua rau cov membrane depolarization.
Tus neeg nruab nrab raug tso tawm los ntawm receptor cell, uas ua rau pom cov paj hlwb hauv cov ntu ntawm cov paj hlwb. Yog li, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hlab ntsha impulses, olfactory excitation pib kis mus rau lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub analyzer.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev
Yog tias koj xav txog yuav ua li cas tib neeg olfactory analyzer ua haujlwm, ces tag nrho cov haujlwm tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob peb theem:
- Txhim kho qhov tsw ntxhiab rau cov receptor hlwb, uas xaus nrog kev sib txuas nrog cov protein receptor.
- Kev hloov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov tshuaj tsw qab mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha impulse. Cov theem no pib nrog kev sib txuas ntawm qhov stimulus rau lub receptor thiab xaus nrog lub cim ntawm paj hlwb impulses.
- Kev txav ntawm cov hlab ntsha impulse mus rau lub paj hlwb qis. Nws tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yog txav mus rau qhov muag olfactory.
- Impulse transformation in the olfactory noob.
- Txhim kho lub paj hlwb rau cov chaw olfactory siab dua.
- Tsim cov duab ntawm kev khaus khaus hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntxhiab tsw.
Tag nrho cov theem no ua raws ib leeg ua ntu zus. Yog tias pom muaj teeb meem lossis cuam tshuam ntawm ib qho ntawm lawv, nws tuaj yeem hais tau tias qhov kev nkag siab ntawm cov ntxhiab tsw tsis zoo.
Tus cwj pwm ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuas olfactory
Peb tau txheeb xyuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm tib neeg olfactory analyzer, tab sis nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias qhov kev hnov lus no tuaj yeem hloov kho. Qhov no tshwm sim nrog rau lub sij hawm raug rau ib qho irritant.
Kev hloov kho ntawm lub ntsuas ntsuas tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv ob peb feeb, thiab qee zaum nws yuav siv sijhawm txog tsib feeb. Nws tag nrho yog nyob ntawm ntau yam:
- Lub sijhawm tiv nrog tshuaj tsw qab.
- Irritant concentrations.
- Air flow rates.
Muaj ib pawg loj ntawm cov tshuaj tsw qab uas cov tshuaj ntsuas olfactory yoog sai. Lub sijhawm me ntsis dhau mus, thiab qhov tsis hnov tsw tsis hnov tsw. Ib qho piv txwv zoo yog qhov ua tiav kom haum rau qhov tsw ntawm koj lub cev, chav tsev, khoom.
Rau qee qhov kev quav tshuaj quav cawv yog tsim maj mam lossis tsuas yog qee qhov. Thaum raug qhov tsis muaj zog olfactory stimulus rau ib lub sij hawm luv luv, kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj yuav tshwm sim nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug nce nyob rau hauv lub rhiab heev ntawm no analyzer.
Nws twb tau tsim tsa tias kev txhim kho ntawm kev hloov pauv tsis yog nyob rau hauv thawj ntu ntawm cov ntsuas ntsuas, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov kawg, uas yog, cortical. Feem ntau, thaum tib cov tshuaj tsw qab ua rau lub sijhawm ntev, qhov ua kom pom tseeb ntawm kev zoo siab yog tsim nyob rau hauv cerebral cortex. Hauv cov xwm txheej no, qhov hnov tsw tsw kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum raug rau lwm yam stimuli. Qee lub sij hawm qhov kev xav no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab tshwm sim txawm tias tsis muaj stimuli. Hauv qhov no, peb tuaj yeem tham txog kev hnov lus, lossis illusions.
Nws tsuas tuaj yeem hais tau tseeb tias yog tias muaj kev hloov pauv rau ib qho tsis hnov tsw, ces qhov no yuav tsis cuam tshuam rau kev nkag siab ntawm lwm yam stimuli nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev, txij li tag nrho cov stimuli cuam tshuam.txawv receptors.
Smell theory
Tam sim no, paub ntau dua 10 txhiab yam tshuaj tsw qab. Tag nrho lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua xya chav kawm ntawm cov ntxhiab tsw tseem ceeb:
- paj.
- Mint.
- Ethereal.
- Ntshai.
- Camphor.
- Caustic.
Musk.
Yog tias muaj kev sib xyaw ntawm ntau cov ntxhiab tsw, ces nws cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas olfactory tuaj yeem pom tau tias nws yog qhov muaj ntxhiab tsw tshiab. Cov molecules ntawm ntau yam sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov duab sib txawv, piv txwv li, camphor tsw muaj ib puag ncig molecules, thiab musky ib tug muaj daim ntawv ntawm ib tug disk. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv kuj txawv ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob: qee qhov yuav muaj qhov zoo, thaum lwm tus yuav muaj qhov tsis zoo.
Muaj ntau txoj kev xav uas sim piav qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm kev hnov tsw. Tam sim no, feem ntau yog stereochemical, uas tau hais tias muaj ntau hom chaw ntawm daim nyias nyias ntawm receptor hlwb. Lawv txawv ntawm lawv cov qauv thiab electrophilicity. Nws yog lawv cov uas muaj peev xwm paub txog cov ntxhiab tsw ntawm cov duab thiab qhov loj me.
Ntau yam ntawm olfactory disorders
Dhau li ntawm qhov tseeb tias qhov ntsuas olfactory tsis sib npaug tsim rau txhua tus, ntxiv rau, qee qhov kev ua txhaum cai thiab kev sib txawv hauv nws txoj haujlwm tuaj yeem pom:
- Anosmia yog qhov tsis muaj peev xwm hnov qab.
- Hyposmia yog qhov txo qis ntawm kev hnov tsw.
- Hyperosmia, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tau pom nrog nce olfactory rhiab heev.
- Parosmia characterizes kev nkag siab tsis txaus ntawm tsw.
- Impaired differentiation.
- Qhov tshwm sim ntawm olfactory hallucinations.
- Olfactory agnosia tau teeb tsa yog tias tus neeg hnov tsw, tab sis tsis paub nws.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nrog lub hnub nyoog muaj qhov maj mam txo qis hauv olfactory rhiab heev. Lub olfactory analyzer tsis tuaj yeem paub cov ntxhiab tsw kom meej thiab sai. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau suav tias thaum muaj hnub nyoog 50 xyoo, tus neeg nruab nrab qhov hnov tsw tsw qab los ntawm ib nrab piv rau cov hluas.
Olfactory analyzer thiab nws lub hnub nyoog nta
Thawj thawj zaug thaum lub sij hawm intrauterine kev loj hlob ntawm lub olfactory analyzer, lub peripheral seem pib tsim. Qhov no tshwm sim ntxov li 8 lub lis piam ntawm kev loj hlob. Thaum kawg ntawm cev xeeb tub, los yog, los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub hli 8, lub analyzer no twb tsim tag nrho.
Twb tom qab yug me nyuam, koj tuaj yeem soj ntsuam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm tus menyuam mos kom hnov tsw. Qhov no manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub ntsej muag txav, kev hloov nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm lub plawv cov leeg, ua pa tus nqi, lub cev txoj hauj lwm.
Nws yog nrog kev pab ntawm ntxhiab tsw uas tus me nyuam paub qhov tsw ntawm nws niam. Qhov kev nkag siab ntawm lub cev no yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov khoom noj reflexes. Maj mam, thaum tus me nyuam loj hlob tuaj, muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv lub peev xwm ntawm tus neeg soj ntsuam kom sib txawv cov ntxhiab tsw. Lub subtlety thiab lub zog ntawm cov txheej txheem no nce ntawm lub hli 4.
Yog peb sib piv qhov muaj peev xwm pom thiab paub qhov txawv ntawm cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 5-6 thiab cov laus, peb tuaj yeem hais tias tom kawg muaj ntau dua.
Cov no yog lub hnub nyoog nta ntawm olfactory analyzer. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem hais tias vim yog kev cob qhia ua haujlwm, koj tuaj yeem txhim kho koj qhov hnov ntxhiab tsw, tab sis cov neeg haus luam yeeb hnyav yuav poob lawv qhov kev nkag siab zoo, txij li cov khoom siv ntawm cov pa luam yeeb tsis zoo cuam tshuam rau receptors. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kab mob nquag ntawm lub qhov ntswg ua rau txo qis qhov hnov tsw tsw.
Yog li peb tau txiav txim siab qhov ntsuas olfactory. Nws cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm tau piav qhia nrog txhua qhov kev nkag tau yooj yim. Nws muaj kev ruaj ntseg hais tias tag nrho cov kev xav hauv nruab nrog cev yog qhov tseem ceeb rau tib neeg. Yog hais tias muaj teeb meem tau pom nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm tsawg kawg yog ib tug analyzer, ces peb muaj peev xwm hais tias qhov txaus ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ib puag ncig yog txo, tag nrho cov kev xav ntawm lub neej ploj mus. Saib xyuas koj tus kheej thiab koj lub siab.
