Demecology yog kev qhuab qhia kev tshawb fawb uas txiav txim siab txog kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kab mob nyob uas yog ib feem ntawm cov neeg sib txawv. Ib hom kev sib cuam tshuam zoo li no yog kev sib tw sib tw. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav xav txog nws cov yam ntxwv, cov qauv ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawm tsam rau thaj chaw, zaub mov thiab lwm yam kab mob abiotic hauv cov kab mob uas nyob hauv ntuj tsim thiab khoom siv biogeocinoses.
Txoj kab thiab ecological yam ntxwv
Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm kev loj hlob, biological taxa (pab pawg nrog ib co commonality) hloov mus rau abiotic thiab biotic yam ntawm xwm. Cov qub muaj xws li kev nyab xeeb, tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm av, dej thiab huab cua, thiab lwm yam, thiab tom kawg - qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm qee hom rau lwm tus.
Cov tib neeg ntawm tib hom tsiaj nyob tsis sib xws hauv qee thaj chaw ntawm biotopes. Lawv pawg hu ua pejxeem. Cov zej zog ntawm tib hom tas licuam tshuam nrog cov pejxeem ntawm lwm hom. Qhov no txiav txim siab nws txoj haujlwm hauv biogeocenosis, uas yog hu ua ecological niche.
Kev sib tw tshwj xeeb, ib qho piv txwv uas peb yuav txiav txim siab hauv kab lus, tshwm sim ncaj qha rau hauv qhov chaw uas thaj tsam ntawm cov zej zog ntawm ntau hom sib txawv thiab tuaj yeem ua rau cov neeg tuag ntawm ib qho ntawm lawv. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv kev sim ntawm Lavxias teb sab kws tshawb fawb G. Gauze, ob hom ciliates tsim nyob rau tib qhov nruab nrab nutrient. Ib tug ntawm lawv pib ua kom nquag plias thiab loj hlob ntawm tus nqi ntawm lwm tus. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov hom tsis muaj zog tau raug tshem tawm tag nrho (tuag lawm) hauv 20 hnub.
Dab tsi ua rau ntau qhov sib tshooj
Yog tias thaj chaw ntawm ob hom sib txawv sib koom ua ke hauv qee thaj chaw ntawm biotope, ces qhov sib txawv muaj zog heev tshwm sim ntawm cov tib neeg hauv cov qauv sab nraud, cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev puberty thiab mating. Lawv hu ua feature bias.
Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm thaj tsam, qhov twg cov kab mob ntawm tib hom nyob, lawv cov pej xeem sib sau ua ke nrog cov zej zog sawv cev los ntawm cov tib neeg ntawm lwm hom. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thib ob muaj kev xyaum tsis muaj kev sib tw sib tw ntawm cov pej xeem. Qhov piv txwv nrog finches, pom los ntawm Charles Darwin hauv Galapagos Islands, thaum nws ncig thoob ntiaj teb ntawm Beagle frigate, yog qhov kev lees paub tseeb ntawm qhov no.
Txoj cai ntawm kev sib tw tsis suav nrog
Tus kws tshawb fawb saum toj saud G. Gauze tau tsim cov qauv ecological tseem ceeb: yog trophic thiab lwm yam kev xav tau ntawm cov pejxeemob hom sib txawv coincide, ces xws taxa ua kev sib tw. Qhov no tsis suav nrog lawv qhov kev sib koom ua ke ntxiv hauv tib cheeb tsam, txij li kev sib tw sib txawv tshwm sim ntawm lawv. Ib qho piv txwv uas qhia txog nws yog qhov hloov pauv ntawm kev nplua nuj ntawm perch, rudd thiab roach noj nyob rau hauv tib lub reservoir. Roach kib yog cov nquag nquag thiab voracious, yog li lawv ua tiav cov tub ntxhais hluas perch thiab rudd.
Sympatric thiab allopatric taxa
Lawv tau tshwm sim los ntawm thaj chaw speciation. Xav txog cov hom hu ua allopatric. Txhawm rau piav qhia qhov tseeb ntawm lawv cov tsos, cov ntaub ntawv hauv geology thiab paleogeography yog siv. Cov tib neeg ntawm cov zej zog zoo li no sib tw nrog ib leeg heev, vim lawv xav tau cov khoom noj tib yam. Nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb no uas ua rau muaj kev sib tw sib txawv.
Piv txwv ntawm cov tsiaj uas tau dhau los ntawm thaj chaw tshwj xeeb yog North American beavers thiab minks. Ntau pua txhiab xyoo dhau los, Asia thiab North America tau txuas nrog av.
Aboriginal hom nas nyob rau hauv av loj. Thaum lub Bering Strait tau tshwm sim, Eurasian thiab Asmeskas cov pej xeem ntawm cov tsiaj no, raws li kev sib txawv, tsim hom tshiab uas sib tw. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tib neeg ntawm cov pej xeem tau nthuav dav los ntawm kev hloov pauv.
Kev sib tw sib tw puas tuaj yeem txo qis?
Cia peb qhia meej ib zaug ntxiv tias hauv de-ecology interspecifickev sib tw yog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kab mob uas yog ib feem ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm ntau hom thiab xav tau cov peev txheej zoo sib xws uas tsim nyog rau lawv txoj kev ua neej. Nws tuaj yeem yog qhov chaw biotope, lub teeb, noo noo thiab, tau kawg, zaub mov.
Raws li tej yam ntuj tso, cov zej zog ntawm cov se sib txawv sib koom ib cheeb tsam ntawm ntau yam thiab cov khoom noj tuaj yeem txo qis kev sib tw hauv ntau txoj hauv kev. Kev sib tw ntawm kev sib tw yuav txo qis li cas? Ib qho piv txwv yog kev faib ntawm ntau yam, ua rau ntau hom zaub mov rau cov dej fowl - cov cormorant zoo thiab lub qhov ntswg ntev cormorant. Txawm hais tias lawv nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam, cov tib neeg ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm thawj hom pub rau cov kab mob benthic ntawm invertebrates thiab ntses, thiab ntawm ob hom lawv tau txais zaub mov nyob rau hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov dej..
Kev sib tw tshwj xeeb kuj yog yam ntxwv ntawm cov kab mob autotrophic. Herbaceous hom thiab tsob ntoo zoo li cov ntaub ntawv yog cov piv txwv ntawm cov nroj tsuag uas paub meej tias qhov txo qis ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawm tsam rau lub neej. Cov pejxeem no muaj ntau theem hauv paus, uas ua kom muaj kev sib cais ntawm cov av txheej los ntawm cov nroj tsuag nqus dej thiab cov zaub mov. Cov nroj tsuag uas tsim hauv pem teb hauv hav zoov (anemone ranunculus, oxalis, bearberry) muaj lub hauv paus ntev ntawm ob peb millimeters mus rau 10 centimeters, thiab tsob ntoo perennial hom gymnosperms thiab paj paj - los ntawm 1.2 m txog 3.5 m.
Kev sib tw sib tw
daim ntawv no tshwm sim thaum ntau hom siv tib yam ecological yam lossis cov peev txheej. Feem ntau qhov no yog ib qho khoom noj khoom haus. Hauv kab, xws li cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu,kev sib tw sib tw yog dav.
Piv txwv, duab thiab piav qhia ntawm qhov kev sim hauv qab no, piav qhia R. Park qhov kev tshawb fawb, ua tiav hauv chav kuaj. Tus kws tshawb fawb siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev sim ob hom kab teej tug mus rau tsev neeg ntawm maub beetles - martyrs (flour beetles).
Cov tib neeg ntawm cov tsiaj no sib tw ua zaub mov (khoom noj) thiab yog cov tsiaj nyeg (lawv noj lwm hom kab).
Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev sim, cov yam ntxwv abiotic hloov pauv: kub thiab av noo. Nrog lawv, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm cov zej zog ntawm ib lossis lwm hom hloov pauv. Tom qab ib lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig khoom tsim (ib lub thawv ntawm hmoov), cov tib neeg ntawm tsuas yog ib hom tau pom, thaum lwm yam ploj lawm.
Kev sib tw ua lag luam
Nws tshwm sim los ntawm lub hom phiaj kev tawm tsam ntawm cov kab mob ntawm ntau hom rau ib qho abiotic yam tsawg kawg nkaus: zaub mov, thaj chaw. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm daim ntawv no ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ecological yog kev pub noog ntawm cov tsiaj sib txawv ntawm tib tsob ntoo, tab sis nyob rau hauv nws cov qib sib txawv.
Yog li, kev sib tw tshwj xeeb yog hauv biology ib hom kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab mob uas ua rau:
- rau qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm ntau hom rau hauv qhov tsis sib haum xeeb ecological niches;
- rau kev tshem tawm ntawm ib hom yas tsawg dua los ntawm biogeocinosis;
- rau kev tshem tawm tag nrho ntawm cov tib neeg hauv cov pejxeem ntawm kev sib tw taxon.
Ecological niche thiab nws cov kev txwv,txuam nrog kev sib tw tshwj xeeb
Cov kev tshawb fawb Ecological tau tsim kom muaj biogeocinoses muaj ntau yam ecological niches raws li muaj cov tsiaj nyob hauv ib qho ecosystem. Qhov chaw nyob ze dua cov ecological niches ntawm cov zej zog ntawm cov se tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv biotope, qhov hnyav dua lawv qhov kev tawm tsam rau ib puag ncig zoo dua:
- ib thaj chaw;
- stern puag;
- lub sijhawm muaj neeg nyob.
Cov no yog peb qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv ib puag ncig tiag tiag. Nws kho cov kev txwv ntawm hom kev muaj nyob ntawm cov pej xeem, xws li kab mob parasitism, kev sib tw, kev ua phem, kev nqaim ntawm ntau, txo cov khoom noj khoom haus.
Txo qhov siab ntawm ib puag ncig hauv biotope tshwm sim raws li hauv qab no:
- tiering in mixed forest;
- ntau qhov chaw nyob rau larvae thiab cov neeg laus. Yog li, nyob rau hauv dragonflies, naiads nyob rau hauv cov dej nroj tsuag, thiab cov neeg laus tau mastered rau huab cua puag ncig; Nyob rau hauv lub Tsib Hlis, cov larvae nyob rau hauv lub Upper txheej ntawm cov av, thiab cov laus kab nyob rau hauv av-air qhov chaw.
Txhua qhov xwm txheej no qhia txog lub tswv yim xws li kev sib tw tshwj xeeb. Cov tsiaj thiab cov nroj tsuag piv txwv saum toj no txhawb qhov no.
Kev sib tw ntawm kev sib tw sib tw
Peb tab tom xav txog qhov tshwm sim thoob plaws hauv cov tsiaj qus, uas yog kev sib tw sib txawv. Piv txwv - biology thiab ecology (raws li ib feem ntawm nws) - qhia peb cov txheej txheem no ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub nceeg vaj ntawm fungi thiab nroj tsuag, thiab nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj kingdom.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib tw tshwj xeeb suav nrog kev sib koom ua ke thiab hloov pauv ntawm hom, nrog rau kev sib txawv ntawm ecological. Thawj qhov tshwm sim tau txuas ntxiv mus rau lub sijhawm, thiab cov tsiaj muaj feem cuam tshuam hauv ecosystem tsis nce lawv cov lej, vim tias muaj qhov tshwj xeeb uas cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov pejxeem. Kev hloov ntawm cov tsiaj, raws li txoj cai ntawm kev sib tw tsis suav nrog, yog ib qho kev sib tw siab ntawm ntau hom yas thiab sertile, uas inevitably entails kev tuag ntawm ib tug neeg - tus neeg sib tw.
Ecological sib txawv (divergence) ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv me me, hom tshwj xeeb heev. Lawv tau yoog rau cov cheeb tsam ntawm ntau qhov chaw uas lawv muaj qhov zoo (hauv cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntawv luam tawm, khoom noj khoom haus).
Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sib txawv, ob qho tib si sib tw hom txo lawv cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov noob caj noob ces thiab nyiam mus rau cov noob caj noob ces. Qhov no yog vim hais tias nyob rau hauv cov zej zog zoo li no, lub stabilizing daim ntawv ntawm tej yam ntuj tso xaiv yuav dominate nyob rau hauv lub tsav tsheb thiab cuam tshuam hom.
