Potash yog lub npe tsis raug rau cov tshuaj uas kws tshuaj hu ua potassium carbonate. Cov ntsev no tau paub rau tib neeg txij li thaum ub, vim nws muaj nyob hauv cov tshauv. Yav dhau los, lo lus no tau hu ua precisely lub qhuav residue tom qab evaporation ntawm ib tug tov ntawm cov nroj tsuag combustion khoom. Yog li, tam sim no paub dab tsi txog potash?
Formula
Lwm lub npe rau cov tshuaj no yog potassium carbonate. Thiab nws cov tshuaj formula yog sau li no - K2CO3. Nws yog ib qho nruab nrab ntsev ntawm poov tshuaj thiab carbonic acid. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov tshuaj potash tsis yog acidic lossis yooj yim, nws yog nruab nrab. Tau ntev lawm tsis meej pem nrog baking soda - NaHCO3.
History of discovery and study
Yog lawm, peb tsis paub tseeb tias leej twg yog tus thawj zaug tau txais potash, vim nws tau paub hauv Ancient Greece thiab Rome. Tom qab ntawd nws raug cais tawm ntawm cov tshauv thiab siv rau kev ntxuav. Nws yog qhov xav paub tias ntev ntev nws tau tsis meej pem nrog lwm yam tshuaj - potassium bicarbonate. Paub txog peb baking soda, potash - ua ke lawv tau hu ua alkaline los yog alkaline ntsev. Lawv pib paub qhov txawv ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub XVIII-XIX centuries. Thawj zaug qhov no tau paub hauv 1759Xyoo, thaum Andreas Marggraf tsim kom muaj dej qab zib yog cov ntxhia alkali, thaum potash yog zaub. Thiab xyoo 1807, Humphry Davy tau tsim cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm txhua yam ntawm cov tshuaj no.
Thawj qhov hais txog kev tsim cov potash hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 14th. Qhov loj tshaj ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam nyob hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Scandinavian lub teb chaws. Potassium carbonate tau siv rau hauv cov chaw tsim tshuaj ntxuav tes, kev lag luam ntaub, dyeing nroj tsuag. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th, Russia kuj tau koom nrog kev sib tw. Ua ntej no, lawv tsis paub yuav ua li cas cais potash los ntawm tshauv, tab sis tsuas yog exported combustion khoom nrog rau, piv txwv li, furs. Kev lag luam iav, ob qho tib si hauv Russia thiab txawv teb chaws, kuj xav tau cov tshuaj no. Kev thov tau nce, thiab yog li tau muab.
Los ntawm txoj kev, lub npe "potash" yog ib qho lus qhia ntawm qhov nws tau txais thaum ub. Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob rau hauv Latin nws suab zoo li potassa, uas nyob rau hauv lem yog ib tug fusion ntawm lo lus " tshauv" thiab "pot".
Tshuaj thiab lub cev muaj zog
Thaum kev sim nrog cov tshuaj no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qee yam zoo hauv nws. Nws yog tam sim no paub tias, nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob, ntshiab potash yog ib tug khoom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tsis muaj kob muaju los yog ib tug dawb hmoov. Nws qhov ceev yog 2.43g / cm3. Lub melting point ntawm poov tshuaj carbonate yog 891 degrees Celsius. Highly hygroscopic.
Cov tshuaj no tsis tawg lossis tawg. Ua rau khaus ntawm kev sib cuag nrog daim tawv nqaij ntub los yog mucous daim nyias nyias. Yog li,Nws raug cais raws li qhov kev phom sij thib peb.
Ntau yam thiab cov ntawv
Muaj ob hom potash: calcined thiab ib thiab ib nrab dej. Tsis zoo li qhov thib ob, thawj daim ntawv tsis muaj dej - hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm calcination, nws
evaporates thiab tseem tshem tawm cov organic teeb meem, ua rau cov tshuaj potassium carbonate ntawm hom no dhau los ua tsis muaj xim.
Ntxiv rau, potash kuj txawv ntawm ntau yam, tsuas muaj peb. Qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom kawg yog nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm impurities xws li hlau, txhuas, chlorides, sodium thiab sulfate ntsev. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum muab cov qhab nia, qhov loj feem ntawm cov nag lossis daus uas tau los nag hauv qhov kev daws teeb meem thiab qhov poob ntawm qhov hluav taws xob raug suav nrog.
Production
Txawm hais tias kev siv cov potash tsis tshwm sim ntawm qhov loj loj xws li dej qab zib, nws tseem siv tau los ntawm tib neeg. Tab sis ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, koj yuav tsum tau txais nws. Hauv me me, koj tuaj yeem ua nws hauv tsev.
Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho, koj yuav tsum tau txais ntawm koj pov tseg cov tshauv ntawm tsob ntoo keeb kwm. Tom qab ntawd koj yuav tsum tau yaj nws hauv ib qho dej kub, do zoo thiab tos ib pliag. Tom ntej no, koj yuav tsum tau pib evaporating cov tshuaj potash nrog ib tug sib tov ntawm cov organic tshuaj, uas yuav ua rau crystals ntog. Yog lawm, potassium carbonate cais nyob rau hauv txoj kev no yuav tsis zoo, thiab kev siv zog siv ntau dhau los piv rau tus nqi. Yog li, tau kawg, yam txawv ntawm qhov ntsuas kev lag luam.
Yog li, cov tshuaj aqueous ntawm potassium carbonateinteracts with CO2 to form KHCO3. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, yog rhuab, thiab dej thiab carbon dioxide raug tso tawm, cov seem yog cov thawj potash.
Muaj ntau ntau txoj hauv kev kom tau txais cov tshuaj no, tab sis qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab siv tau zoo tshaj yog cov tau piav qhia ua ntej.
Kev ua haujlwm
Raws li twb tau hais lawm, muaj ob hom potash - calcined thiab ib thiab ib nrab dej. Yuav ua li cas potassium carbonate ua kom tau ib lossis lwm yam?
Ua ntej tshaj, txawm tias lawv cov qauv txawv. Ib thiab ib nrab dej zoo li no: K2CO3+1, 5H2O, uas yog, nws muaj dej chiv. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog hygroscopic ntau dua li qub. Ib daim ntawv tsis muaj dej kuj tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm daim ntawv no - nws txaus los ua kom sov cov hmoov rau 130-160 degrees Celsius.
Daim ntawv calcined yog tau los ntawm kev ua cov poov tshuaj carbonate tau los ntawm evaporating ib qho kev daws ntawm tshauv hauv cov vats ntoo. Cov khoom no tsis yog
yog huv si, yog li nws yuav tsum tau calcined los yog calcined. Tom qab ua tiav ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem no, cov poov tshuaj carbonate hmoov hloov xim dawb, thiab nws cov tshuaj tsis muaj xim kiag li. Hauv qhov no, cov khoom tsis muaj dej.
Siv
Rau lub sijhawm ntev thiab txog niaj hnub no, potassium carbonate nyob rau hauv ntau hom yog siv nyob rau hauv ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm kev lag luam thiab rau ntau yam hom phiaj. Piv txwv li, nws muaj peev xwm ua kom huv huv mus txogtseem siv rau hauv kev tsim cov kua xab npum thiab lwm yam tshuaj hauv tsev.
Ntxiv rau, potash yog ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov tshuaj khib nyiab. Yog li ntawd, nws tso cai rau cov khoom sib tov kom tiv taus txias dua, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txuas ntxiv tsev txawm tias qhov kub tsis tshua muaj siab. Nws qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb tshaj li cov analogues yog tias nws tsis ua rau corrosion ntawm cov qauv, nrog rau kev tsim ntawm efflorescence, uas tuaj yeem
cuam tshuam lub zog ntawm cov qauv.
Potassium carbonate tseem siv hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv lead ua thiab iav kom zoo optics. Tsis muaj kev hloov pauv rau nws hauv qhov teeb meem no. Tsis muaj analogues ntawm cov tshuaj no, piv txwv li, hauv kev tsim cov iav refractory.
Potash feem ntau yog ib feem ntawm cov xim, thiab hauv kev lag luam tshuaj nws yog siv los nqus hydrogen sulfide los ntawm cov roj sib tov - nws tiv nrog qhov no zoo dua li dej qab zib. Nws kuj muaj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov chaw muag tshuaj: potassium carbonate koom nrog qee qhov kev cuam tshuam, thiab hauv qee qhov chaw zoo li tshwm sim. Lwm thaj chaw ntawm daim ntawv thov yog hluav taws kub sib ntaus. Nws yog nrog cov tshuaj no uas cov qauv ntoo raug kho, yog li ua rau lawv cov hluav taws kub hnyiab.
Tshwj xeeb, potash kuj yog kev noj haus ntxiv. Nws cov cai yog E501, yog li nws belongs rau chav kawm E. Rau ib pliag nws tau siv rau hauv cov khoom qab zib, piv txwv li, hauv kev tsim cov gingerbread. Hauv kev lag luam teeb pom kev zoo, cov tshuaj no kuj koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hnav khaub ncaws tawv.
Thaum kawg, muaj kev cia siab siab rau kev siv cov potash hauv kev tsim khoomnon-chlorine potash chiv. Tshauv tau siv rau hauv lub peev xwm no tau ntev, tab sis nyob rau hauv kaum xyoo tsis ntev los no nws tau raug hloov los ntawm kev lag luam txau. Tej zaum, nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, ib txoj kev paub rau lub sij hawm ntev thiab yog qhov teeb meem tsawg tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog cov ntxhia chiv siv tam sim no yuav siv rau ib tug loj scale.
Lwm yam nta
Vim tias potash yog cov khoom siv hygroscopic heev, nws cov ntim, khaws cia thiab kev thauj mus los tau nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb. Raws li txoj cai, lub hnab tsib-txheej yog siv los ntim cov poov tshuaj carbonate. Nov yog tib txoj hauv kev kom tsis txhob plam cov dej nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom no.
Tsis tas li, xav tsis thoob, txawm tias nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo nrog H 2O, potassium carbonate yog insoluble hauv acetone thiab ethanol.
