Hauv Lavxias, cov lus nquag thiab tsis muaj zog yog qhov txawv. Thawj pab pawg muaj cov lus uas peb txhua tus siv yuav luag txhua hnub, pab pawg thib ob suav nrog cov lus tsis tshua siv hauv kev hais lus. Cov no muaj xws li archaisms, historicisms, neologisms. Lawv txoj kev kawm muaj nyob rau hauv seem "Vocabulary thiab Lexicology".
Cov lus nquag thiab ntuav
Cov lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab muaj ntau lab lo lus. Linguists faib tag nrho cov lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus rau hauv ob pawg loj - cov lus nquag thiab passive.
Cov ntsiab lus Passive suav nrog cov lus uas tus neeg paub lossis paub tau rau lawv, tab sis tsis tshua siv. Muaj archaisms, historicisms, neologisms.
Cov lus nquag muaj xws li cov lus uas peb siv ntau zaus. Cov no suav nrog cov lus sib txuas thiab cov lus, cov lus uas peb xaiv lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig peb. Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm rooj tog, khaub ncaws, khoom, cov lus rau tsev neeg ties, kev ua hauj lwm, lub npe ntawm tus cwj pwm txawv thiab ntau lwm yam.
Cov lus nquag thiab ntuav ntawm txhua tus neeg yog tus kheej thiab nyob ntawm hnub nyoog, qhov chaw nyob, kev ua haujlwm. Thoob plaws hauv peb lub neej, nws qhov ntim hloov pauv hauv ib qho kev taw qhia lossis lwm qhov, nyob ntawm ntau yam.
Vocabulary Passive
Cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg suav nrog cov lus siv tsis tau thiab cov lus tshiab.
Ntawm cov lus uas tsis siv lawm, muaj ob pawg loj: archaisms thiab historicisms. Peb yuav tham txog lawv ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, xav txog lub ntsiab lus, lub luag hauj lwm uas archaisms thiab historicisms ua, piv txwv ntawm cov lus feem ntau.
cov lus tshiab ua ib feem me me ntawm cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg thiab hu ua neologisms. Tom ntej no, peb yuav txheeb xyuas lawv lub tswv yim thiab cov laj thawj rau lawv qhov tshwm sim hauv kev hais lus.
Archaisms
Pib nrog, cia peb txheeb xyuas cov lus qub - archaisms thiab historicisms. Archaisms yog cov lus qub uas tam sim no tsis siv. Cov no yog cov npe qub ntawm cov khoom niaj hnub lossis cov npe. Feem ntau, archaisms raug hloov los ntawm lwm cov lus uas lub npe tib lub ntsiab lus thiab cov khoom raws li lo lus uas tsis siv lawm. Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj cov analogue niaj hnub no, hauv lwm lo lus, cov lus sib txawv.
Vim txoj kev kawm, archaisms yog:
- Lexical lo lus uas tau hloov los ntawm cov lus uas muaj lwm cov hauv paus hniav. Cov lus no nyuaj rau kev nkag siab yam tsis paub lawv txhais lus lossis lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Qhov no suav nrog cov lus xws li qhov ncauj - daim di ncauj, ntiv tes - ntiv tes, tus txhais lus - tus txhais lus.
- Lexical thiab derivational. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, archaism thiabnws niaj hnub version muaj tib lub hauv paus, tab sis txawv ntawm lo lus-tsim morphemes. Piv txwv, tus paub yog tus paub, tus neeg nuv ntses yog tus neeg nuv ntses.
- Lexico-phonetic - txawv ntawm cov niaj hnub version hauv phonetic tsim. Piv txwv li, piit yog tus kws sau paj huam, keeb kwm yog zaj dab neeg, tus lej yog tus lej.
- Lexico-semantic. Qhov no suav nrog archaisms uas tseem ua haujlwm hauv cov lus, thaum muaj lub ntsiab lus sib txawv. Piv txwv li, lo lus txaj muag siv txhais tau hais tias lub ntsej muag, tab sis niaj hnub no txhais tau tias kev txaj muag lossis kev txaj muag.
Thaum kawg ntawm tsab xov xwm, peb yuav xav txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm archaisms hauv Lavxias, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov ntawv nyeem. Archaisms tau sau tseg rau hauv phau ntawv txhais lus piav qhia uas cim "tam sim no".
Historisms
Historicisms yog cov lus uas siv los hais txog cov lus thiab cov khoom uas muaj yav dhau los, tab sis twb ploj mus ntawm peb lub neej. Historicisms, piv txwv uas peb ntsib feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, yog tub ceev xwm, stationmaster, pud, thiab hais txog. Cov ntsiab lus no ua haujlwm niaj hnub no hauv cov haujlwm keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm, cov phau ntawv qub thiab ntawv xov xwm.
Historicisms suav nrog cov lus uas qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub neej, lub npe ntawm cov tsev haujlwm, cov neeg thiab cov haujlwm, cov tub rog, cov khoom thiab cov cuab yeej cuab tam, cov khoom qub ntawm kev ntsuas, txiaj, khoom hauv tsev. Piv txwv li: tavern, caftan, mace, altyn, serf, tus kav nroog, gunner.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias keeb kwm tsis muaj cov lus sib piv. Qhov no tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov, vim nws yog ib qho ntawm cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm.
Words-historicisms kuj muaj nyob rau hauv cov lus piav qhia uas cim "tam sim no", tsis tshua muaj "ist". Ntau yam dictionaries ntawm historicisms kuj tau luam tawm, qhov twg koj tuaj yeem pom tsis yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus, tab sis kuj tau paub txog cov duab ntawm cov khoom uas qhia txog lub tswv yim.
Historicisms thiab archaisms: qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tswv yim
Ntau zaus, cov menyuam kawm ntawv thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm, thiab tsuas yog cov tib neeg uas tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog philology, cov lus nug tshwm sim: archaisms txawv ntawm keeb kwm li cas? Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb yog tias archaism yog ib qho kev tsim tawm ntawm cov khoom lossis lub tswv yim uas tseem muaj nyob hauv peb lub neej. Historicism, ntawm qhov tod tes, qhia txog cov ntsiab lus thiab cov khoom uas tau siv ntev lawm.
Raws li twb tau sau tseg, lwm qhov tshwj xeeb - archaisms muaj cov lus sib piv, keeb kwm - tsis yog. Raws li ob qhov tshwj xeeb no, ib tus tuaj yeem xam tau yooj yim uas qeb ib lo lus uas tsis siv lawm yog rau.
Neologisms
Neologisms yog cov lus uas tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim tshiab lossis cov tswv yim. Qee lub sij hawm, lo lus raug suav hais tias yog neologism, tom qab ntawd nws tau dhau los ua ib txwm siv thiab suav nrog cov lus nquag ntawm cov lus.
Neologisms ob leeg tuaj yeem tshwm sim vim yog kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis, thiab tawm los ntawm tus cwj mem ntawm tus sau. Yog li, F. M. Dostoevsky tau los ua tus sau lo lus "yuav tsum nyob hauv qhov tsaus ntuj", thiab N. M. Karamzin tau qhia lo lus "kev lag luam" rau hauv cov lus. Raws li qhov no, tus kws sau ntawv thiab cov lus dav dav neologisms txawv.
Nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv, cov lus xws li tsheb, foob pob ua ntxaij, laptop, xa ntawv thiab ntau lwm yam yog neologisms. Thaum siv neologisms mus txog nwsncov thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus tau meej meej rau txhua tus, cov lus no cia li ua ib txwm.
Yog hais tias keeb kwm thiab archaisms raug kaw hauv phau ntawv txhais lus nrog cov cim tshwj xeeb, ces neologisms tau nkag mus rau hauv phau ntawv txhais lus tsuas yog tom qab lawv suav nrog hauv cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov lus. Muaj tseeb tiag, nyob rau xyoo tas los no, cov phau ntawv txhais lus tshwj xeeb ntawm neologisms tau pib luam tawm.
Kev tshwm sim
Peb tau tshuaj xyuas archaisms, historicisms, neologisms. Tam sim no ob peb lo lus hais txog qhov laj thawj ntawm lawv qhov tshwm sim.
Qhov laj thawj ntawm kev hloov ntawm cov lus los ntawm cov lus nquag mus rau cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg tseem tsis tau kawm kom ntxaws. Thiab yog hais tias txhua yam yog ntau dua los yog tsawg meej nrog historicisms, txij li thaum tom qab ploj ntawm lub tswv yim, lo lus denoting nws mus rau hauv ib tug passive cia, ces nrog archaisms txhua yam yog ntau nyuaj.
Qhov feem ntau ua rau archaisms yog: ntau yam kev hloov pauv hauv kev coj noj coj ua, ntau yam lus piav qhia - kev cuam tshuam ntawm lwm yam lus, kev sib txuas lus stylistic, kev hloov kho lus.
Lub ntsiab yog vim li cas rau qhov pom ntawm neologisms suav nrog:
- ntau yam kev hloov pauv hauv lub neej kev sib raug zoo;
- kev vam meej, uas yog, qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov khoom tshiab, tswv yim thiab tshwm sim.
Hnub no, feem ntau neologisms cuam tshuam nrog kev txhim kho computer science thiab computer technology.
Stylistic meaning
Ib ob peb lo lus hais txog lub luag haujlwm stylistic ntawm cov lus suav nrog hauv cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov lus Lavxias. Cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau siv cov pawg lus hauv cov ntawv tseeb.
Yog li, kev siv cov archaisms pab tus kws sau ntawv kom raug rov tsim dua lub sijhawm piav qhia, ua tus cwj pwm nrog kev pab ntawm nws cov lus. Muaj tseeb koj tau pom tias hauv kev hais lus ntawm qee cov cim, ib lub ntsiab lus yeej, piv txwv li, niaj hnub ntau dua, hauv kev hais lus ntawm lwm tus - lwm tus, outdated lossis dialectic. Yog li, tus kws sau ntawv kos ib qho kev xav thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus cwj pwm.
Lawv kuj tau siv hauv kev hais lus paj huam kom muaj xim zoo nkauj, zoo nkauj rau kev ua haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv satire, archaisms pab los tsim ib tug comic los yog satirical nyhuv, ntxiv irony.
Study in school
Ib nrab archaisms, historicisms, neologisms tau kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, hauv cov lus qhia ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus thiab ntawv nyeem. Feem ntau, kev paub nrog cov lus hauv chav kawm no tshwm sim hauv qib tsib thiab qib kaum thaum kawm Lexicology seem. Cov tub ntxhais kawm raug qhia kom paub qhov txawv cov lus, nrhiav lawv hauv cov ntawv ntawm ntau hom. Tsis tas li ntawd, kawm txog tej hauj lwm ntawm cov classics, peb tuaj hla cov lus tsis paub uas tau ntev lawm tsis siv, tau paub txog lawv lub ntsiab lus, keeb kwm.
Kawm hauv University
Ib tus neeg paub meej ntxiv nrog cov lus nquag thiab ua ntu zus ntawm cov lus Lavxias pib ntawm cov tsev kawm qib siab thaum kawm ntu "Lexicology". Feem ntau qhov no tshwm sim hauv xyoo thib ob, ntawm Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Philology. Cov tub ntxhais kawm raug qhia tias archaisms txawv li cas los ntawm keeb kwm, yuav ua li cas thiab qhov twg raws nraim ib tug yuav nrhiav tau lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus no, yuav ua li cas cais lawv nyob ntawm seb lawv keeb kwm, txiav txim lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tej yam ntawv nyeem.
Cov tub ntxhais kawm tuaj yeem ua lawv tus kheej cov ntawv txhais lus, kawm nrhiav cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg hauv cov ntawv thiab hloov nws, txheeb xyuas keeb kwm ntawm neologisms, vim li cas rau kev ploj ntawm cov lus los ntawm kev siv cov neeg hais lus ntawm cov lus Lavxias.
Cov Lus Qhia
Cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm Lavxias teb sab suav nrog cov pab pawg hauv qab no: archaisms - obsolete lub npe ntawm cov lus thiab cov ntsiab lus, historicisms - lub npe ntawm cov khoom thiab tshwm sim uas tau tawm ntawm peb lub neej niaj hnub, neologisms - cov lus uas siv. los qhia txog cov tswv yim tshiab.
Cov lus tsis raug siv yog siv cov lus tseeb thaum sau cov ntawv keeb kwm los tsim cov huab cua ntawm lub sijhawm piav qhia hauv txoj haujlwm.
