Cell yog lub tsev kawm theem pib ntawm txhua yam kabmob. Qib ntawm kev ua ub no, kev muaj peev xwm hloov mus rau ib puag ncig ib puag ncig nyob ntawm nws lub xeev. Cov txheej txheem ntawm lub neej ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes yog raug rau qee yam qauv. Qib ntawm kev ua ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv nyob ntawm theem ntawm lub neej voj voog. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, muaj ob ntawm lawv: interphase thiab division (phase M). Thawj zaug yuav siv sij hawm nruab nrab ntawm kev tsim ib lub xovtooj ntawm tes thiab nws txoj kev tuag lossis kev faib tawm. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm interphase, yuav luag tag nrho cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes ua haujlwm tseem ceeb tau ua haujlwm: khoom noj khoom haus, ua pa, kev loj hlob, chim siab, txav mus los. Kev tsim tawm ntawm tes tsuas yog ua tiav ntawm theem M.
Lub sijhawm Interphase
Lub sijhawm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tes ntawm kev faib yog muab faib ua ob peb theem:
- presynthetic, lossis theem G-1, - lub sijhawm pib: kev sib txuas ntawm tus xa xov RNA, cov proteins thiab qee yam ntawm tes;
- synthetic, lossis theem S: DNA ob npaug;
- postsynthetic, lossis G-2 theem: kev npaj rau mitosis.
Tsis tas li ntawd, qee lub hlwb tsis sib faib tom qab sib txawv. Hauv lawvtsis muaj G-1 lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv interphase. Lawv nyob rau lub sijhawm so (G-0).
YMetabolism
Raws li twb tau hais lawm, cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm lub cell nyob rau feem ntau ua tiav thaum lub sijhawm cuam tshuam. Qhov tseem ceeb yog cov metabolism. Ua tsaug rau nws, tsis tsuas yog muaj ntau yam kev cuam tshuam sab hauv, tab sis kuj muaj cov txheej txheem intercellular uas txuas tus kheej cov qauv rau hauv tag nrho cov kab mob.
Metabolism muaj qee yam qauv. Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes feem ntau nyob ntawm nws txoj kev saib xyuas, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv nws. Cov tshuaj, ua ntej yuav cuam tshuam rau qhov chaw ib puag ncig, yuav tsum nkag mus rau hauv daim nyias nyias. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau ua qee yam hauv cov txheej txheem kev noj zaub mov lossis ua pa. Nyob rau theem tom ntej, cov khoom ua tiav yog siv los tsim cov khoom tshiab lossis hloov cov qauv uas twb muaj lawm. Cov khoom lag luam metabolic uas tseem tshuav tom qab tag nrho cov kev hloov pauv, uas tsim kev puas tsuaj rau ntawm tes lossis tsuas yog tsis xav tau los ntawm nws, raug tshem tawm mus rau ib puag ncig sab nraud.
Enzymes koom nrog hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm ib yam khoom mus rau lwm qhov. Lawv pab txhawb kom nrawm nrawm ntawm qee cov txheej txheem, uas yog, lawv ua raws li catalysts. Txhua qhov "accelerator" cuam tshuam tsuas yog ib qho kev hloov pauv, coj cov txheej txheem hauv ib qho kev taw qhia. Cov tshuaj tsim tshiab tau nthuav tawm ntxiv rau lwm cov enzymes uas ua rau lawv hloov pauv ntxiv.
Ib zaug, txhua yamCov txheej txheem ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tes tau txuas nrog ib txoj hauv kev los yog lwm qhov nrog ob txoj kev sib txawv: assimilation thiab dissimilation. Rau cov metabolism, lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam, sib npaug lossis qee qhov kev tawm tsam yog lub hauv paus. Ntau yam ntawm cov khoom uas los ntawm sab nraud yog hloov dua siab tshiab nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm enzymes mus rau hauv tus cwj pwm thiab tsim nyog rau lub cell. Cov kev hloov pauv hluavtaws no hu ua assimilation. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no xav tau lub zog. Nws qhov chaw yog cov txheej txheem ntawm dissimilation, los yog kev puas tsuaj. Kev lwj ntawm ib yam khoom yog nrog los ntawm kev tso tawm lub zog tsim nyog rau cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes ua haujlwm tseem ceeb mus ntxiv. Dissimilation kuj txhawb kev tsim cov tshuaj yooj yim, uas yog siv rau kev sib txuas tshiab. Qee cov khoom lwj raug tshem tawm.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm lub neej feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev sib npaug ntawm kev sib txuas thiab kev lwj. Yog li, kev loj hlob tsuas yog ua tau yog tias assimilation prevails tshaj dissimilation. Interestingly, ib tug cell tsis tuaj yeem loj hlob mus ib txhis: nws muaj qee qhov ciam teb, thaum ncav cuag qhov kev loj hlob nres.
Infiltration
Kev thauj khoom ntawm ib puag ncig mus rau hauv lub xovtooj yog nqa tawm ua ntu zus thiab nquag. Hauv thawj qhov xwm txheej, kev hloov pauv tuaj yeem ua tau vim muaj qhov sib txawv thiab osmosis. Kev thauj khoom nquag yog nrog los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob thiab feem ntau tshwm sim tsis sib xws rau cov txheej txheem no. Yog li, piv txwv li, potassium ions nkag mus. Lawv raug txhaj rau hauv lub cell, txawm tias lawv cov concentration hauv cytoplasm tshaj nws qib hauvib puag ncig.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj cuam tshuam rau qib permeability ntawm cell membrane rau lawv. Yog li, cov organic tshuaj nkag mus rau hauv cytoplasm yooj yim dua li cov inorganic. Rau permeability, qhov loj ntawm cov molecules kuj tseem ceeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom ntawm daim nyias nyias nyob ntawm seb lub cev ntawm lub cev thiab ib puag ncig xws li qhov kub thiab txias.
Khoom noj
Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb uas tau kawm paub zoo koom nrog kev noj cov tshuaj los ntawm ib puag ncig: kev ua pa ntawm tes thiab nws cov khoom noj. Cov yav tas yog nqa tawm nrog kev pab ntawm pinocytosis thiab phagocytosis.
Lub tshuab ntawm ob txoj haujlwm zoo sib xws, tab sis cov khoom me me thiab cov khoom ntom ntom tau raug ntes thaum lub sijhawm pinocytosis. Molecules ntawm absorbed tshuaj yog adsorbed los ntawm daim nyias nyias, ntes los ntawm tshwj xeeb outgrowths thiab immersed nrog lawv nyob rau hauv lub cell. Yog li ntawd, ib qho channel tsim, thiab tom qab ntawd npuas tshwm los ntawm daim nyias nyias uas muaj cov khoom noj. Maj mam, lawv raug tso tawm ntawm lub plhaub. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom yog raug rau cov txheej txheem ze heev rau kev zom. Tom qab ib tug series ntawm transformations, cov tshuaj yog tawg mus rau hauv ib tug yooj yim sawv daws yuav thiab siv los ua synthesize lub ntsiab tsim nyog rau lub cell. Tib lub sijhawm, ib feem ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm raug tso tawm rau hauv ib puag ncig, vim nws tsis raug rau kev ua haujlwm ntxiv lossis siv.
ua pa
Khoom noj khoom haus tsis yog cov txheej txheem nkaus xwb uas ua rau pom cov khoom tsim nyog hauv lub cell. Ua pa ntawmnws essence yog heev zoo ib yam li nws. Nws yog ib tug series ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm carbohydrates, lipids thiab amino acids, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov khoom tshiab tshwm sim: carbon dioxide thiab dej. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov txheej txheem yog kev tsim lub zog, uas yog khaws cia los ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes hauv daim ntawv ntawm ATP thiab qee qhov sib txuas.
Nrog oxygen
Cov txheej txheem lub neej ntawm tib neeg lub cev, zoo li ntau lwm yam kab mob, yog qhov xav tsis tau yam tsis muaj kev ua pa aerobic. Cov khoom tseem ceeb uas tsim nyog rau nws yog oxygen. Kev tso tawm ntau lub zog, nrog rau kev tsim cov tshuaj tshiab, tshwm sim los ntawm oxidation.
Cov txheej txheem ua pa tau muab faib ua ob theem:
- glycolysis;
- oxygen theem.
Glycolysis yog kev tawg ntawm cov piam thaj hauv cytoplasm ntawm lub xovtooj ntawm tes raws li kev ua ntawm enzymes yam tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm oxygen. Nws muaj kaum ib qhov kev tshwm sim ua tiav. Yog li ntawd, ob lub ATP molecules yog tsim los ntawm ib tug qabzib molecule. Cov khoom lwj tom qab ntawd nkag mus rau mitochondria, qhov twg cov pa oxygen pib. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau qhov kev tawm tsam, carbon dioxide, ntxiv ATP molecules thiab hydrogen atoms raug tsim. Feem ntau, lub xov tooj ntawm tes tau txais 38 ATP molecules los ntawm ib lub qabzib molecule. Nws yog vim muaj ntau lub zog khaws cia uas ua pa aerobic suav tias ua haujlwm tau zoo dua.
Anaerobic ua pa
Kab mob muaj ntau hom kev ua pa. Lawv siv sulfates, nitrates, thiab lwm yam es tsis txhob oxygen. Hom kev ua pa no tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig, tab sis nws ua lub luag haujlwm loj.lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm cov teeb meem nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Ua tsaug rau cov kab mob anaerobic, lub voj voog biogeochemical ntawm sulfur, nitrogen thiab sodium yog ua tiav. Feem ntau, cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm zoo ib yam li kev ua pa oxygen. Tom qab qhov kawg ntawm glycolysis, cov khoom tshwm sim nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv fermentation, uas yuav ua rau ethyl cawv lossis lactic acid.
Kev ntxhov siab
Lub xovtooj ntawm tes tsis tu ncua cuam tshuam nrog ib puag ncig. Cov lus teb rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam sab nraud yog hu ua irritability. Nws yog qhia nyob rau hauv kev hloov ntawm lub cell mus rau lub xeev excitable thiab tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv. Hom kev teb rau kev cuam tshuam sab nraud txawv nyob ntawm qhov ua haujlwm zoo. Cov leeg nqaij teb los ntawm kev cog lus, cov qog hlwb los ntawm kev zais, thiab cov neurons los ntawm kev tsim cov paj hlwb. Nws yog irritability uas underlies ntau physiological txheej txheem. Ua tsaug rau nws, piv txwv li, kev tswj hwm lub paj hlwb tau ua tiav: neurons muaj peev xwm xa cov excitation tsis tsuas yog rau cov hlwb zoo sib xws, tab sis kuj rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm lwm cov ntaub so ntswg.
Kev
Yog li, muaj qee yam qauv cyclic. Cov txheej txheem ntawm lub neej ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes tau rov ua dua thaum lub sijhawm tag nrho ntawm interphase thiab xaus nrog kev tuag ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes lossis nws qhov kev faib tawm. Kev yug tus kheej yog tus yuam sij rau kev khaws cia ntawm lub neej feem ntau tom qab ploj ntawm ib yam kabmob. Thaum lub sij hawm cell loj hlob, assimilation tshaj dissimilation, lub ntim loj hlob sai dua nto. Yog li ntawd, cov txheej txheemLub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub cell yog inhibited, sib sib zog nqus transformations pib, tom qab uas lub hav zoov ntawm lub cell ua tsis tau, nws mus rau division. Thaum kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem, cov hlwb tshiab tau tsim muaj peev xwm thiab cov metabolism.
Nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias cov txheej txheem ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tes ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog interconnected thiab tsis muaj nuj nqis nyob rau hauv kev sib cais ntawm ib leeg. Cov txheej txheem hloov maj mam thiab zoo roj ntawm kev ua haujlwm uas muaj nyob hauv lub cell ib zaug ua rau peb nco txog kev txawj ntse thiab kev loj hlob ntawm xwm.
