Cov ntsev ntawm carbonic acid. Kev siv cov ntsev ntawm carbonic acid

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 17:48

Inorganic acids tseem ceeb heev hauv kev lag luam tshuaj. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv yog raw cov ntaub ntawv rau ntau syntheses, catalyze txheej txheem, ua raws li cov dej tshem tawm cov neeg ua hauj thaum lub cev qhuav dej, thiab hais txog.

Txawm li cas los xij, tseem ceeb dua yog lawv cov ntsev - cov khoom ntawm kev hloov ntawm hydrogen rau cov hlau hauv cov khoom ntawm lawv cov molecules. Carbonic acid yog tshwj xeeb hauv qhov kev hwm no. Tom qab tag nrho, los ntawm nws tus kheej, nws xyaum tsis muaj nyob, nyob rau hauv cov huab cua nws tam sim ntawd decomposes rau carbon dioxide thiab dej. Tab sis carbonic acid tsim cov ntsev uas tau paub rau tib neeg txij thaum ub los. Lawv nrov heev hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm. Peb yuav xav txog lawv.

Cov ntsev ntawm carbonic acid: kev faib tawm

Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws yuav tsum tau taw qhia tam sim ntawd tias cov tshuaj hauv nqe lus nug tuaj yeem hu ua txawv. Nws tsuas yog tshwm sim hais tias tag nrho cov npe tau siv hauv paus thiab siv rau niaj hnub no, ob qho tib si keeb kwm tsim los yog tsis tseem ceeb, thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev sib cav nomenclature. Yog li, ntsev ntawm carbonic acid, lawv hu ua li no:

• carbonates;
• bicarbonates;
• carbon dioxide;
• bicarbonate;
• hydrocarbons.

Yogtau kawg, txhua tus muaj nws tus kheej lub npe, uas yog tus kheej.

Cov npe saum toj no tam sim ntawd cuam tshuam txog kev faib tawm ntawm cov tebchaw hauv kev xav. Txij li cov kua qaub yog dibasic, nws kuj tsim cov ntsev ntawm ob hom:

• medium;
• xov.

Cov prefixes hydro- lossis bi- yog ntxiv rau lub npe tom kawg. Yuav luag txhua cov ntsev ntawm alkali los yog alkaline ntiaj teb hlau yog xyaum ua ib qho tseem ceeb compound uas tib neeg xav tau nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev khwv nyiaj txiag.

Keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb pom thiab siv

Txij thaum ancient sij hawm tib neeg tau paub ntsev ntawm carbonic acid. Tseeb, txawm nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt, kev tsim kho yog nqa tawm siv gypsum, alabaster, limestone thiab marble.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau ntawm Pliny tus Txwj Laug, cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm kev tau txais txiv qaub los ntawm kev hlawv limestone tau hais. Cov kev xav tsis thoob ntiaj teb - cov pyramids - tau tsim siv gypsum thiab cov ntaub ntawv tau los ntawm nws. Potash tau los ntawm cov tshauv ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab siv los ntxuav khaub ncaws, thiab tom qab ntawd ua xab npum.

Qhov ntawd yog, tib neeg yuav luag ib txwm paub siv cov khoom uas ntuj muab. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb tias cov no yog cov ntsev ntsev carbonic acid, lawv cov qauv dab tsi, yuav ua li cas thiaj li tsim tau cov khoom siv dag zog, thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv zoo li cas, tau paub ntau ntxiv tom qab, twb nyob rau hauv 17th-18th centuries.

Hnub no, ntau cov carbonates ntawm alkali thiab alkaline ntiaj teb hlau kuj tau siv dav, qee qhov ntawm lawv txaisib feem tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem dej hauv av.

Nyob rau hauv xwm

Los ntawm feem pua, cov zaub mov suav nrog kwv yees li 5% ntawm tag nrho cov huab hwm coj hauv ntiaj teb. Lawv tsim feem ntau sab nraud, tsim cov pob zeb. Tsis tas li, ntau cov ntsev yog tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem hydrothermal.

Cov kab mob, mollusks thiab lwm yam tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag pab tsim cov carbonates los ntawm biochemical txhais tau tias. Feem ntau cov ntsev ntawm carbonic acid muaj nyob rau hauv ores, nrog rau lawv los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke.

Cov pob zeb nto moo tshaj plaws thiab pob zeb ntawm cov tebchaw no:

• calcite;
• dolomite;
• chalk;
• marble;
• limestone;
• gypsum;
• magnesite;
• siderite;
• malachite.

Txoj kev tau txais thiab thov

Cov ntsev ntawm carbonic acid hu ua carbonates (yog tias peb tham txog kev hloov pauv nruab nrab). Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lawv yuav tsum suav nrog cov carbonate ion, cov qauv uas yog CO₃^{2-. Txhawm rau ua kom tiav qhov pom tag nrho, nws yog cov ntsev uas tsis muaj cov hlau cation thiab cov ntsuas ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw. Qhov no yog siv rau hauv kev kuaj sim kom tau txais cov tshuaj no.}

Tom qab tag nrho, ntxiv rau kev rho tawm los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj, cov ntsev carbonic kuj tuaj yeem ua ke los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib pauv, ua ke thiab hloov pauv. Txawm li cas los xij, cov hau kev no tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb, vim tias cov khoom lag luam tawm los tsawg dhau thiab siv zog siv.

Kev siv ntsev ntawm carbonic acid nyob qhov twg, nyob rau thaj chaw twg? Rautxhua tus ntawm lawv yog tus kheej, tab sis feem ntau, ntau lub lag luam tseem ceeb tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tau.

1. kev lag luam.
2. tshuaj lom neeg kev lag luam.
3. iav production.
4. xab npum ua.
5. paper synthesis.
6. khoom noj khoom haus.
7. Kev tsim cov tshuaj ntxuav tes thiab cov khoom ntxuav.
8. Calcium carbonates yog qhov chaw ntawm cov hlau ions hauv lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj nyob.

Cia peb saib tshwj xeeb ntawm ob peb yam piv txwv ntawm carbonates, lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qhov tseem ceeb.

YCalcium carbonate

Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, cov khoom no yog ib qho ntawm calcium ions Ca2+ hauv tib neeg lub cev. Thiab qhov no tseem ceeb heev. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv koom nrog hauv kev tswj xyuas cov ntshav tsis tu ncua, yog ib feem ntawm cov pob txha, rau tes, plaub hau, ntxiv dag zog rau cov hniav enamel.

Nrog tsis muaj calcium, ntau yam kab mob tshwm sim, suav nrog cov xwm txheej txaus ntshai xws li lub plawv tsis ua haujlwm, pob txha pob txha, kev hloov pauv hauv lub qhov muag ntawm lub qhov muag thiab lwm yam.

Tsis tas li ntawd, calcium carbonate kuj tseem siv hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam. Tom qab tag nrho, nws ntau yam yog:

• chalk;
• marble;
• limestone.

Nyiaj ntsev no nplua nuj txaus tus neeg tsis muaj kev txom nyem. Feem ntau nws yog muag hauv daim ntawv purified nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj, raws li nyob rau hauv daim duab hauv qab no. Muaj tseeb tiag, txhawm rau kom calcium kom nqus tau zoo txaus, yuav tsum muaj vitamin D.

sodium carbonate

Qhia ntsevacids - carbonates - kuj tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg tsev neeg. Yog li, sodium carbonate, los yog sodium carbonate, nyob rau hauv tib neeg yog hu ua dej qab zib. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev npaj ntau yam tais diav. Tsis yog, cov ntsev no yog siv rau hauv tsev neeg los ntxuav cov khoom siv hauv tsev: lub dab da dej, dab dej, tais diav thiab lwm yam. Nws yog qhov zoo dua lub npe hu ua dej qab zib tshauv lossis ntxhua khaub ncaws soda, nws kuj yog siv hauv iav ntau lawm, xab npum ua.

Tus qauv ntawm cov tshuaj no yog Na₂CO₃10H_{2O. Qhov no yog qhov nruab nrab aqueous ntsev ntsig txog crystalline hydrates. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv xwm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov zaub mov thiab nyob rau hauv lub composition ntawm pob zeb. Piv txwv:}

• lub zwm txwv;
• nakholit;
• thermonatrite.

Feem ntau cais tawm ntawm seaweed, lawv cov tshauv. Nws yog txoj kev no uas tau siv nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm kom tau cov ntaub ntawv raw rau kev tsim cov xab npum los yog tsuas yog ntxuav khaub ncaws. Cov nroj tsuag nplua nuj tshaj plaws uas muaj cov ntsev no yog dej qab zib-cov kabmob hodgepodge. Nws cov tshauv yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws kom tau txais sodium carbonate.

Potash

Cov mis rau ntsev ntawm carbonic acid, uas muaj lub npe no, yog K₂CO_{3. Nws yog dawb crystalline hygroscopic hmoov. Nruab nrab anhydrous ntsev uas muaj solubility zoo heev. Cov tshuaj no kuj tau paub rau tib neeg rau lub sijhawm ntev, thiab nws tau siv dav niaj hnub no. Lub npe piv:}

• potassium carbonate;
• potash;
• poov tshuaj carbonate.

Cov kev siv tseem ceeb yog raws li hauv qab no.

1. Asreagent hauv cov txheej txheem ua kua xab npum.
2. Rau qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov iav siv lead ua thiab kho qhov muag, iav refractory.
3. rau dyeing fabrics.
4. Ua chiv rau qoob loo.
5. Hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam - txhawm rau txo qhov khov ntawm lub tsev sib tov.
6. In the photo case.

Txoj kev lag luam tseem ceeb kom tau txais cov ntsev no yog electrolysis ntawm calcium chloride. Qhov no tsim hydroxide, uas reacts nrog carbon dioxide thiab tsim potash. Ntuj raw cov ntaub ntawv yog cov tshauv ntawm cereals thiab algae, uas muaj ntau ntawm nws.

Drinking soda

Acid ntsev ntawm carbonic acid tsis muaj tsawg dua qhov nruab nrab. Yog li, piv txwv li, sodium bicarbonate, uas nws cov mis yog NaHCO_{3. Nws lwm lub npe, paub zoo dua rau txhua tus, yog haus dej qab zib. Outwardly, nws yog ib tug dawb zoo hmoov, uas yog heev soluble nyob rau hauv dej. Lub compound yog tsis ruaj tsis khov thaum rhuab, nws tam sim ntawd decomposes rau carbon dioxide, dej thiab ib tug nruab nrab ntsev. Qhov no tso cai rau kev siv cov baking soda ua ib qho tsis nyob hauv ib puag ncig ntawm cov kab mob nyob.}

Tseem muaj ob peb daim ntawv thov ntxiv rau qhov sib xyaw no:

• khoom noj (tshwj xeeb yog khoom qab zib) kev lag luam;
• tshuaj (rau kev kho mob kub hnyiab nrog cov kua qaub);
• hauv tshuaj syntheses hauv kev tsim cov yas, dyes, ua npuas ncauj yas, tshuaj hauv tsev;
• hauv lub teeb thiab textile kev lag luam (tanning ntawm tawv, xov ntawm silk fabrics, thiab lwm yam);
• siv thaumtsim cov dej qab zib carbonated thiab ntau yam tais diav;
• Cov tua hluav taws muaj cov sodium bicarbonate.

YCalcium bicarbonate

Cov kua qaub carbonic acid no yog ib feem tseem ceeb hauv cov dej hauv av. Cov tshuaj no muab kev tsim cov dej ib ntus hardness, uas yog tshem tawm los ntawm boiling. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yog calcium bicarbonate uas ua rau muaj kev txav mus los ntawm carbonates hauv qhov xwm txheej, uas yog, nws ua rau lawv txoj kev ncig. Cov mis rau cov tshuaj no yog Ca(HCO₃)_2.