Kab lus no tau mob siab rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj nqus hluav taws xob (i-tion), ionizing hluav taws xob thiab lawv hom. Nws muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog ntau haiv neeg, xwm txheej, qhov chaw, cov txheej txheem suav, units ntawm cov tshuaj nqus hluav taws xob thiab ntau ntxiv.
Lub tswvyim ntawm nqus hluav taws xob koob tshuaj
Radiation koob tshuaj yog tus nqi siv los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb xws li physics thiab radiobiology txhawm rau ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ionizing hom hluav taws xob ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob, lawv txoj kev ua neej, thiab cov khoom siv. Dab tsi yog lub npe hu ua absorbed koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob, nws tus nqi yog dab tsi, daim ntawv raug thiab ntau hom? Nws yog tsuas yog nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm nruab nrab thiab ionizing hluav taws xob, thiab hu ua ionization nyhuv.
Cov koob tshuaj nqus hluav taws xob muaj nws txoj hauv kev thiab ntsuas ntsuas, thiab qhov nyuaj thiab ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwm sim thaum raug hluav taws xob ua rau muaj qee hom kev sib txawv hauv cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj absorbed.
Ionizing daim ntawv ntawm hluav taws xob
Ionizing hluav taws xob yog cov kwj degntau yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv elementary, photons los yog fragments tsim los ntawm atomic fission thiab muaj peev xwm ua rau ionization hauv teeb meem. Cov hluav taws xob ultraviolet, zoo li cov duab pom ntawm lub teeb, tsis yog hom hluav taws xob no, thiab tsis suav nrog cov hluav taws xob infrared thiab emissions los ntawm xov tooj cua bands, uas cuam tshuam nrog lawv lub zog me me, uas tsis txaus los tsim atomic thiab molecular ionization hauv av xeev.
Ionizing hom hluav taws xob, nws qhov xwm txheej thiab qhov chaw
Cov koob tshuaj nqus ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ntsuas tau hauv ntau yam SI units, thiab nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov hluav taws xob. Cov hluav taws xob tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog: gamma hluav taws xob, beta particles ntawm positrons thiab electrons, neutron, ion (nrog rau alpha hais), x-ray, luv yoj electromagnetic (siab zog photons) thiab muon.
Qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov hluav taws xob ionizing tuaj yeem muaj ntau haiv neeg, piv txwv li: tshwm sim tshwm sim ntawm radionuclide lwj, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thermonuclear, cov kab hluav taws xob los ntawm qhov chaw, cov khoom tsim hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob, cov tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob qis, thiab txawm tias X. -ray apparatus.
Yuav ua li cas ionizing hluav taws xob ua haujlwm
Raws li cov txheej txheem los ntawm qhov teeb meem thiab ionizing hluav taws xob sib cuam tshuam, nws muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov ncaj qha ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob uas ua tsis ncaj, hauv lwm lo lus,photon los yog proton flux, nruab nrab particle flux. Cov cuab yeej tsim tso cai rau koj xaiv cov qauv thawj thiab theem nrab ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob. Tus nqi hluav taws xob nqus hluav taws xob tau txiav txim siab raws li hom hluav taws xob uas cov khoom raug nthuav tawm, piv txwv li, cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj zoo ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb saum npoo av, sab nraum lub vaj tse, yog 0.036 μSv / h. Nws tseem yuav tsum tau to taub tias hom hluav taws xob ntsuas ntsuas thiab nws qhov ntsuas nyob ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm ntau yam, hais txog cosmic rays, nws kuj nyob ntawm qhov latitude ntawm hom geomagnetic thiab txoj hauj lwm ntawm kaum ib xyoo voj voog. Kev ua haujlwm hnub ci.
Lub zog ntau ntawm ionizing hais thaj tsam ntawm ob peb puas electron volts mus rau 10 15-20 electron volts. Mileage thiab nkag mus yuav txawv heev, xws li los ntawm ob peb micrometers mus rau txhiab mais lossis ntau dua.
Kev taw qhia txog kev kis tus kabmob
Cov nyhuv ionization yog suav tias yog tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm daim ntawv ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm hluav taws xob nrog nruab nrab. Nyob rau hauv thawj lub sij hawm ntawm kev tsim cov hluav taws xob dosimetry, hluav taws xob tau kawm tsuas yog, cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob uas nteg nyob rau hauv cov kev txwv ntawm ultraviolet thiab gamma hluav taws xob, vim hais tias nws yog dav nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Yog li ntawd, theem ntawm huab cua ionization tau ua ib qho kev ntsuas ntau ntawm hluav taws xob rau thaj chaw. Qhov kev ntsuas no tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov koob tshuaj raug txiav txim los ntawm ionization ntawm huab cua hauvtej yam kev mob ntawm ib txwm atmospheric siab, thaum huab cua nws tus kheej yuav tsum qhuav.
Qhov raug absorbed koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob pab raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm kev txiav txim lub ionizing possibilities ntawm X-rays thiab gamma rays, qhia lub radiated zog, uas, muaj undergone transformation, tau dhau los ua lub zog kinetic ntawm them hais nyob rau hauv ib feem. ntawm huab cua huab cua.
Cov hom tshuaj nqus tau cov tshuaj yog cov coulomb, SI tivthaiv, faib los ntawm kg (C / kg). Hom kev ntsuas uas tsis yog-systemic yog roentgen (P). Ib pendant/kg sib raug rau 3876 roentgens.
Nyiaj tau noj
Cov tshuaj nqus tau hluav taws xob, raws li cov ntsiab lus meej, tau dhau los ua qhov tsim nyog rau ib tus neeg vim muaj ntau hom kev raug rau ib qho hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov tsiaj nyob thiab txawm tias cov qauv tsis muaj sia. Kev nthuav dav, paub ntau yam ntawm ionizing hom hluav taws xob pom tau tias qhov kev cuam tshuam thiab kev cuam tshuam tuaj yeem muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab tsis raug rau cov lus txhais li niaj zaus. Tsuas yog ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov hluav taws xob nqus hluav taws xob ntawm hom ionizing tuaj yeem ua rau muaj tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub cev hloov pauv hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov khoom raug hluav taws xob. Tus lej xav tau los ua kom muaj kev hloov pauv no nyob ntawm hom hluav taws xob. Qhov nqus tau ntawm i-nia tshwm sim yog vim li no. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog lub zog kom muaj nuj nqis uas tau nqus los ntawm ib chav ntawm cov teeb meem thiab sib haum rau qhov piv ntawm ionizing hom zog uas tau nqus thiab qhov loj ntawm cov khoom lossis cov khoom uas nqus hluav taws xob.
ntsuas cov tshuaj nqus tau siv chav grey (Gy) - ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm C system. Ib qho grey yog cov koob tshuaj uas muaj peev xwm kis tau ib joule ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob mus rau 1 kilogram ntawm pawg. Rad yog ib chav ntsuas uas tsis yog qhov ntsuas, hauv tus nqi 1 Gy sib raug rau 100 rad.
Absorbed koob tshuaj hauv biology
Txoj irradiation ntawm tsiaj thiab cog cov ntaub so ntswg tau pom meej meej tias ntau hom hluav taws xob, nyob rau hauv tib lub nqus nqus, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub cev thiab tag nrho cov txheej txheem lom neeg thiab tshuaj lom neeg tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Qhov no yog vim qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ions tsim los ntawm cov khoom sib dua thiab hnyav dua. Rau tib txoj hauv kev raws cov ntaub so ntswg, ib qho proton tuaj yeem tsim ntau ions dua li electron. Lub denser cov khoom yog sau los ntawm ionization, lub zog puas tsuaj ntawm hluav taws xob ntawm lub cev yuav, nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm tib absorbed koob tshuaj. Nws yog raws li qhov tshwm sim no, qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ntau hom hluav taws xob ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg, uas lub npe ntawm cov tshuaj sib npaug ntawm cov hluav taws xob tau muab tso rau hauv kev siv. Absorbed hluav taws xob sib npaug koob tshuaj yog tus nqi hluav taws xob tau txais los ntawm lub cev, suav los ntawm kev sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj nqus nqus thiab ib qho tshwj xeeb hu ua tus txheeb ze kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom siv roj ntsha (RBE). Tab sis nws kuj yog feem ntau hu ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws.
Sib npaug hom absorbed koob tshuaj ntsuas hauv SI, uas yog sieverts (Sv). Ib Sv yog sib npaug rau qhov sib xwskoob tshuaj ntawm tej hluav taws xob uas yog absorbed los ntawm ib kilogram ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm biological keeb kwm thiab ua rau ib tug sib npaug zos rau cov nyhuv ntawm 1 Gy ntawm photon-hom hluav taws xob. Rem - siv los ua qhov ntsuas tawm ntawm lub cev ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg (sib npaug) nqus tau. 1 Sv sib raug rau ib puas rems.
Daim ntawv tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig
Cov koob tshuaj zoo yog qhov qhia txog qhov loj, uas yog siv los ntsuas qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev cuam tshuam mus ntev ntawm tib neeg, nws qhov chaw ntawm lub cev, los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg mus rau hauv nruab nrog cev. Qhov no coj mus rau hauv tus account nws tus kheej radiosensitivity. Cov koob tshuaj absorbed ntawm hluav taws xob yog sib npaug rau cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv lub cev los ntawm ib qho kev hnyav hnyav.
Tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg thiab lub cev sib txawv muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hluav taws xob. Qee lub cev tej zaum yuav muaj feem ntau dua li lwm tus los tsim mob qog noj ntshav ntawm tib lub cev nqus tau cov nqi sib npaug, piv txwv li, cov thyroid tsis tshua muaj mob qog noj ntshav dua li lub ntsws. Yog li ntawd, ib tug neeg siv cov tsim hluav taws xob txaus ntshai coefficient. CRC yog ib txoj hauv kev los txiav txim qhov koob tshuaj ntawm i-tion cuam tshuam rau lub cev lossis cov ntaub so ntswg. Tag nrho qhov taw qhia ntawm qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub cev ntawm cov koob tshuaj zoo yog xam los ntawm kev muab tus lej sib npaug rau cov tshuaj lom neeg los ntawm CRC ntawm ib lub cev, cov ntaub so ntswg.
Lub tswvyim ntawm kev sib sau ua ke
Muaj ib lub tswv yim ntawm ib pab pawg nqus tshuaj, uas yog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm ib tus neeg ntawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov tshuaj hauv ib pawg ntawm cov ncauj lus rau ib lub sijhawm.qhov sib txawv. Kev suav tuaj yeem ua rau txhua qhov chaw nyob, mus txog rau lub xeev lossis tag nrho cov teb chaws. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, muab cov koob tshuaj zoo nruab nrab thiab tag nrho cov ntsiab lus raug hluav taws xob. Qhov koob tshuaj absorbed no yog ntsuas siv tus txiv neej-sievert (txiv neej-Sv.).
Ntxiv rau cov ntaub ntawv saum toj no ntawm cov koob tshuaj absorbed, kuj tseem muaj: kev cog lus, qhov pib, kev sib sau ua ke, tiv thaiv tau, qhov siab tshaj plaws, kev siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm gamma-neutron hom hluav taws xob, kev tuag tsawg kawg nkaus.
Lub zog ntawm koob tshuaj raug thiab ntsuas ntsuas
Qhov taw qhia ntawm irradiation siv - hloov ntawm cov koob tshuaj tshwj xeeb raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm qee yam hluav taws xob rau lub ntsuas ntsuas ib ntus. Tus nqi no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov koob tshuaj (sib npaug, nqus, thiab lwm yam) muab faib los ntawm chav tsev ntawm lub sijhawm. Muaj ntau lub hom phiaj ua tsev.
Cov koob tshuaj nqus hluav taws xob yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov qauv tsim nyog rau cov hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb thiab hom absorbed npaum li cas ntawm cov hluav taws xob (biological, absorbed, raug, thiab lwm yam). Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los xam lawv, raws li cov qauv lej sib txawv, thiab siv cov ntsuas ntsuas sib txawv. Piv txwv ntawm cov ntsuas ntsuas yog:
- Kev pom - grey kilogram hauv SI, sab nraum lub kaw lus ntsuas hauv rad grams.
- Daim ntawv sib npaug - sievert hauv SI, ntsuas sab nraud ntawm qhov system - hauv rems.
- Exposition saib - coulomb-kilogram hauv SI, ntsuas sab nraum lub kaw lus - hauv roentgens.
Muaj lwm cov ntsuas ntsuas sib raug rau lwm hom tshuaj nqus hluav taws xob.
Cov Lus Qhia
Kev tshuaj xyuas cov kab lus no, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm ob qho tib si ionizing emissions thiab cov qauv ntawm nws cov kev cuam tshuam rau cov nyob thiab inanimate tshuaj. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog ntsuas, raws li txoj cai, nyob rau hauv lub SI system ntawm units, thiab txhua hom sib raug rau ib tug tej yam system thiab non-system ntsuas unit. Lawv qhov chaw tuaj yeem yog ntau haiv neeg, ob qho tib si ntuj thiab khoom tsim, thiab cov hluav taws xob nws tus kheej ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lom neeg.
