Lo lus "incunabula" tau pom ib ntus hauv cov ntawv teev npe ntawm cov khw muag khoom qub thiab kev muag khoom, nrog rau hauv cov phau ntawv tsis tseeb. Qhov no, yog tias txhais los ntawm Latin, yog "pib" lossis "cradle". Tab sis nyob rau hauv phau ntawv txhais lus piav qhia niaj hnub no, cov phau ntawv luam tawm ua ntej kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum tsib tau raug xaiv raws li qhov no. Dab tsi ua rau lawv txawv ntawm lwm phau ntawv qub? Vim li cas lawv thiaj li muaj nqis? Cia peb ua raws li qhov kev txiav txim.
Thawj phau ntawv luam tawm hauv keeb kwm
Incunabula yog, ntawm chav kawm, cov phau ntawv qub. Tab sis hauv keeb kwm muaj ntau cov ntawv luam tawm thaum ub. Nws ntseeg tau tias thawj tsab ntawv no yog Suav "Pob Zeb Sutra". Txawm tias lub caij nyoog ntawm nws qhov tsos yog paub - Tsib Hlis 11, 868 AD. Kev sau ntawv yog muab los ntawm ib tus tswv Wang Chi (lossis Jie), uas tau luam tawm ib phau ntawv txhais los ntawm Sanskrit rau nws hom lus los ntawm ib pab pawg neeg ntseeg.
Nws yog daim ntawv nyias nyias (raws li cov qauv niaj hnub no) hauv daim ntawv scroll, tsuas yog muaj rau nplooj thiab ib daim duab qhia txog tus Buddha. Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom siv sijhawm ntev heev, txij li tus tswv nws tus kheej, manually, txiav tawm cov nyiaj muas noj nrog hieroglyphs thiab raug rho tawm haujlwm hauv qhov cub. Xav txogtus naj npawb ntawm cov cim nyob rau hauv Suav cov tsiaj ntawv, kev ua hauj lwm yog tiag tiag colossal. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov av nplaum tau nkig heev, thiab cov nyiaj muas noj feem ntau yuav tsum tau rov ua dua, uas kuj siv sijhawm. Tab sis kev ua siab ntev thiab kev rau siab ua rau Wang Chi ua tiav nws txoj haujlwm.
Tom qab (tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum) phau ntawv tau txais los ntawm Hungarian archaeologist thiab traveler Stein Aurel los ntawm Taoist hauj sam uas saib xyuas lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm cov ntawv sau thaum ub hauv Mogao qhov tsua. Ntau tshaj 20,000 phau ntawv txiav ntoo piav txog keeb kwm ntawm Tuam Tshoj, cov kev tshawb fawb nrov, cov ntawv kev cai dab qhuas thiab kev sau cov lus dab neeg kuj pom muaj nyob ntawd. Tam sim no cov monuments qub tau khaws cia hauv National Library. Lawv muab digitized kom sawv daws nyeem tau.
keeb kwm ntawm incunabula
Incunabula yog cov phau ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm hloov pauv ntawm cov ntawv sau thiab cov ntawv sau ntau. Nws tag nrho pib nyob rau hauv lub forties ntawm lub kaum tsib caug xyoo, thaum Gutenberg invented nws tshuab cuab tam, tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb xim rau nws, ib tug txheej ntawm fonts thiab lwm yam khoom siv.
Thaum xub thawj, incunabula zoo li phau ntawv sau. Tom qab tag nrho, Gothic font, kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv loj thiab cov duab kos duab tau khaws cia. Maj mam lawv pib siv cov engraving ua los ntawm tooj liab, uas muaj zog ntau dua li cov ntaub ntawv av nplaum thiab ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tau ntau dua. Tsis muaj nplooj ntawv npe hauv phau ntawv, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog hais txog lub tshuab luam ntawv, tus sau thiab lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsim tau qhia nyob rau hauv qhov kawg ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, thiab tsuas yog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum tsib lawv tau txav mus tom ntej.
Lo lus "incunabula" nws tus kheej tshwm sim xwbib thiab ib nrab ib-paus xyoo tom qab pib luam ntawv, nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Bernard von Malinkrodthom "Nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub Art ntawm Typography". Nws yog qhov xav paub tias phau ntawv bibliophile tau xaiv hnub tsis txaus ntseeg - Kaum Ob Hlis 31, 1500, cais lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsim cov incunabula thiab lwm phau ntawv luam tawm.
Cov khoom loj tshaj plaws ntawm incunabula
Incunabula yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thaum ub monuments. Tsis tsuas yog lawv khaws keeb kwm, tab sis lawv yog keeb kwm hauv lawv tus kheej: cov ntaub ntawv, inks, fonts, tsim cov duab kos - txhua yam qhia txog kev kos duab ntawm lawv lub sijhawm. Nws yog ib qho hmoov zoo uas muaj phau ntawv zoo li no hauv ib qho khoom ntiag tug lossis hauv cov tsev khaws puav pheej thiab cov tsev qiv ntawv. Tseem muaj tag nrho cov collections.
Lub Tsev Qiv Hauv Xeev Bavarian muaj ntau tshaj plaws ntawm incunabula. Muaj txog 20 txhiab daim ntawv sau ntawm no. Nws tau ua raws li British Fabkis, Vatican thiab Austrian cov tsev qiv ntawv, uas khaws yuav luag 12,000 phau ntawv txhua. Cov tsev qiv ntawv loj hauv Tebchaws Meskas tuaj yeem khav tau tsuas yog 5,000 qhov tseeb incunabula, thiab lawv cov ntawv luam zoo. Muaj kwv yees li 3,000 phau ntawv hauv UK thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees.
Feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm rau pej xeem tau luam tawm ua lus Latin, tab sis kuj muaj lus Askiv, Dutch, Greek thiab Fabkis. Lawv tau yuav los ntawm kws kho mob, kws tshawb fawb, kws lij choj, cov nom tswv nplua nuj thiab cov txiv plig.
Puas muaj incunabula hauv cov tsev qiv ntawv Lavxias?
Lub Tsev Qiv Hauv Tebchaws Russia yog ib qho ntawm cov ntawv sau zoo tshaj plaws. Incunabula ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv nws, vim hais tias raws li cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov qauv sau npe, Lavxias sau yog qhov loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.
Nws pib nyob rau hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv Załuski, uas tau coj los ntawm Warsaw mus rau Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. Cov ntawv sau tau nthuav dav los ntawm kev yuav phau ntawv los ntawm cov tib neeg, nrog rau ntawm kev sib tw thoob ntiaj teb.
Feem ntau ntawm cov incunabula muaj cov ntawv luam ntawm German thiab Italian lub tsev luam ntawv, tsawg dua ntawm Fabkis thiab Holland. Ib phau ntawv sau los ntawm Spain, thiab tsis muaj cov qauv ntawm phau ntawv luam tawm los ntawm Foggy Albion txhua.
Gothic font tau maj mam hloov los ntawm hom yooj yim, vim nws yog qhov tsim nyog los ua cov nyiaj ntau, thiab muaj sijhawm tsawg dua los tsim qhov khoob thiab ebb. Cov ntawv luam tom qab no twb tau muab kho kom zoo nkauj dua li thawj qhov incunabula.
Phau ntawv luam tawm hauv Tebchaws Europe txij thaum pib luam ntawv, tau sau ntau dhau sijhawm uas nws tsim nyog los suav rau lawv. Thawj phau ntawv tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo 19th hauv Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Tebchaws Askiv.
Ib qho ntawm thawj phau ntawv luam tawm los ntawm Guttenberg, dua li phau Vajlugkub, yog Donut. Qhov no yog phau ntawv Latin, uas tau siv los ntawm txhua tus neeg muaj koob muaj npe thiab muaj nyiaj nplua nuj nyob hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog. Tab sis tsis muaj cov ntawv luam tiav tau muaj sia nyob mus rau peb lub sijhawm, tag nrho 365 phau ntawv tau tawg ntau heev.
Ntxiv rau cov phau ntawv, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua kaum tsib, cov hauj lwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb zoo xws li Strabo, Pliny, Ptolemy thiab lwm tus tau tshaj tawm. Qhov no tso caiua kom cov natural sciences thiab txhim kho kev kawm ntawm tib neeg.
