Kev qhia kev qhia paub yog ib txoj hauv kev tsim los qhia cov kws qhia tshwj xeeb, nrog rau kev kawm pre-school, thawj, theem pib thiab theem nrab. Cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm cov kev qhuab qhia dav dav thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv tshaj lij, cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm cov koom haum koom nrog kev kawm ntxiv ntawm cov menyuam yaus, cov neeg ua haujlwm sib raug zoo thiab lwm tus kuj raug cob qhia. Yog hais tias peb xav txog lo lus no nyob rau hauv ib tug dav dav, ces nws yog feem ntau siv thaum tham txog kev cob qhia kev ua hauj lwm ntawm tag nrho cov neeg uas muaj feem xyuam rau cov upbringing thiab kev kawm ntawv ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas tiam (nrog rau cov niam txiv).
Specific
Kev kawm txuj ci hauv Lavxias Lavxias yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev xav tau siab rau kev ua haujlwm tshaj lij, nrog rau tus cwj pwm ntawm tus kws qhia nws tus kheej, tus kws qhia ntawv raws li cov txheej txheem kev kawm thiab kev sib txuas lus pedagogical.
Yog li ntawd, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas. Niaj hnub pedagogical kev kawm yog tsom rau kev daws ob qhov teeb meem. Ua ntej, koj yuav tsum tau pabkev sib raug zoo thiab muaj nuj nqis ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm tus xib fwb yav tom ntej, nws kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj ncaj ncees, kev coj noj coj ua, kev cob qhia hauv paus. Qhov thib ob, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los txhawb kev tshwj xeeb thiab kev txhim kho kev ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam xaiv ntawm kev ua haujlwm pedagogical. Peb tuaj yeem hais tias kev txhim kho tus cwj pwm ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv yog lub hom phiaj, lub hauv paus thiab cov xwm txheej uas ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev cob qhia cov kws qhia yav tom ntej.
keeb kwm me ntsis
Keeb kwm ntawm kev qhia kws qhia ntawv hauv tebchaws Russia pib thaum xyoo pua 19th. Tom qab ntawd cov txheej txheem no tau sawv cev los ntawm kev cob qhia tshwj xeeb hauv pawg ntseeg cov kws qhia ntawv cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab thiab cov xibfwb qhia ntawv thib ob, cov kev kawm tsis tiav hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv diocese thiab cov poj niam gymnasiums, nrog rau kev cob qhia ntxiv, uas tau ua tiav ntawm cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb.
Lub koom haum kev qhuab qhia tau qhib ua ib feem ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, tsim nyog rau kev cob qhia cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm lub nroog cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab gymnasiums. Kev kawm nyob rau hauv lawv tau siv sijhawm li 3 xyoos, thiab tom qab ntawd nce mus rau 4 xyoos txij li xyoo 1835. Txhua tus kws qhia ntawv tau raug cob qhia los qhia ntau yam.
Los ntawm 1859, lwm tus qauv tau teeb tsa los cob qhia cov kws qhia ntawv uas twb tau kawm hauv tsev kawm qib siab. Cov chav kawm pedagogical tau qhib rau cov kawm tiav ntawm physics thiab lej thiab keeb kwm thiab philology faculties. Keeb kwm thiab philological institutes nyob rau hauv Nizhyn (tsim nyob rau hauv 1875) thiab St. Petersburg (1867) muab nyob rau hauv lub thib obib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, feem ntau ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv rau classical gymnasiums. Cov tsev kawm ntawv pej xeem no tau sib npaug nrog cov tsev kawm qib siab.
Hauv tebchaws Russia, muaj ntau yam yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau kev tshwm sim ntawm kev kawm qib siab nyob rau hauv lig 19th thiab ntxov 20th centuries. Pedagogical kev kawm thiab kev tshawb fawb tau tsim txaus nyob rau lub sijhawm no, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau koom nrog kev tshawb fawb theoretical (V. P. Vekhterov, P. F. Kapterev, V. M. Bekhterev, thiab lwm yam).
Nyob hauv tsev kawm qib siab thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ob lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev kawm peb tab tom txiav txim siab tsim. Thawj ntawm lawv yog raws li lub tswv yim ntawm kev txhim kho kev cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv pedagogical faculties los yog departments ntawm pedagogy. Nws yuav tsum tau ua ke theoretical kev cob qhia thiab kev tshawb fawb ua haujlwm. Txhawm rau txhim kho kev coj ua pedagogical, cov koom haum pabcuam kev kawm raug tsim los ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv. Lub tswv yim thib ob koom nrog kev kawm tom qab tsev kawm qib siab thiab tau tsom mus rau kev tshawb fawb kev ua ub no.
Tib lub sijhawm, tus qauv ntawm cov xibfwb qhia ntawv tau tshwm sim, uas yog hu ua ib qho. Kev cob qhia ua haujlwm tau ua ke nrog kev kawm qib siab. Kev kawm txuj ci dav dav tau muab rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev qhuab qhia rau ob xyoos, ua raws li kev qhia xyaum ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv theem qis lossis gymnasium.
Nyob rau hauv RSFSR tom qab lub kiv puag ncig, 2 versions ntawm kev qhia kws qhia ntawv yeej. Thawj ntawm lawv yog kev cob qhia nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv nyob ruaj ruaj (cov tsev kawm txuj ci thiab cov koom haum pedagogical). Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev kawm yog tsom rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev nom kev tswv. Qhov kev xaiv thib ob yog cov chav kawm luv luv. Lawv tau teeb tsa rau kev tshem tawm kev nyeem tsis paub ntawv thiab kev tshaj tawm nom tswv loj.
Nyob rau xyoo 1930s. kev saib xyuas zoo hauv kev cob qhia cov kws qhia ntawv yav tom ntej tau muab rau cov hauv paus ntawm Marxism-Leninism, kev kawm lub cev thiab kev cob qhia tub rog, thiab li ntawm 10% ntawm lub sijhawm qhia tau mob siab rau pedagogy. Xyoo 1935, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm tau qhia txog cov txheej txheem tshiab rau txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv (tshwj tsis yog keeb kwm). Ntau lub sij hawm tau muab rau kev paub txog kev txawj qhia pedagogical, kev sab laj thiab kev xaiv xaiv. Lub xeev tau pib kho tus kws qhia ntawv ua ib tus neeg ua haujlwm ideological. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev qhia yog kev cob qhia cov kws qhia ntawv uas muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog cov tswv yim ntawm kev ntseeg.
Nyob rau hauv lub 30s, txhua lub koom pheej ywj pheej muaj ib lub koom haum ntawm kws qhia ntawv. Xyoo 1956, cov kws qhia ntawv lub koom haum uas muab kev kawm tsis tiav qib siab tau hloov mus rau hauv cov tsev kawm qib siab thiab cov tsev kawm qib siab, uas tau siv sijhawm 5 xyoos.
Kev kawm hauv lub sijhawm tom qab-Soviet
Txij li xyoo 1990, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov xibfwb qhia ntawv tau tsim muaj zog heev. Ib theem tshiab pib, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tseeb tias kev tswj hwm ntawm cov txheej txheem no tsis yog politicized lawm. Kev kawm pedagogical tau dhau los ua ib yam khoom ntawm kev cai lij choj. Lub hauv paus ntawm kev hloov kho Lavxias teb sab kev kawm yog ib tug tub ntxhais kawm-taw qhia mus kom ze rau txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm. Nws kuj tseem sim ua kom muaj kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov kev pab cuam, mus rau kev cob qhia kev kawm thiab kev cob qhia rau cov neeg muaj txiaj ntsig thoob ntiaj teb,kev tshaj lij thiab kev txhim kho tus kheej ntawm cov kws qhia yav tom ntej. Keeb kwm ntawm kev qhia ntawv qhia tau hais tias nws tau dhau los ntawm ntau yam teeb meem, absorbing tag nrho cov zoo tshaj plaws.
Cov lus qhia tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm niaj hnub no
Kev kawm cov kws qhia ntawv niaj hnub tab tom txhim kho nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm kev coj noj coj ua. Nws sim pab txhawb rau tag nrho assimilation ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm noob neej, nws embodiment. Qhov no sib raug rau theem tam sim no ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm haiv neeg.
Txoj kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv zej zog ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv raws li kev tshuaj xyuas kev kawm thiab kev pab cuam hauv kev txhim kho kev kawm hauv cheeb tsam tau nce ntxiv (qhov no tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev xav tau ntawm lub teb chaws thaj tsam rau tsim cov chaw ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab kev kawm).
Lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm hom kev kawm no yog los xyuas kom meej ib qho ntawm cov tib neeg txoj cai ntawm peb lub sijhawm - txoj cai rau kev kawm nrog cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov tub ntxhais kawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog menyuam yaus, los ntawm kev tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm cov neeg laus, los ntawm cov niam txiv rau cov xib hwb, cov xib hwb ntawm cov kws tshaj lij.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 21st, muaj kev hloov pauv mus rau ob theem qauv ntawm kev kawm bachelors thiab masters. Kev cob qhia kev cob qhia hauv Lavxias Federation tau koom ua ke rau hauv qhov chaw kawm nyob sab Europe.
Problems
Nyob hauv ntiaj teb no, tib neeg muaj kev nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv tsis txwv. Muaj peev xwm rho tawm lub ntsiab lus, xav txog kev sib raug zoo, daws teeb meem,xeeb thiab siv tej yaam num, ua tej yam tsis tseem ceeb.
Cov teeb meem ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv yog kev cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij uas muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim tus cwj pwm nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab thiab kev hloov tshiab, uas muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Niaj hnub nimno pedagogical universities yuav tsum cob qhia cov kawm tiav uas muaj peev xwm mus ua hauj lwm rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus neeg, uas yog lub ntsiab ntawm ib tug ntau haiv neeg pej xeem zej zog, kev koom ua ke nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov-Lavxias teb sab thiab ntiaj teb chaw.
Qhov sib txawv ntawm kev cob qhia cov kws qhia yav tom ntej raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev qhia thiab kev muaj peev xwm ntawm kev qhia kuj tsim teeb meem hauv cov kws qhia ntawv, vim tias cov kev kawm yuav tsum tau hloov pauv raws li cov kev xav tau tshiab ntawm kev muaj tiag. Niaj hnub no, ntau lub sij hawm mob siab rau txoj kev xav thaum qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm, thaum lub sij hawm tsawg heev rau kev xyaum. Yuav tsum muaj cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab los ua haujlwm ua ke nrog cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab tsev kawm qib siab, tsom mus rau cov tub ntxhais kawm tau txais kev paub zoo.
Kev sib raug zoo nrog kev tshawb fawb
Kev kawm txuj ci thiab kev tshawb fawb tau sim ua kom nrawm, txawm tias qhov no tsis yog ib txwm ua tau. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau nrawm dua, kev tsim kho tshiab tsis yog ib txwm qhia sai sai rau hauv txoj kev kawm. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo tas los no ntau txoj kev qhia tshiab tau siv. Cov khoos phis tawj uas tau nruab nrog cov kev kawm zoo tshaj plaws tuaj yeem tiv taus cov haujlwm ntawm kev tswj cov txheej txheem kev kawm. Qhov tseeb scientifickev txhim kho, qhov chaw sim, cov txheej txheem thiab thev naus laus zis ntawm kev kawm thiab kev kawm tus kheej.
Kev qhia tus kws qhia ntawv Preschool
Txoj haujlwm rau kev cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij kev kawm preschool tau tsim los ua raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm kev muaj tiag. Preschool tus kws qhia ntawv kev kawm tau zoo heev rau cov teeb meem ntawm preschool, general, kev txawj ntse pedagogy thiab psychology. Cov neeg kawm tiav yuav tuaj yeem siv lawv cov kev paub hauv ib lub xeev thiab tsis yog lub xeev cov tsev kawm ntawv, hauv lub chaw loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam yaus, hauv kev kawm preschool, kev kawm theem nrab, hauv kev npaj kev kawm ntxiv, hauv ib lub chaw rau cov menyuam yaus muaj tswv yim, thiab tseem los ua kom muaj kev ywj pheej pedagogical kev ua ub no (tus kws qhia ntawv, tus nais maum, tus thawj coj ntawm lub chaw zov me nyuam, kindergarten).
Teb chaw ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshaj lij
Tus kws qhia ntawv preschool ua haujlwm kev kawm thiab kev loj hlob nrog menyuam yaus, tsim kom muaj lub neej xis nyob rau cov menyuam yaus thaum lawv nyob hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv preschool, sim tshawb pom tus kheej ntawm cov menyuam yaus. Nws kuj qhia txog qhov tsis sib xws ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm niam txiv, npaj kev sib tham, thiab ua ntau yam kev tiv thaiv (kev sib tham, kev tawm dag zog).
Kev qhia tus kws qhia haujlwm
Lub tswv yim no suav nrog kev tsim cov neeg zoo li no uas muaj peev xwm paub txog nws tus kheej hauv cov haujlwm ntawm kev kawm qib pib thiab theem nrab, tuaj yeem siv txhua yam ntawm cov txheej txheem kev kawm sib koom ua ke, ua tiavmuaj ntau yam ntawm kev tshaj lij thiab kev kawm ua haujlwm. Kev cob qhia kev cob qhia thiab kev kawm ua haujlwm muaj kev sib txuas, tab sis qhov kawg tau dhau los ua ntau dua.
Kev kawm ntxiv
Kev kawm txuj ci ntxiv yog tsim nyog rau cov kws qhia ntawv txhawm rau txhim kho lawv cov kev txawj ntse. Tsis tas li ntawd, nrog rau nws cov kev pab, kev cob qhia cov kws tshwj xeeb yog ua tiav, uas yog qhov tsim nyog los hloov kho lawv cov kev txawj ntse, txhim kho kev lag luam zoo, thiab npaj lawv los ua haujlwm tshiab. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj kev cob qhia ntxiv rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv kawm puv sijhawm.
Zoo kawg
Yog li, peb tuaj yeem hais tias kev qhia kws qhia ntawv yog ntau theem thiab cov txheej txheem nyuaj tsom rau kev cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij hauv lawv txoj haujlwm, cov kws qhia ntawv nrog tsab ntawv loj, leej twg yuav tuaj yeem ua pov thawj qhov kev cia siab rau lawv hauv kev qhia thiab kev qhia. ib tiam tshiab.
