Daim duab ntawm cov neeg thaum ub. Ancient pob zeb paintings

Cov txheej txheem:

Daim duab ntawm cov neeg thaum ub. Ancient pob zeb paintings
Daim duab ntawm cov neeg thaum ub. Ancient pob zeb paintings
Anonim

Tib neeg kev vam meej tau los ntev ntawm txoj kev loj hlob thiab tau ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo. Kev kos duab niaj hnub yog ib qho ntawm lawv. Tab sis txhua yam muaj nws qhov pib. Yuav ua li cas painting originated thiab lawv yog leej twg - thawj artists ntawm lub ntiaj teb no?

paintings ntawm cov neeg thaum ub
paintings ntawm cov neeg thaum ub

pib ntawm prehistoric art - hom thiab cov ntawv

Nyob hauv Hnub Nyoog Pob Zeb, Paleolithic, kos duab thaum ub thawj zaug tshwm sim. Nws coj cov qauv sib txawv. Cov no yog rituals, suab paj nruag, seev cev thiab nkauj, nrog rau kos duab ntawm ntau qhov chaw - pob zeb kos duab ntawm cov neeg thaum ub. Lub sijhawm no tseem suav nrog kev tsim cov qauv tsim thawj tus txiv neej - megaliths, dolmens thiab menhirs, lub hom phiaj tseem tsis tau paub. Cov nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog Stonehenge hauv Salisbury, suav nrog cromlechs (ntev pob zeb).

qhov tsua painting ntawm ancient txiv neej
qhov tsua painting ntawm ancient txiv neej

khoom tsev xws li cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, cov khoom ua si menyuam yaus kuj yog cov kos duab ntawm cov neeg thaum ub.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg sawv daws

Cov kws tshawb fawb tsis muaj kev ntseeg siab txog lub sijhawm yug ntawm kev kos duab thaum ub. Nws pib tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub Paleolithic era, thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawmLub hav zoov ntawm lig Neanderthals. Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd hu ua Mousterian.

Neanderthals paub ua cov pob zeb, tsim cov cuab yeej. Ntawm qee yam khoom, cov kws tshawb fawb pom tias muaj kev nyuaj siab thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntoo khaub lig, tsim cov khoom qub qub. Lub sijhawm ntawd lawv tsis tuaj yeem pleev xim tsis tau, tab sis ocher twb tau siv lawm. Cov khoom ntawm nws tau pom tias hnav tawm, zoo ib yam li xaum uas tau siv.

Primal rock art - definition

Nov yog ib hom kev kos duab thaum ub. Nws yog ib daim duab pleev xim rau ntawm lub qhov tsua phab ntsa los ntawm ib tug txiv neej thaum ub. Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom no tau pom nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Europe, tab sis muaj cov duab kos ntawm cov neeg thaum ub hauv Asia. Qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev faib khoom ntawm pob zeb kos duab yog thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub Spain thiab Fabkis.

Cov kws tshawb fawb tsis ntseeg

Tau ntev heev, kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no tsis paub tias kev kos duab ntawm tus txiv neej thaum ub tau mus txog qib siab. Cov duab kos nyob rau hauv lub qhov tsua ntawm cov neeg thaum ub tsis pom mus txog rau thaum xyoo pua 19th. Yog li ntawd, thaum lawv thawj zaug pom, lawv tau yuam kev rau kev dag.

kos duab nyob rau hauv lub qhov tsua ntawm ancient neeg
kos duab nyob rau hauv lub qhov tsua ntawm ancient neeg

Zaj dab neeg ntawm ib qho kev tshawb pom

Ancient pob zeb kos duab tau pom los ntawm amateur archaeologist Spanish kws lij choj Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola.

daim duab tua neeg thaum ub
daim duab tua neeg thaum ub

Qhov kev tshawb pom no txuas nrog cov xwm txheej txaus ntshai. Hauv Spanish xeev Cantabria xyoo 1868, ib tug neeg yos hav zoov nrhiav tau lub qhov tsua. Qhov kev nkag mus rau nws tau littered nrog cov seem ntawm cov pob zeb tawg. Hauv xyoo 1875 nws tau tshuaj xyuas los ntawm de Sautuola. Lub sijhawm ntawdnws nrhiav tau cov cuab yeej xwb. Qhov nrhiav tau yog qhov ntau tshaj plaws. Plaub xyoos tom qab ntawd, tus kws tshawb fawb qub qub rov tuaj xyuas lub qhov tsua Altamira. Thaum mus ncig, nws tau nrog tus ntxhais 9 xyoo, uas pom cov duab kos. Ua ke nrog nws tus phooj ywg, archaeologist Juan Vilanova y Piera, de Sautuola pib excavating lub qhov tsua. Tsis ntev ua ntej ntawd, ntawm ib qho kev nthuav qhia ntawm Pob Zeb Hnub Nyoog cov khoom, nws pom cov duab ntawm bison, xav tsis thoob txog lub qhov tsua ntawm ib tug txiv neej thaum ub uas nws tus ntxhais Maria pom. Sautuola tau hais tias cov duab ntawm cov tsiaj pom nyob rau hauv lub qhov tsua Altamira yog Paleolithic. Hauv qhov no nws tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Vilanov-i-Pierre.

Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm cov txiaj ntsig poob siab ntawm lawv qhov kev khawb. Thiab ces lawv raug liam los ntawm lub ntiaj teb scientific ntawm kev dag. Cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev tshawb fawb archaeology categorically tsis lees paub qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev nrhiav cov duab los ntawm lub sijhawm Paleolithic. Marcelino de Sautuola raug liam tias cov duab ntawm cov neeg thaum ub, raug liam tias pom los ntawm nws, tau kos los ntawm ib tug phooj ywg ntawm archaeologist uas tuaj xyuas nws nyob rau hnub ntawd.

keeb kwm rock art
keeb kwm rock art

Tsuas yog 15 xyoo tom qab, tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus txiv neej uas nrhiav tau rau lub ntiaj teb zoo nkauj piv txwv ntawm cov neeg thaum ub cov duab, nws cov neeg tawm tsam tau lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm Marcelino de Sautuola. Thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, cov duab kos zoo sib xws hauv lub qhov tsua ntawm cov neeg thaum ub tau pom hauv Font-de-Gaumes, Trois-Frères, Combarel thiab Rouffignac hauv Fab Kis, Tuc d'Auduber hauv Pyrenees thiab lwm thaj chaw. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tau raug ntaus nqi rau lub sijhawm Paleolithic. Yog li, lub npe muaj koob meej ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Spanish uas tau ua ib qho kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv archaeology tau rov qab los.

Kev txawj ntse ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam qub

Lub pob zeb kos duab, daim duab uas tau nthuav tawm hauv qab no, muaj ntau cov duab ntawm cov tsiaj sib txawv. Ntawm lawv figurines ntawm bison predominate. Cov neeg uas xub pom cov duab kos duab ntawm cov neeg thaum ub pom nyob rau hauv lub qhov tsua ntawm Altamira xav tsis thoob li cas lawv tau ua. Qhov kev ua haujlwm zoo nkauj ntawm cov kws kos duab thaum ub ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb tsis ntseeg lawv qhov tseeb hauv lub sijhawm.

ancient pob zeb kos duab
ancient pob zeb kos duab

Cov neeg Ancient tsis tau kawm tam sim tsim cov duab ntawm cov tsiaj. Cov duab kos tau pom tias nyuam qhuav piav qhia txog cov contours, yog li nws yuav luag tsis paub tias leej twg tus kws kos duab xav kos duab. Maj mam, kev txawj kos duab tau zoo dua thiab zoo dua, thiab nws twb tau ua tiav qhov tseeb ntawm tus tsiaj.

thawj daim duab ntawm cov neeg thaum ub tseem tuaj yeem suav nrog cov ntawv xuas tes pom hauv ntau lub qhov tsua.

pob zeb kos duab ntawm cov neeg primitive
pob zeb kos duab ntawm cov neeg primitive

Tes smeared nrog cov xim yog siv rau ntawm phab ntsa, cov ntawv luam tawm tau piav qhia hauv cov xim sib txawv raws qhov contour thiab muab ntim rau hauv ib lub voj voog. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, qhov kev ua no muaj qhov tseem ceeb ritual tseem ceeb rau tus txiv neej thaum ub.

Nkauj kos duab los ntawm thawj tus kws kos duab

Lub pob zeb kos duab ntawm ib tug txiv neej thaum ub qhia txog qhov tseeb uas nyob ib puag ncig nws. Nws nthuav tawm qhov uas nws txhawj xeeb tshaj plaws. Hauv Paleolithic, txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab txoj kev tau txais zaub mov yog yos hav zoov. Yog li ntawd, tsiaj txhu yog lub ntsiab motif ntawm cov kos duab ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd. Raws li twb tau hais lawm, hauv Tebchaws Europe, cov duab ntawm nyuj, mos lwj,nees, tshis, dais. Lawv tsis kis statically, tab sis nyob rau hauv kev txav. Tsiaj txhu khiav, dhia, frolic thiab tuag, tho los ntawm ib tug neeg yos hav zoov hmuv.

duab rock art
duab rock art

Daim duab qub tshaj plaws ntawm tus nyuj yog nyob hauv lub qhov tsua ntawm Lascaux, nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Fabkis. Nws qhov loj yog ntau tshaj tsib meters. Hauv lwm lub tebchaws, cov kws kos duab thaum ub kuj tau pleev xim rau cov tsiaj uas nyob ib sab ntawm lawv. Hauv Somalia, cov duab ntawm giraffes tau pom, hauv Is Nrias teb - tsov thiab crocodiles, nyob rau hauv lub qhov tsua ntawm Sahara muaj cov duab ntawm ostriches thiab ntxhw. Ntxiv rau cov tsiaj, thawj cov kws kos duab pleev xim rau kev yos hav zoov thiab tib neeg, tab sis tsis tshua muaj heev.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm pob zeb paintings

Vim li cas tus txiv neej thaum ub piav txog tsiaj thiab tib neeg ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub qhov tsua thiab lwm yam khoom tsis paub meej. Txij li thaum kev ntseeg twb tau pib tsim los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, feem ntau lawv yuav muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev cai dab qhuas. Kev kos duab "Kev Yos Hav Zoov" ntawm cov neeg thaum ub, raws li qee cov kws tshawb fawb, tau qhia txog qhov ua tiav ntawm kev sib ntaus tawm tsam tsiaj nyaum. Lwm tus ntseeg hais tias lawv tau tsim los ntawm cov shamans ntawm pawg neeg, uas tau mus rau hauv trance thiab sim kom tau txais lub zog tshwj xeeb los ntawm daim duab. Cov kws kos duab thaum ub tau nyob ntev heev, thiab yog li ntawd lub siab xav tsim lawv cov duab kos tsis paub rau cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no.

Xim thiab cuab yeej

Tsim cov duab kos, cov neeg ua yeeb yam thaum ub siv cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb. Ua ntej, lawv khawb cov duab ntawm ib tug tsiaj nrog ib tug chisel rau saum npoo ntawm ib tug pob zeb los yog pob zeb, thiab ces muab pleev xim rau nws. Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim - ocher ntawm cov xim sib txawv thiab cov xim dub, uas tau muab rho tawm los ntawm charcoal. Rau fixationCov xim siv tsiaj cov organic (ntshav, rog, hlwb teeb meem) thiab dej. Muaj ob peb xim ntawm kev pov tseg ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam thaum ub: daj, liab, dub, xim av.

paintings ntawm cov neeg thaum ub
paintings ntawm cov neeg thaum ub

Daim duab ntawm cov neeg thaum ub muaj ntau yam nta. Qee lub sij hawm lawv sib tshooj. Feem ntau, cov neeg ua yeeb yam tau piav qhia ntau tus tsiaj. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov duab nyob rau hauv lub foreground tau depicted kom zoo zoo, thiab tus so - schematically. Cov neeg thaum ub tsis tau tsim cov ntawv sau, feem coob ntawm lawv cov duab kos yog ib pawg chaotic ntawm cov duab. Txog niaj hnub no, tsuas yog ob peb "paintings" tau pom uas muaj ib qho kev sib xyaw.

Thaum lub sijhawm Paleolithic, thawj cov cuab yeej kos duab tau tsim. Cov no yog cov nplaum thiab cov txhuam hniav qub uas ua los ntawm cov tsiaj plaub. Cov neeg ua yeeb yam qub kuj tau saib xyuas lawv cov "canvases". Teeb pom kev zoo uas tau ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm pob zeb tais. Cov rog tau nchuav rau hauv lawv thiab muab ib lub wick.

Chauvet Cave

Nws tau pom nyob rau xyoo 1994 hauv Fab Kis, thiab nws cov duab kos tau raug lees paub tias yog qhov qub tshaj plaws. Cov kev tshawb fawb hauv chav kuaj tau pab txiav txim siab hnub nyoog ntawm cov duab kos - thawj zaug ntawm lawv tau ua 36 txhiab xyoo dhau los. Cov duab ntawm cov tsiaj uas nyob rau lub sijhawm Ice Age tau pom ntawm no. Qhov no yog rhinoceros woolly, qhov tsua tsov ntxhuav, bison, panther, tarpan (cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm cov niaj hnub nees). Cov duab kos tau khaws cia zoo kawg nkaus vim muaj ntau txhiab xyoo dhau los qhov nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov tsua tau puv.

paintings ntawm cov neeg thaum ub
paintings ntawm cov neeg thaum ub

Tam sim no nws raug kaw rau pej xeem. Lub microclimate nyob rau hauv uascov duab, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov pom ntawm tus neeg. Tsuas yog nws cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem siv sijhawm ntau teev hauv nws. Mus saib cov neeg tuaj saib, nws tau txiav txim siab qhib lub qhov tsua replica tsis deb ntawm nws.

Lascaux Cave

Nov yog lwm qhov chaw nto moo uas pom cov duab kos ntawm cov neeg thaum ub. Lub qhov tsua tau pom los ntawm plaub tus tub hluas hauv xyoo 1940. Nws sau cov duab kos los ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam qub Paleolithic tam sim no suav nrog 1,900 dluab.

Qhov chaw tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam heev. Cov dej ntws loj ntawm cov neeg ncig tebchaws tau ua rau kev puas tsuaj rau cov duab kos. Qhov no tshwm sim vim muaj ntau tshaj ntawm carbon dioxide exhaled los ntawm tib neeg. Xyoo 1963 nws tau txiav txim siab kaw lub qhov tsua rau pej xeem. Tab sis teeb meem nrog kev khaws cia cov duab qub muaj nyob rau niaj hnub no. Lub microclimate ntawm Lascaux tau raug cuam tshuam tsis zoo, thiab tam sim no cov duab kos tau raug tswj tsis tu ncua.

Zoo kawg

Cov duab ntawm cov neeg thaum ub txaus siab rau peb nrog lawv qhov tseeb thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo. Cov kws ua yeeb yam ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tuaj yeem nthuav tawm tsis yog tsuas yog qhov tseeb ntawm tus tsiaj, tab sis kuj nws txoj kev txav thiab tus cwj pwm. Ntxiv rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nkauj thiab kos duab, cov duab kos duab ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam qub yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev kawm txog tsiaj ntiaj teb ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Ua tsaug rau cov duab kos pom nyob rau hauv Chauvet grotto, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom qhov tsis txaus ntseeg: nws tau pom tias tsov ntxhuav thiab rhinos, thawj cov neeg nyob hauv cov teb chaws kub sab qab teb, nyob hauv Tebchaws Europe thaum lub hnub nyoog pob zeb.

Pom zoo: