Cov qauv kev kawm tshiab tau qhia tsis yog hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj tseem nyob hauv cov tsev kawm qib kindergarten. Ib tug kawm tiav ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv preschool yuav tsum muaj kev txawj ntse:
- daws cov haujlwm ntawm tus kheej thiab kev txawj ntse tsim nyog rau nws lub hnub nyoog;
- siv cov kev paub uas tau txais los teeb tsa cov haujlwm tshiab thiab daws lawv.
Txoj kev kawm txog teeb meem raws li kev kawm
Tus txheej txheem ntawm cov teeb meem teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm, lub hauv paus ntawm qhov uas yog qhov tau txais kev paub los ntawm kev daws teeb meem cov tswv yim thiab theoretical. Tus kws qhia ntawv qib kindergarten uas siv cov txheej txheem no txhim kho hauv nws cov tub kawm lub peev xwm ntawm nws tus kheej tsim lub hom phiaj, nrhiav txoj hauv kev kom ua tiav, thiab txheeb xyuas qhov tshwm sim. Cia peb tsom xam ntau txoj hauv kev tsim cov teeb meem teeb meem, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool kawm los ntawm nws tus kheej tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv, siv kev paub hauv lub neej txhua hnub.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kawm raws li qhov teeb meem yog dab tsi
Kev daws teeb meem muaj txiaj ntsig pab tsim lub peev xwm muaj tswv yim ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv, txhim kho lawv txoj kev ywj pheej. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias qhov kev cob qhia no suav nrog kev tsim kom nyob zekev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg laus thiab menyuam yaus. Tsim kom muaj teeb meem yog txoj haujlwm ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv. Nws yuav tsum mus los ntawm ib tug complex saw nrog cov hais mav, qhov pib ntawm uas yuav yog ib tug yooj yim kev soj ntsuam, thiab qhov tshwm sim yuav muaj kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kev daws teeb meem. Ua tsaug rau cov kev paub tshiab uas tau txais hauv chav kawm ntawm kev sib koom ua haujlwm, tus menyuam kawm paub cov yam ntxwv tshiab ntawm cov khoom uas tau kawm, kawm los nug, nrhiav cov lus teb rau lawv.
Txoj kev kawm txog teeb meem raws li kev kawm
Nyob rau hauv Russia, kev hloov pauv loj ntawm kev kawm tab tom tshwm sim, cov txheej txheem tshiab thiab cov qauv qhia rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool tau tshwm sim. Hom tshiab ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv preschool raug tsim nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws, tsom rau kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog pib kawm ntawv. Kev saib xyuas tseem ceeb yog them rau hauv kev kawm preschool mus rau kev tsim cov kev puas siab puas ntsws, kev muaj peev xwm los daws cov teeb meem, cov hauj lwm uas tus kws qhia.
Txoj kev kawm tseem ceeb
Cov kev cob qhia zoo li no txawv ntawm qhov kev cob qhia ib txwm muaj ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool hauv kev paub txog kev paub. Preschoolers tau txais kev txawj ntawm kev kawm tus kheej, kev kawm tus kheej, uas yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv lub neej. Kev soj ntsuam zoo ntawm qhov teeb meem yog ib txoj hauv kev kom tau txais kev paub hauv lub neej tshiab.
History of problematic technology
Keeb kwm ntawm kev siv cov teeb meem-raws li kev kawm yog hauv paus rau yav dhau los tob. Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm J. G. Pestalozzi, J.-J. Rousseau tau npaj "txoj kev kawm nquag". Ib qho teeb meem teeb meem yog ib txoj hauv kev tau txais kev paub tshiab, txhawb nqa tus kheejcov menyuam yaus ua si. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, tus kws qhia ntawv Asmeskas J. Dewey tau tsim lub tswv yim ntawm kev kawm txog teeb meem. Nws tau thov kom hloov cov kev qhia ib txwm muaj rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool thiab cov menyuam kawm ntawv hluas nrog kev kawm ywj pheej los ntawm kev daws teeb meem ntau yam. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau qhov kev sim ua los ntawm Dewey, nws tau ntseeg tias qhov teeb meem teeb meem rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschools muaj ntau lub sijhawm ntau dua li kev kawm lus (phau ntawv, hais lus) cuam tshuam nrog kev nco txog cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim. Nws yog Dewey uas tshuav nuj nqis niaj hnub pedagogy qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm "kev ua tiav ntawm kev xav". Kev kawm nquag, npaj rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, tsuas yog pib hauv tebchaws Russia nrog kev qhia txog cov qauv kev kawm tshiab.
Piv txwv ntawm cov xwm txheej teeb meem rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschools
Cia peb muab piv txwv txog qhov teeb meem rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool. Cov menyuam yaus muaj ntau yam duab thiab ntau thiab tsawg, uas lawv yuav tsum tsim ib lub tsev. Tom qab tau txais txoj haujlwm, cov menyuam yaus yuav tsum xub xav txog cov phiaj xwm ntawm lawv qhov kev ua, khaws cov thawv raws li lawv cov duab thiab qhov loj me, kom kev tsim kho lub tsev ruaj khov. Yog cov me nyuam nco lub sij hawm no, lawv yuav tsis muaj peev xwm tiv tau txoj hauj lwm uas tus xib hwb tau teem tseg rau lawv. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm sib koom ua ke, cov menyuam kawm paub sib txuas lus, muaj kev nkag siab ntawm kev sib koom ua ke.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm txog teeb meem rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschools
Kev cob qhia zoo li no muaj ntau yam, nyob ntawm seb qhov teeb meem puas yog los ntawm tus kws qhia. Qhov teeb meem yog qhiantawm tus kheej ntawm kev paub, kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm preschoolers. Hauv kindergartens, kev ua si ua si tau tsim dav dav, uas qhia txog kev kawm txog teeb meem. Sim ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws kho mob, tus menyuam kawm sib txuas lus nrog "cov neeg mob". Cov kev paub zoo li no yuav pab nws xaiv txoj haujlwm yav tom ntej, yuav yog qhov kev txhawb siab zoo rau kev paub tshiab. Nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv preschool, tus me nyuam kawm kom kov yeej cov teeb meem kev txawj ntse, rau nws qhov teeb meem muaj teeb meem yog lub sijhawm zoo los ua pov thawj nws tus kheej. Nws yog qhov teeb meem uas ua rau tus menyuam kawm ntawv preschool xav, qhia nws xaiv los ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv tsuas yog qhov uas nws yuav tsum tau tawm ntawm qhov xwm txheej tam sim no. Cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no yuav yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus rau kev txhim kho kev txawj ntse ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm yav tom ntej.
Cov lus qhia rau kev coj ua cov chav kawm hauv DO
Txhua qhov teeb meem yog qhov chaw txawv txawv rau tus menyuam. Kev tshawb nrhiav txoj hauv kev zoo los daws qhov teeb meem yog nyob ntawm qhov muaj tswv yim muaj peev xwm ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv. Cov teeb meem-raws li kev kawm cuam tshuam nrog lub koom haum los ntawm kev ua si ntawm kev muaj tswv yim thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov menyuam kawm preschool. Siv ntau txoj hauv kev los tsim kev paub txog kev paub hauv lawv cov menyuam kawm ntawv, tus kws qhia ntawv feem ntau cuam tshuam rau lub siab lub ntsws-volitional sphere ntawm cov menyuam yaus. Tus kws qhia paub tseeb tias thaum tau txais kev paub tshiab, cov menyuam yaus muaj kev txaus siab, kev zoo siab, kev xyiv fab. Qhov teeb meem teeb meem tsim los ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv yog lub sijhawm los ua kom muaj kev qhuas rau cov menyuam yaus,tsis muaj peev xwm, surprise.
Creativity, muaj tswv yim ywj pheej ntawm tus menyuam kawm ntawv preschool, hloov tau yooj yim, heuristic xav yog cov cim ntawm lub peev xwm thiab lub siab xav tsim, sau, tsim, tsim cov duab tshiab.
Ua haujlwm ntawm ib qhov project, tus menyuam tau txais kev txaus siab los ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, muaj kev xav zoo. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws yuav muaj peev xwm tham txog tag nrho txoj kev loj hlob ntawm muaj tswv yim muaj peev xwm ntawm ib tug preschooler, tsim ib tug sib haum xeeb cwm pwm.
Yuav ua li cas thiaj tsim teeb meem
Kev tsis sib haum xeeb yog qhov txuas ntawm qhov teeb meem kev kawm, thiab yog li ntawd nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum muab lo lus nug rau ntawm tus menyuam kom raug. Feem ntau, cov lus nug uas txawv kiag li hauv cov qauv yog nug los ntawm cov menyuam yaus lawv tus kheej: "Vim li cas lub tsho tiv no tsis sov?"; "Vim li cas ib tsob nroj haus dej, tab sis nws tsis ntws tawm ntawm nws?"; "Vim li cas ib tug qaib hauv tsev muaj tis, tab sis nws tsis ya mus?"; "Vim li cas lub ntiaj teb puag ncig?" Cov teeb meem uas cov me nyuam tau muab tso tseg, tus kws qhia ntawv sau los yog nco ntsoov, thiab hauv chav kawm muab lawv rau tag nrho pawg. Tus kws qhia ntawv yuav tsum tau coj cov menyuam mus nrhiav cov lus teb rau lo lus nug, ua tib zoo mloog rau qhov tsis sib xws, kom cov kev daws teeb meem raug kho hauv lub siab ntawm tus menyuam. Tus kws qhia ntawv txhob txwm tsim qhov tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb paub rau tus menyuam thiab lub neej xwm txheej.
Kev tshawb fawb piv txwv
Los ntawm kev kawm cov khoom ntawm dej, cov menyuam kawm tau tias 80 feem pua ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu yog dej. Txhawm rau tsim qhov teeb meem, tus kws qhia ntawv nug: "Vim li cas peb lub cev tsis ua kua, vim tias peb muaj dej ntau hauv peb?" Ua ke nrog tus kws qhia ntawvcov txiv neej tab tom nrhiav cov lus teb thiab tuaj rau qhov xaus tias dej yog nyob rau hauv lub cev, thiab yog li ntawd tsis ntws tawm ntawm ib tug neeg. Tus kws qhia ntawv, nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav cov lus teb rau lo lus nug posed, mloog tag nrho cov lus sib cav ntawm cov me nyuam, txhawb lawv kom muaj zog, sim qhia lawv txoj kev paub. Tom qab tag nrho cov txiv neej tau muab lawv cov lus teb, ib qho kev daws teeb meem raug xaiv ua ke.
Yuav kom pom cov lus teb yog, koj tuaj yeem ua qhov kev sim. Cov me nyuam, ua ke nrog tus kws qhia ntawv (los yog niam txiv), rub carrots, beets, qos yaj ywm, nyem tawm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, ces sib piv cov ntim ntawm cov kua tau txais. Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb me me ua los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav yog qhov kev tshawb pom tiag tiag rau cov menyuam yaus. Tau tsim ib qho teeb meem, tus kws qhia ntawv yuam nws pawg ntseeg kom tau txais kev paub, txhim kho, thiab txhim kho lawv tus kheej.
Zoo nkauj tshaj plaws
Ib qho teeb meem tseem tuaj yeem tsim tau hauv chav kawm kev kawm lub cev. Zaj lus qhia "Greeting cards for Piglet" tuaj yeem ua tau raws li kev ua si. Tus kws qhia ntawv tig mus rau cov menyuam nrog kev thov kom pab nqa khoom plig rau Piglet. Nyob rau hauv tas luav txog Winnie the Pooh, peb tab tom tham txog khoom plig rau ib tug nees luav, yog li cov lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas muab Piglet zoo li coj txawv txawv rau cov me nyuam thaum xub thawj. Cov txiv neej muab cov khoom sib txawv uas tuaj yeem nthuav qhia rau Piglet. Cov gymnastics zoo ib yam tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv qhov kev cob qhia zoo siab uas txhua tus menyuam yaus yuav tsis khoom ua ib daim ntawv tshaj tawm txawv txawv rau cov cim tas luav. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog tsis tsuas yog tuaj nrog ib daim ntawv xa tuaj, tab sis kuj yuav nrhiav tau tag nrho cov ntsiab lus rau nws. Yuav pib nrog, cov hais mav sau lawv lub thawv khawv koob (lub thawv rau kev ua haujlwm). ATTxhua ntu ntawm lub thawv muaj qee cov ntsiab lus: voj voog, paj, nplooj. Ua ke nrog tus kws qhia ntawv, cov me nyuam hais lus khawv koob, cov lus uas tus xib fwb nws tus kheej tuaj nrog. Thiab tsuas yog tom qab xws li kev ua yeeb yam txawv txawv, cov txiv neej pib tsim daim npav tos txais rau Piglet zoo heev. Txhua tus menyuam tau txais nws tus kheej daim ntawv xa tuaj thaum kawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm, cov khoom tiav tuaj yeem dai rau ntawm qhov chaw tshwj xeeb.
Qhov Tseem Ceeb ntawm Kev Kawm Raws Teeb Meem
Txhua qhov teeb meem uas tus kws qhia ntawv tau tshoov siab rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool, pab txhawb thiab tsim kev txawj ntse, tsim kom muaj peev xwm tsim tau. Qhov kev xav uas tus kws qhia ntawv muab tso rau hauv qhov pib ntawm zaj lus qhia kuj yog qhov txawv ntawm kev kawm raws li qhov teeb meem.
Zoo kawg
Teeb meem kev kawm yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum qhia cov me nyuam rau lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig lawv. Yog tias tsim nyog los daws qhov teeb meem, tus menyuam mloog nws lub siab, nco, txhim kho, nws hloov mus rau lub neej txhua hnub sai dua. Nrog rau kev ywj pheej ntawm kev xav, cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool kawm los tsim cov hom phiaj ntawm zaj lus qhia, nrhiav kev xaiv thiab cov qauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Thaum tsim ib qho teeb meem, cov neeg laus txhob txwm tshaj tawm cov menyuam yaus kom tso cov kev xav, qhia lawv tsim cov lus xaus. Tus me nyuam tsis ntshai ua yuam kev, vim nws paub tseeb tias nws txoj kev pib yuav tsis raug rau txim, tab sis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, txhua nqe lus ntawm tus me nyuam yuav raug txhawb los ntawm tus kws qhia.
Kev daws teeb meem ntawm koj tus kheej, tsis muaj kev ntshai ntawm kev ua yuam kev - qhov no yog lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov teeb meem kev kawm preschool. Kev hloov kho kev kawm niaj hnub hauvHauv peb lub tebchaws tab tom muaj kev hloov pauv loj, thiab kev qhia txog tsoomfwv cov qauv kev kawm tshiab feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev siv cov teeb meem raws li kev qhia hauv cov tsev kawm preschool. Kuj tseem muaj thawj qhov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv no, lees paub qhov tseem ceeb thiab lub sijhawm ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Kev Kawm Txuj Ci. Cov menyuam yaus uas paub yuav ua li cas npaj lawv cov dej num, suav nrog kev ua haujlwm, yuav tsis muaj teeb meem thaum kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv.
