Kev loj hlob ntawm cov pej xeem hauv nroog yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub. Txog thaum tsis ntev los no, qhov loj tshaj plaws megacities ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tau nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb hauv cheeb tsam nyob sab Europe thiab lub qub civilizations ntawm Asia - Tuam Tshoj, Is Nrias teb thiab Nyiv.
Ob centuries of urbanization: 1800-2000
Ua ntej lub xyoo pua 18th, tsis muaj lub nroog mus txog qhov pib ntawm ib lab tus neeg nyob hauv, tshwj tsis yog lub nroog Loos thaum ub: thaum nws ncov, nws cov pejxeem yog 1.3 lab tus tib neeg. Xyoo 1800, tsuas muaj ib qho kev sib hais haum nrog cov pej xeem ntawm ntau dua 1 lab - Beijing, thiab xyoo 1900 muaj 15 tus ntawm lawv. cov pejxeem kwv yees.
| 1800 | 1900 | 2000 | 2015 | |||||
| 1. | Peijing | 1100 | London | 6480 | Tokyo-Yokohama | 26400 | Tokyo-Yokohama | 37750 |
| 2. | London | 861 | New York | 4242 | Mexico City | 17900 | Jakarta | 30091 |
| 3. | Canton | 800 | Paris | 3330 | Sao Paulo | 17500 | Delhi | 24998 |
| 4. | YConstantinople | 570 | Berlin | 2424 | Bombay | 17500 | Manila | 24123 |
| 5. | Paris | 547 | Chicago | 1717 | New York | 16600 | New York | 23723 |
| 6. | Hangzhou | 500 | Vienna | 1662 | Shanghai | 12900 | Seoul |
23480 |
| 7. | Edo | 492 | Tokyo | 1497 | Kolkata | 12700 | Shanghai | 23416 |
| 8. | Naples | 430 | Petersburg | 1439 | Buenos Aires | 12400 | Karachi | 22123 |
| 9. | Suzhou | 392 | Philadelphia | 1418 | Rio de Janeiro | 10500 | Peijing | 21009 |
| 10. | Osaka | 380 | Manchester | 1255 | Seoul | 9900 | Guangzhou-Foshan | 20597 |
Qhov qeb duas 1800 qhia txog cov pej xeem hierarchy. Ntawm kaum lub nroog muaj neeg coob tshaj plaws, plaub yog Suav (Beijing, Canton, Hangzhou thiab Suzhou).
Tom qab lub sijhawm muaj kev kub ntxhov ntawm kev nom kev tswv, Tuam Tshoj nyob rau hauv Qing Dynasty tau ntsib kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb ntev ntawm kev nthuav dav pej xeem. Xyoo 1800, Beijing tau los ua thawj lub nroog tom qab Rome (ntawm lub ncov ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws) nrog cov pejxeem ntawm ntau tshaj 1 lab tus neeg nyob. Ces nws yog tus thib ib hauv ntiaj teb; Constantinople nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm poob. Tom qab ntawd London thiab Paris tshwm sim (thib ob thiab thib tsib, feem). Tab sis Nyiv lub nroog kev lig kev cai twb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no qeb duas, raws li Edo (Tokyo) pib lub xyoo pua 19th nrog ib nrab lab.cov pejxeem nyob ze rau ntawm Paris, thiab Osaka yog nyob rau saum kaum.
Kev nce thiab poob ntawm Europe
Xyoo 1900, kev loj hlob ntawm European kev vam meej tau tshwm sim. Lub ntiaj teb lub nroog loj (9 ntawm 10) tau koom nrog Western kev vam meej ntawm ob sab ntawm Atlantic (Tebchaws Europe thiab Tebchaws Asmeskas). Plaub cheeb tsam loj tshaj plaws ntawm Tuam Tshoj (Beijing, Canton, Hangzhou, Suzhou) ploj ntawm daim ntawv, yog li lees paub qhov poob ntawm Suav teb chaws Ottoman. Lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm regression yog Constantinople. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, cov nroog xws li London lossis Paris loj hlob ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm: nruab nrab ntawm 1800 thiab 1900, lawv cov pejxeem tau nce los ntawm 7-8 zaug. Greater London muaj 6.5 lab tus neeg nyob hauv, uas tshaj cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws xws li Sweden lossis Netherlands.
Kev nce ntawm Berlin lossis New York tau ua rau muaj kev zoo siab dua. Xyoo 1800, New York City, nrog nws 63,000 tus neeg nyob, tsis yog qhov loj ntawm lub peev tab sis ntawm lub nroog me; ib puas xyoo tom qab, nws cov pejxeem tau tshaj 4 lab tus tib neeg. Ntawm 10 megacities hauv ntiaj teb, tsuas yog ib qho - Tokyo - nyob sab nraud ntawm European kev sib hais haum.
Demographic xwm txheej thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XXI
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, thaj chaw loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb muaj cov pejxeem ntawm 20 lab tus neeg nyob hauv txhua tus. Tokyo tseem tab tom nthuav dav mus rau qhov uas lub nroog tau dhau los ua qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, nrog cov pejxeem ntawm 5 lab ntau dua New Yorkers. New York City nws tus kheej, nyob rau qib thib ib ntev, tam sim no nyob rau hauv thib tsib nrog ib ncig ntawm 24 lab tus neeg nyob.
Lub sijhawm ntawdib yam li xyoo 1900 tsuas yog ib ntawm kaum lub nroog loj tshaj plaws nyob sab nraud European, qhov xwm txheej tam sim no yog qhov tsis sib xws, txij li tsis muaj kaum lub nroog loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv European kev vam meej. Kaum lub nroog loj tshaj plaws nyob hauv Asia (Tokyo, Shanghai, Jakarta, Seoul, Guangzhou, Beijing, Shenzhen thiab Delhi), Latin America (Mexico City) thiab Africa (Lagos). Piv txwv li, Buenos Aires, uas tseem yog ib lub zos nyob rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, tuaj nyob rau hauv 6 qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 1998 nrog tag nrho cov pejxeem ntawm 11 lab tus tib neeg.
Kev loj hlob tawg tau raug pom nyob hauv Seoul, qhov twg cov neeg nyob hauv tau nce 10 npaug hauv ib nrab xyoo dhau los. Sub-Saharan Africa tsis muaj kev lig kev cai hauv nroog thiab tsuas yog thaum pib ntawm txoj kev no, tab sis twb muaj ib lab-ntxiv lub nroog Lagos nrog cov pejxeem ntawm 21 lab.
Hais txog 2.8 billion tus neeg nyob hauv nroog hauv xyoo 2000
Hauv xyoo 1900, tsuas yog 10% ntawm cov menyuam yaus nyob hauv nroog. Xyoo 1950, muaj 29% ntawm lawv, thiab los ntawm 2000 - 47%. Cov pej xeem hauv nroog hauv ntiaj teb tau nce ntxiv: los ntawm 160 lab hauv 1900 txog 735 lab hauv xyoo 1950 thiab mus rau 2.8 billion hauv 2000
Kev loj hlob hauv nroog yog qhov tshwm sim thoob ntiaj teb. Hauv tebchaws Africa, qee qhov chaw nyob tau nce ob npaug hauv qhov loj txhua xyoo kaum xyoo, vim tias muaj kev loj hlob tawg ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv thiab kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw nyob deb nroog hnyav. Xyoo 1950, yuav luag txhua lub tebchaws hauv sub-Saharan Africa muaj cov pejxeem hauv nroog qis dua 25%. Xyoo 1985, qhov xwm txheej no txuas ntxiv hauv ib feem peb ntawm lub tebchaws, thiab hauv 7 Lub Xeevtus naj npawb ntawm cov pej xeem yeej.
Lub nroog thiab lub tebchaws
Hauv Latin America, los ntawm qhov sib txawv, kev loj hlob hauv nroog tau pib ntev dhau los. Nws tau mus txog qhov kawg ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Cov pej xeem hauv nroog tseem yog haiv neeg tsawg hauv tsuas yog ob peb lub tebchaws txom nyem tshaj plaws hauv Central America thiab hauv Caribbean (Guatemala, Honduras, Haiti). Hauv cov xeev uas muaj neeg nyob coob tshaj plaws, feem pua ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv nroog sib raug rau cov ntsuas ntawm cov teb chaws tsim kho nyob sab hnub poob (ntau dua 75%).
Qhov xwm txheej hauv Asia yog qhov sib txawv heev. Hauv Pakistan, piv txwv li, 2/3 ntawm cov pejxeem nyob deb nroog; hauv Is Nrias teb, Tuam Tshoj thiab Indonesia - 3/4; hauv Bangladesh - tshaj 4/5. Cov neeg nyob deb nroog feem ntau predominate. Feem coob ntawm cov pej xeem tseem nyob hauv cov nroog nyob deb nroog. Qhov concentration ntawm cov pej xeem hauv nroog yog txwv rau ntau thaj chaw ntawm Middle East thiab thaj chaw muaj kev lag luam ntawm East Asia (Nyiv, Taiwan, Kauslim). Cov pej xeem nyob deb nroog siab zoo li txwv tsis pub muaj kev sib cais thiab yog li tiv thaiv kev hla nroog.
Kev tshwm sim ntawm megacities
Cov neeg nyob hauv nroog tau maj mam ntxiv thiab ntau ntxiv hauv cov agglomeration loj heev. Nyob rau hauv 1900, tus naj npawb ntawm megacities nrog cov pejxeem ntawm ntau tshaj 1 lab tus tib neeg yog 17. Yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub European civilization - nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe nws tus kheej (London, Paris, Berlin), nyob rau hauv Russia (St. Petersburg, Moscow) los yog nyob rau hauv nws North American offshoot (New York, Chicago, Philadelphia). Tsuas yog qhov kev zam tsuas yog ob peb lub nroog uas muaj keeb kwm ntev ntawm kev nom kev tswv thiab kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws uas muaj neeg coob coob: Tokyo, Beijing, Calcutta.
Ib nrab xyoo tom qab, los ntawm 1950, lub nroog toj roob hauv pes tau hloov pauv loj heev. Cov cheeb tsam loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb tseem yog nyob rau sab Europe, tab sis Tokyo tau nce ntawm 7 mus rau 4. Thiab lub cim eloquent tshaj plaws ntawm kev poob ntawm sab hnub poob yog lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Paris los ntawm 3rd mus rau 6th qhov chaw (nruab nrab ntawm Shanghai thiab Buenos Aires), nrog rau London los ntawm tus thawj coj txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv 1900 mus rau tus naj npawb 11 nyob rau hauv 1990.
Lub ntiaj teb thib peb lub nroog thiab slums
Nyob rau hauv Latin America, thiab ntau dua nyob rau hauv Africa, qhov chaw txav deb ntawm thaj av pib tam sim ntawd, kev kub ntxhov hauv nroog yog qhov tob heev. Tus nqi ntawm lawv txoj kev loj hlob yog ob lossis peb zaug tom qab tus nqi ntawm cov pejxeem loj hlob; Kev nrawm ntawm nroog loj tam sim no yog lub nra hnyav: kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis thiab kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb txwv lub peev xwm los tsim cov haujlwm tshiab txaus, thaum cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab tsev kawm qib siab coj ntau lab tus neeg kawm tiav tshiab rau kev ua lag luam txhua xyoo. Nyob rau hauv hom nroog no yog fraught nrog kev ntxhov siab uas ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb.
Ntawm 33 qhov kev sib sau ua ke nrog ntau dua 5 lab tus neeg nyob hauv xyoo 1990, 22 tau nyob hauv cov tebchaws tsim. Lub nroog ntawm cov tebchaws txom nyem tshaj plaws yuav dhau los ua qhov loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Lawv txoj kev loj hlob ntau dhau thiab ua tsis ncaj ncees ua rau muaj teeb meem ntawm megacities xws li tsim cov slums thiab shacks, infrastructure overload thiab exacerbation ntawm cov neeg mob xws li poob hauj lwm, kev ua phem,kev tsis ruaj ntseg, siv tshuaj yeeb, thiab lwm yam.
Kev nthuav dav ntxiv ntawm megacities: yav dhau los thiab yav tom ntej
Ib qho ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev txhim kho yog tsim cov megacities, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv tsawg dua lub teb chaws. Raws li UN txhais, cov no yog cov chaw nyob nrog tsawg kawg yog 8 lab tus neeg nyob hauv. Kev loj hlob ntawm kev tsim hauv nroog loj yog qhov tshwm sim tshiab uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau ib nrab xyoo dhau los. Xyoo 1950, tsuas yog 2 lub nroog (New York thiab London) nyob hauv pawg no. Los ntawm 1990, lub megacities ntawm lub ntiaj teb no suav nrog 11 qhov chaw: 3 nyob rau hauv Latin America (Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires thiab Rio de Janeiro), 2 nyob rau hauv North America (New York thiab Los Angeles), 2 nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe (London thiab Paris) thiab 4 hauv East Asia (Tokyo, Shanghai, Osaka thiab Beijing). Nyob rau hauv 1995, 16 ntawm 22 megalopolises nyob rau hauv tsawg lub teb chaws (12 nyob rau hauv Asia, 4 nyob rau hauv Latin America thiab 2 nyob rau hauv Africa - Cairo thiab Lagos). Los ntawm 2015, lawv cov naj npawb tau nce mus rau 42. Ntawm lawv, 34 (uas yog, 81%) yog nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws tsis tau tsim thiab tsuas yog 8 nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws tsim. Feem coob ntawm lub ntiaj teb megacities (27 ntawm 42, kwv yees li ob feem peb) yog nyob rau hauv Asia.
Cov thawj coj tsis sib haum xeeb hauv cov nroog muaj nyiaj nplua nuj yog Tuam Tshoj (101), Is Nrias teb (57) thiab Asmeskas (44).
Hnub no lub nroog loj tshaj plaws nyob sab Europe yog Moscow, uas nyob qib 15 nrog 16 lab tus tib neeg. Nws ua raws Paris (29th nrog 10.9 lab) thiab London (32nd nrog 10.2 lab). Moscow tau txais lub ntsiab lus ntawm "megalopolis" thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, thaum 1897 kev suav pej xeem sau 1 lab tus neeg nyob hauv nroog.
Cov neeg sib tw rau Megalopolises
Ntau cov agglomerates sai sai no yuav hla 8 lab teeb meem. Ntawm lawv yog lub nroog Hong Kong, Wuhan, Hangzhou, Chongqing, Taipei-Taoyuan, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, cov neeg sib tw nyob deb ntawm cov pejxeem. Cov no yog cov agglomerates ntawm Dallas / Fort Worth (6.2 lab), San Francisco / San Jose (5.9 lab), 5.8 lab Houston, Miami City, Philadelphia.
Tsuas yog 3 lub nroog Asmeskas nroog - New York, Los Angeles thiab Chicago - tau hla 8 lab lub sijhawm tseem ceeb txog tam sim no. Qhov thib plaub muaj neeg coob tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab thawj zaug hauv Texas yog Houston. Lub nroog yog nyob rau 64th qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov npe ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Kev cog lus hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab kev loj hlob tseem yog qhov me me conurbations. Piv txwv ntawm cov chaw xws li Atlanta, Minneapolis, lub nroog Seattle, Phoenix, thiab Denver.
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm hyperurbanization txawv ntawm ib sab mus rau sab av loj thiab los ntawm ib lub tebchaws mus rau lwm qhov. Cov pej xeem profile, qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev lag luam, hom vaj tsev, qhov zoo ntawm cov vaj tse, kev loj hlob, thiab keeb kwm ntawm kev sib haum xeeb sib txawv. Piv txwv li, cov nroog African tsis muaj yav dhau los thiab tam sim no raug dej nyab nrog cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw tsis zoo (feem ntau yog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb) thiab nthuav dav los ntawm kev loj hlob ntuj. Lawv qhov kev loj hlob yog kwv yees li ob npaug ntawm lub ntiaj teb qhov nruab nrab.
Nyob rau hauv East Asia, qhov twg cov pej xeem ceev heev, loj conurbations, uas tej zaum yuav npog cov cheeb tsam loj heev thiab suav nrog ib tug network ntawm ib ncig ntawm lub zos, tau tshwm sim vim kev txhim khoeconomic tej yam kev mob.
Nyob rau hauv Indian subcontinent, thaj chaw hauv nroog xws li Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi, Dhaka lossis Karachi nyiam nthuav dav ntawm cov nqi ntawm kev txom nyem nyob deb nroog nrog rau kev yug menyuam ntau dhau. Hauv Latin America, daim duab no txawv me ntsis: kev loj hlob hauv nroog tau tshwm sim ntau dhau los thiab tau qeeb txij li xyoo 1980; Cov kev cai hloov cov qauv zoo li tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov kev hloov pauv no.
