Dab tsi yog cov khoom sib xyaw? Nws tshwm sim li cas?

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 17:48

Tag nrho lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig peb muaj cov khoom siv microscopic. Kev sib xyaw ua ke, lawv tsim cov khoom yooj yim thiab nyuaj nrog cov khoom sib txawv thiab cov yam ntxwv. Yuav ua li cas paub qhov txawv ntawm ib tug los ntawm lwm tus? Dab tsi characterizes complex tshuaj?

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom

Kev tshawb fawb paub 118 cov tshuaj lom neeg. Lawv txhua tus sawv cev rau cov atoms, cov khoom me tshaj plaws uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam. Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov khoom nyob ntawm lawv cov qauv. Raws li txoj cai, lawv tsis tuaj yeem nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej thiab yeej yuav koom ua ke nrog lwm cov atoms. Yog li lawv tsim cov khoom yooj yim thiab nyuaj.

Lawv hu ua yooj yim yog tias lawv tsuas muaj ib hom atoms xwb. Piv txwv li, oxygen (O) yog ib yam khoom. Ob ntawm nws cov atoms, txuas ua ke, tsim ib lub molecule ntawm cov pa oxygen yooj yim nrog cov mis O₂. Thaum peb cov pa oxygen atoms ua ke rau hauv ib lub molecule, ozone tau txais - O_3.

Cov khoom siv sib xyaw yog qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom sib txawv. Piv txwv li, dej muaj cov qauv H_{2O. Txhua ntawm nws cov molecules muaj ob lub hydrogen atoms (H) thiab ib qho oxygen atom. Hauv qhov xwm txheej, muaj ntau yam khoom zoo li no ntau dua li cov yooj yim. Cov no suav nrog qab zib, ntsev,xuab zeb, thiab lwm yam.}

Cov Khoom Sib Tw

Cov tebchaw nyuaj yog tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, nrog rau kev tso tawm lossis nqus ntawm lub zog. Nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm cov kev tshwm sim, ntau pua tus txheej txheem sib txawv tau ua nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, ntau yam ntawm lawv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub neej ntawm cov kab mob nyob.

Nyob ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov tshuaj complex tau muab faib ua cov organic thiab inorganic. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj ib tug molecular los yog non-molecular qauv. Yog hais tias cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem yog atoms thiab ions, cov no yog cov tsis-molecular compounds. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, lawv yog cov khoom, yaj thiab boil nyob rau hauv high kub. Cov no tuaj yeem yog ntsev lossis ntau yam minerals.

Hauv lwm hom qauv, ob lossis ntau lub atoms ua ke los tsim ib lub molecule. Hauv nws, cov ntawv cog lus muaj zog heev, tab sis nws cuam tshuam tsis zoo nrog lwm cov molecules. Lawv tuaj nyob rau hauv peb lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke, feem ntau volatile, feem ntau tsw.

YOrganic Compounds

Muaj txog peb lab cov organic tebchaw nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej. Lawv muaj cov pa roj carbon. Ntxiv rau nws, cov tebchaw feem ntau muaj qee cov hlau, hydrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen thiab oxygen. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv txoj cai, carbon tuaj yeem ua ke nrog yuav luag txhua yam.

Cov tshuaj no yog ib feem ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia. Cov no yog cov proteins, rog, carbohydrates, nucleic acids thiab vitamins. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov, dyes, fuels, alcohols, polymers thiab lwm yam compounds.

Cov tshuaj organic, raws li txoj cai, muaj cov qauv molecular. Hauv qhov no, lawv feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv cov kua thiab gaseous xeev. Lawv muaj qis melting thiab boiling point tshaj inorganic tebchaw thiab tsim covalent bonds.

Carbon ua ke nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus, tsim cov kaw lossis qhib saw. Nws lub ntsiab feature yog lub peev xwm rau homology thiab isomerism. Homologues raug tsim thaum lwm CH₂ khub ntxiv rau CH_{2 (methane) khub, tsim cov tebchaw tshiab. methane tuaj yeem hloov mus rau ethane, propane, butane, pentane, thiab lwm yam.}

Isomers yog cov tebchaw nrog tib pawg thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg, tab sis txawv ntawm txoj kev sib txuas ntawm atoms. Hauv qhov no, lawv cov khoom kuj txawv.

Inorganic compounds

Inorganic compounds tsis muaj carbon. Cov kev zam tsuas yog carbides, carbonates, cyanides thiab oxides ntawm carbon, piv txwv li, chalk, dej qab zib, carbon dioxide thiab carbon monoxide thiab lwm yam compounds.

Muaj tsawg dua cov inorganic compounds nyob rau hauv cov xwm tshaj cov organic. Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv los ntawm cov qauv uas tsis yog molecular thiab tsim ntawm ionic bonds. Lawv tsim pob zeb thiab minerals thiab muaj nyob rau hauv dej, av thiab muaj sia nyob.

Raws li cov khoom ntawm cov khoom, lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua:

• oxides - daim ntawv cog lus ntawm ib lub caij nrog oxygen nrog lub xeev oxidation ntawm rho tawm ob (hematite, alumina, magnetite);
• ntsev - daim ntawv cog lus ntawm cov hlau ions nrog cov kua qaub seem (pob zeb ntsev, lapis, magnesium ntsev);
• acids - daim ntawv cog lus ntawm hydrogen thiab acidic residue (sulfuric, silicic, chromic acid);
• bases - daim ntawv cog lus ntawm hlau ions thiab hydroxide ions (caustic soda, slaked txiv qaub).