Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm nyuaj. Nws yuav tsum muaj lub koom haum tsim nyog. Qhov no yuav ua tau tsuas yog hais tias tag nrho cov sab nraud thiab sab hauv uas cuam tshuam rau lub lag luam raug coj mus rau hauv tus account. Muaj ntau hom kev koom tes ntawm kev tsim khoom. Lawv cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb yuav tau tham hauv qab no.
Peculiarities of Strategic Planning
Ua ntej tsim kev lag luam, nws cov neeg tsim yuav tsum xaiv hom ntawm nws lub tswv yim. Kev sib tw ntawm lub koom haum, nws cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev txhim kho ruaj khov yuav nyob ntawm qhov no. Muaj ntau hom kev koom tes thiab kev cai lij choj ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim khoom.
Kev xaiv ntawm ib lub tswv yim tshwj xeeb thaum tsim ib lub koom haum nyob ntawm ntau yam. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm qhov tob ntawm kev npaj tswv yim. Nws yog ib lub sij hawm ntev. Qhov no suav nrog txhua hom kev nqis peev uas lub koom haum xav kom tau txais thaum nws ua haujlwm. Los ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm kev npaj mus sij hawm ntev, kev xaivQhov no los yog daim ntawv ntawm lub koom haum nyob ntawm qhov txaus ntshai thiab muaj feem ntawm lub tuam txhab nyob rau hauv ib tug kev sib tw ib puag ncig. Qhov no yuav nyob ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsim khoom, nws qhov zoo, tus nqi. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntawv xaiv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim khoom cuam tshuam rau kev sib tw ntawm qee yam khoom. Raws li qhov yooj yim ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom teb rau kev hloov pauv hauv kev lag luam ib puag ncig.
Xaiv cov ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim khoom, koj yuav tsum ua kom tiav txhua theem ntawm kev npaj tswv yim. Ua ntej, ib lub tswv yim rau kev tsim cov khoom tsim tawm. Nov yog cov phiaj xwm yooj yim uas lub koom haum yuav ua raws li nws cov dej num.
Tom ntej, hom kev tsim khoom raug txiav txim siab. Muaj ntau txoj kev xaiv rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam lossis ib qho ntawm nws cov kab:
- single production;
- small batch production;
- mass production.
Raws li lub tswv yim xaiv, suav nrog cov nplai thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsim khoom, thiab xaiv cov txheej txheem ntawm nws lub koom haum. Nws tuaj yeem yog tus kheej, hauv kab lossis pab pawg tsim khoom. Qhov kev xaiv nyob ntawm hom khoom, cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws cov khoom siv.
Tsuas yog tom qab ntawd lub tuam txhab tuaj yeem txiav txim siab zoo txog kev xaiv ntawm lub koom haum. Nws tuaj yeem yog kev koom tes, kev tshwj xeeb, kev xav, kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab kev sib txawv. Nyob rau theem kev npaj tswv yim, muaj peev xwm tsim tau.
Kev tsim khoom thiab nws hom
Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev lag luam raug txiav txim siab raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib hom kev koom tes. Muaj ntau ntau hom kev tsim cov txheej txheem tsimkhoom.
One-off ntau lawm yog ib daim-los-daim ntau lawm. Lub nomenclature nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog unstable thiab varied. Hom lub koom haum no yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev tsim khoom nrog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv tes ua haujlwm. Kuj tseem muaj kev tshwj xeeb thev naus laus zis thiab kev ua haujlwm ntev. Qhov no yog vim tsis muaj automation ntawm tiav cov khoom tso tawm txheej txheem.
Kev tsim khoom ib leeg yog muaj nyob hauv kev lag luam uas xav tau kev tshaj lij ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm. Lawv cov khoom siv tes ua yog qhov tshwj xeeb. Txawm li cas los xij, cov cuab yeej siv uas txhua qhov kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum yog universal.
Xav txog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg xws li hom ntau lawm. Qhov no yog ib txoj hauv kev. Nws suav nrog kev tso tawm cov khoom tiav hauv batch lossis series. Qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom rov ua dua yog qhov dav. Cov khoom yog tsim nyob rau hauv ntau qhov ntau. Handwork muaj nws qhov chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, nws qhov ntau ntawm tag nrho cov kev lag luam thev naus laus zis yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb.
Hauv ntau lawm, muaj kev tshwj xeeb, thiab lub voj voog ntev yuav luv heev. Txhua qhov chaw tau txais kev sib koom ua ke.
Mass ntau lawm yog txuas ntxiv. Cov khoom siv tsis nres rau lub sijhawm ntev. Qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom yog txwv. Lub ntim ntawm ntau lawm yog loj heev. Qib ntawm kev cob qhia kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tuaj yeem yog qhov nruab nrab. Kuj tseem muaj kev tshwj xeeb. Qhov no ntau lawm yog tswjtus xa xov. Qhov no ua rau cov nqi tsim khoom qis nrog rau kev ua haujlwm siab.
Forms of Labor Organization
Ua ntej txiav txim siab cov qauv ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tsim khoom, yuav tsum tau them nyiaj mloog mus rau txoj hauv kev hauv kev txhim kho cov qauv kev ua haujlwm. Nws tuaj yeem raug teeb tsa hauv ntau txoj kev. Daim ntawv ntawm lub koom haum ua haujlwm tuaj yeem yog qhov taw tes. Hauv qhov no, cov khoom tiav yog sib sau ua ke ntawm ib qho chaw ua haujlwm. Ntawm no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws.
Daim ntawv thev naus laus zis ntawm lub koom haum ua haujlwm yog qhov muaj nyob hauv lub khw tsim khoom. Ntawm no, cov khoom ntawm kev ua haujlwm raug xa mus ua ntu zus. Feem ntau, xws li ib lub koom haum ntawm cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm muaj nyob rau hauv cov tuam txhab tsim tshuab.
Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm lub koom haum tsim khoom niaj hnub no tso cai rau kev teeb tsa tag nrho cov txheej txheem kom raug thiab sib haum xeeb li sai tau. Ntxiv nrog rau ob hom kev ua haujlwm tau teev tseg saum toj no, kuj tseem muaj cov qauv ncaj nraim. Nws yog characterized los ntawm ib daim, linear hloov ntawm cov khoom ntawm kev ua hauj lwm. Nov yog kev tsim tshwj xeeb, txuas ntxiv thiab sib npaug.
Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov qauv ntawm tes. Cov khoom ntawm kev ua haujlwm tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv series lossis hauv series-parallel. Qhov no tso cai rau koj hloov cov khoom, qhov chaw thiab qhov khoob tam sim ntawd mus rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm tom ntej. Hauv qhov no, nws yuav tsis tsim nyog thauj cov khoom mus rau lub tsev khaws khoom.
Daim ntawv ua haujlwm sib koom ua ke ua ke cov haujlwm yooj yim thiab pabcuam. Qhov tshwm sim yog ib qho txheej txheem. Nws yog integrated, muaj ib tug cellular qauv. Kujxws li kev tsim khoom tuaj yeem tsim nyob rau hauv ib qho series-parallel, linear lossis sequential daim ntawv ntawm kev txhim kho kev hloov ntawm cov khoom ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Hauv qhov no, kev ua haujlwm xws li kev ua haujlwm, kev tswj hwm, kev tsim khoom thiab kev thauj mus los tau muab tso rau hauv ib qho txheej txheem. Txhua txoj haujlwm nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no yog ua ke los ntawm ib qho kev thauj mus los thiab kev cia khoom siv tshuab.
Txoj kev tsim khoom
Muaj ntau cov qauv thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim khoom. Lawv tso cai rau koj los tsim cov txheej txheem tag nrho ntawm kev tsim khoom hauv qhov chaw thiab sijhawm. Thaum npaj ib tug neeg ntau lawm, ib hom kev tso zis yog siv. Tsis muaj kev tshwj xeeb hauv chaw ua haujlwm. Cov khoom siv nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg raws li nws lub hom phiaj ua haujlwm. Hauv qhov no, qhov chaw txav mus los ntawm ib qho haujlwm mus rau qib tom ntej.
Kev pabcuam kev ua haujlwm nrog tus kheej txoj hauv kev ntawm kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim khoom yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev muaj ib txheej ntawm cov cuab yeej. Muaj tsawg heev universal li. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov khoom raug thauj los ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom thiab mus rau lub tsev khaws khoom ob peb zaug thaum hnub ua haujlwm.
Cov teeb meem ntawm kev tsim kom raug thiab ntws ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis tau cuam tshuam los ntawm pab pawg tswj hwm. Nws kuj tswj hwm lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim khoom. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab nws cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov qauv tsim tawm. Hom kev tsim khoom no yog ua tau thaum tsim cov blanks ntawm tib hom. Hauv qhov ntawdHauv qhov no, cov haujlwm raug teeb tsa thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom. Txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ib leeg. Nyob rau theem tom ntej ntawm kev ua, cov khoom tuaj hauv cov khoom me me lossis txawm tias tus kheej.
Nrog rau txoj kev tsim khoom no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tswj tau qhov sib dhos, synchronism ntawm txhua qhov haujlwm. Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog them rau kev saib xyuas txhua qhov chaw ua haujlwm hauv kev tsim khoom.
Pab pawg txheej txheem ntawm kev teeb tsa cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yog qhov raug rau kev tsim khoom ntawm homogeneous khoom. Lawv raug tsim nyob rau hauv rov batch. Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis yog kev sib koom ua ke. Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm yog cuav. Lub sij hawm tsim tawm raws li cov khoom nkag mus rau hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Txhua ntu lossis kev cob qhia ua haujlwm ua tiav txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm.
Kev sib tw
Muaj qee yam uas tso cai rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam tag nrho. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim khoom, yog tias lawv raug xaiv raug rau txhua hom kev tsim khoom, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub koom haum, nrog rau kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws tag nrho.
Ib qho ntawm cov ntawv no yog kev xav. Nws koom nrog cov concentration ntawm ntau lub voj voog thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov khoom tiav ntawm ib lub lag luam. Lub koom haum no yog yam ntxwv ntawm cov tuam txhab loj.
Scaling up production yuav txawv. Faib thev naus laus zis, sib sau ua ke, Hoobkas, nrog rau kev lag luam thiab kev koom teszoo li tus txheej txheem no.
Kev sib koom siab muaj ntau yam zoo rau kev lag luam. Nws tso cai rau koj nce cov zis, yog tias lub khw tso cai rau nws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ob qho tib si hnyav thiab ntau yam ntawm kev txhim kho cov khoom siv yog siv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ntau yam khoom yog tsim rau kev muag khoom, tso cai rau lawv mus sau ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua lag luam. Cov concentration kuj txo cov nqi ntawm cov khoom, ua rau lawv sib tw.
Txoj kev lag luam sib txawv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim khoom muaj qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo. Qhov tseem ceeb concentration coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug monopolist nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam. Qhov no tsis tso cai rau kev lag luam los tsim kev sib haum xeeb. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, tsis muaj kev sib tw. Qhov no tsis tso cai rau kev lag luam txhim kho thiab txhim kho.
Muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm kev xav. Daim ntawv sib sau suav nrog kev tau txais cov cuab yeej muaj zog dua. Qhov no tso cai rau koj los tsim ntau yam khoom. Technological concentration tshwm sim nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev cob qhia thiab qhov chaw. Hauv qhov no, ob qho tib si ntawm cov khoom siv thiab lawv lub peev xwm nce.
Daim ntawv nyuaj tshaj plaws yog lub koom haum concentration. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, ib tug hais txog qhov loj ntawm tag nrho lub koom haum. Qhov no muab lub tuam txhab nrog ntau txoj hauv kev tshiab thiab cov txiaj ntsig. Tus nqi yuav raug txo vim kev lag luam ntawm nplai. Qhov no tso cai rau peb muab cov khoom sib tw rau kev ua lag luam.
Kev lag luam concentration cuam tshuam txog kev tsim kev txhawj xeeb, koom haum uas siv tib lub hauv paus kev tshawb fawb thiab txuj ci.
Specialization
Kawm cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim khoom, koj yuav tsum tau xyuam xim rau ntau yam xws li kev tshwj xeeb. Txhua chav tsev tsim khoom lossis lub koom haum tag nrho tsim cov khoom lag luam homogeneous. Kev tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem yog kev kawm, thev naus laus zis lossis nthuav dav. Lawv yog cov qauv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim khoom ntawm hom nthuav tawm.
Thawj kis, chav tsev lossis tag nrho lub koom haum tau koom nrog kev tso tawm qee yam khoom tiav. Nrog kev tshwj xeeb thev naus laus zis, txhua ntu, lub khw tsim ib yam ntawm cov khoob khoob. Qhov no tso cai rau koj los sib sau ua ke cov khoom tiav.
Kev nthuav dav tshwj xeeb yog ua raws li kev tsim khoom ntawm tus kheej ntawm cov khoom ua haujlwm lossis cov khoom tiav. Feem ntau txhua hom kev tshwj xeeb yog siv hauv tib lub lag luam. Rau txhua hom kev cob qhia lossis chaw tsim khoom, qee yam ntawm daim ntawv koom haum no muaj nyob hauv.
Kev siv tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim khoom tso cai rau koj los ua cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntau li ntau tau. Qhov no ua rau cov ntsuas kev ua tau zoo. Tus nqi ntawm kev tsim khoom yuav txo qis. Txhua tus kws tshaj lij, cais chaw ua haujlwm, ntu ntu, rhiav lossis tag nrho cov tuam txhab tsim khoom tib yam. Nws qhov zoo yuav siab dua ua ntej txoj cai tshwj xeeb.
kev sib koom tes
Kawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov koom haum kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev tsim khoom, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau xyuam xim rau qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov txheej txheem xws li kev koom tes. Yog tsis muaj nws yuav tsis muaj kev tshwj xeeb. kev koom tesyog ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom sib txuas uas ua kom muaj kev sib koom tes ntawm txhua qhov kev cob qhia thiab ntu. Lawv ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug mechanism los tsim ib yam khoom tiav.
Txhua qhov kev faib tawm yog koom nrog kev tsim khoom ntawm qee yam khoom, khoom. Lawv hloov lawv cov workpieces mus rau lub rhiav tom ntej, qhov uas tom qab refinement ntawm tus tsim yog nqa tawm. Cov txheej txheem no txuas ntxiv mus txog thaum tsim cov khoom tiav.
Kev koom tes tso cai rau koj los tsim cov khoom raws li ib tus qauv. Qhov no yog ib tug loj mechanism nyob rau hauv uas txhua qhov chaw yog interconnected. Yog tias txoj haujlwm ntawm ib lub rooj cob qhia raug cuam tshuam, lwm lub tuam tsev yuav hnov nws.
Yog li, qhov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm daim ntawv nthuav tawm ntawm kev tsim cov lag luam raws li kev sib koom tes yog kev tsim khoom. Txhua qib tom ntej tau txais ib qho workpiece los ntawm ntu dhau los. Yog tias koj xav tau kev hloov kho, koj tuaj yeem ua tau ntawm txhua qib. Txoj hauv kev no tso cai rau koj kom hloov cov ntaub ntawv zoo ntawm txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub voj voog thev naus laus zis, ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig siab. Qhov no txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom tiav nrog rau kev ua haujlwm tsim khoom.
Lwm daim ntawv ntawm lub koom haum tsim khoom yog ua ke. Txoj hauv kev no tso cai rau koj los ua ke ntau qhov kev lag luam multidirectional kom ua tiav ib lub hom phiaj kawg. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov kev lag luam sib txawv tuaj yeem ua ke ntawm no.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke yog kev sib xyaw ua ke sib txawvkev lag luam uas khiav lag luam nyob rau hauv ntau yam sectors ntawm lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhua yam ntawm cov khoom siv no yuav tsum yog proportional. Qhov no tso cai rau koj los tsim cov khoom tiav sib haum xeeb. Nyob rau hauv xws li cov koom haum, muaj kev lag luam, technical thiab economic kev sib koom ua ke. Cov no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kev lag luam.
Raws li txoj cai, tag nrho cov khoom tsim tawm ntawm cov nroj tsuag nyob ntawm tib thaj chaw. Qhov no qhia txog lawv txoj kev sib koom ua ke. Cov chaw tsim khoom muaj kev sib txuas los ntawm ntau hom kev sib txuas lus. Ntxiv mus, lawv muaj tib lub zog, nrog rau kev pabcuam thiab kev lag luam.
Technical, kev sib koom ua lag luam tau hais tawm hauv kev ua raws li cov khoom lag luam ntawm ntau lub lag luam nrog cov qauv zoo sib xws. Txhua tus ntawm lawv tsim cov khoom ntau npaum li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntxiv los ntawm lwm tus tswv cuab ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Rau qhov no, ib lub chaw tswj xyuas ib leeg ua haujlwm. Qhov no tso cai rau koj los tswj hwm txhua qhov haujlwm.
Xav txog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim khoom, nws tsim nyog sau cia tias qhov piv txwv pom tseeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog kev lag luam metallurgical. Nws tuaj yeem ua ke cov nroj tsuag uas koom nrog hauv kev rho tawm thiab ntxiv cov khoom siv raw, coke-chemical, steel ntau lawm. Tib lub sijhawm, tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem no ua haujlwm zoo.
Kev sib txawv
Xav txog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim khoom, kev sib txawv yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab kom meej. Cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis zoo li no yog ib txoj hauv kev tshiab. Lub tuam txhab tab tom nthuav nwskev ua ub no los ntawm kev tshaj tawm cov khoom lag luam tshiab. Diversification muaj feem xyuam rau concentration, uas yog ua nyob rau hauv inter-industry theem.
Txoj hauv kev no feem ntau siv los ntawm kev lag luam monopolistic. Lawv tsim ntau pab pawg ntawm cov khoom, faib lawv hauv kev lag luam ntawm kev lag luam sib txawv. Txoj hauv kev no tso cai rau txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm lub tuam txhab. Yog tias ib qho ntawm nws cov khoom lag luam dhau los ua tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, kab thib ob yuav tuaj yeem muab cov nyiaj tau los. Nws yuav them cov nuj nqis ntau tshaj ntawm cov nyiaj tau los ntawm thawj kab.
Kev sib txawv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam lossis tsis cuam tshuam. Qhov kev xaiv thib ob yog qhov kev tso tawm ntawm cov kab sib txuas ntawm cov khoom lag luam uas tsis cuam tshuam nrog lub ntsiab profile ntawm lub tuam txhab. Qhov no tso cai rau koj los ua ke rau hauv kev ua lag luam tshiab, los tuav koj lub niche hauv nws. Kev sib txawv muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev tso tawm ntawm homogeneous cov khoom uas sib haum rau lub ntsiab profile ntawm lub tuam txhab.
Txoj haujlwm ntawm lub koom haum tsim khoom
Xaiv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim khoom, kev tswj xyuas nrhiav los tsim cov xwm txheej rau kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub tuam txhab. Rau qhov no, ntau txoj haujlwm tau teeb tsa hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj tswv yim. Kev tswj hwm ntawm lub tuam txhab yuav tsum ua raws li txoj cai ntawm lub koom haum tsim nyog ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom.
Qhov no tso cai rau koj txuag cov peev txheej ua haujlwm, txhim kho cov kev sib txuas ntawm txhua lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib qho system. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no dhau los ua tswv yim. Kev npaj thiab tswj kom zoo tso cai rau koj kom tau txais cov khoom zoo ntawm tus nqi qis. Nws kev sib tw yuav muaj zog.
Tom qab xav txog cov ntawv uas twb muaj lawmlub koom haum ntawm kev tsim khoom, lawv cov yam ntxwv, ib tus tuaj yeem nkag siab qhov kev xav tau ntawm txoj kev xaiv txoj hauv kev hauv kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis, lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam hauv ib lub lag luam. Qhov no tso cai rau koj kom tau txais cov khoom zoo ntawm tus nqi qis. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev nce nyiaj hauv tuam txhab.
