Kev kawm hauv Kazakhstan yog ib qho kev kawm thiab kev cob qhia tas li uas pab txhawb kev tsim kho kev tshaj lij thiab kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm lub teb chaws cov pej xeem. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev kawm hauv lub tebchaws yog dab tsi, cov nyiaj pab thiab nyiaj pab kawm ntawv yog dab tsi, thiab cov neeg txawv teb chaws raug cob qhia li cas? Peb yuav teb tag nrho cov lus nug hauv daim ntawv tshaj tawm no.
Peculiarities ntawm Kazakhstan txoj kev kawm ntawv
Txoj kev kawm hauv Kazakhstan tau teeb tsa hauv txoj hauv kev uas cov ntawv qhia hauv tebchaws feem ntau muab faib ua ob hom: kev tshaj lij thiab dav dav. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ntau theem. Yog li, kev kawm yog preschool, secondary, siab dua thiab postgraduate, los yog, raws li nws tseem hu ua, postgraduate.
Kev kawm theem nrab hauv tebchaws Republic (Kazakhstan)
Txhua tus pej xeem hauv lub tebchaws yuav tsum tau txais kev kawm theem nrab yam tsis poob. Nws kuj muaj ob peb theem. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev kawm theem nrab suav nrog kev dav dav, thawj txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm thiab kev kawm theem nrab (lossisSecondary kev kawm). Cov menyuam yaus raug lees txais mus kawm ntawv txij hnub nyoog rau rau lossis xya xyoo. Kev kawm theem nrab muaj peb theem: tsev kawm theem qis (qib 1 txog 4), lub tsev kawm ntawv theem pib (qib 5 txog 9), thiab tsev kawm qib siab (qib 10 txog 11). Cov tub ntxhais kawm uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws tuaj yeem kawm hauv cov kev kawm tshwj xeeb hauv cov tsev kawm tsim los rau cov menyuam yaus muaj txiaj ntsig, qhov chaw lawv tuaj yeem ncav cuag lawv lub peev xwm.
Raws li kev kawm ua haujlwm thawj zaug, lub sijhawm ntawm nws daim ntawv txais nyiaj feem ntau kav li ntawm ob mus rau peb xyoos, thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas tau txais nws hauv kev ua haujlwm lyceum lossis tsev kawm ntawv (tam sim no raws li kev kawm theem nrab). Cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab thiab tsev kawm ntawv yog tsim los rau peb mus rau plaub chav kawm.
Kev kawm qib siab hauv Kazakhstan
Yuav kom tau txais kev kawm qib siab, koj yuav tsum ua ntej kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv, tsev kawm qib siab lossis tsev kawm qib siab. Cov neeg thov nkag tom qab xeem dhau qhov kawg thiab nkag mus rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib qho kev xeem, uas yog hu ua UNT. Cov neeg uas ua tiav lawv cov kev kawm theem nrab ua ntej kev tsim kho tshiab tuaj yeem sau lwm daim ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lawv cov ntaub ntawv, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog los xeem dhau ib qho kev xeem. Tom qab ua tiav kev sib tw, cov pej xeem ntawm lub tebchaws tuaj yeem tau txais cov nyiaj pabcuam thoob ntiaj teb hu ua "Bolashak", uas qhib rau lub sijhawm kom tau txais kev kawm txawv tebchaws. Thaum cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav los ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv, nws dhau los ua bachelor's degree (bachelor's degree implies plaub xyoos ntawm kev kawm), tus kws tshaj lij (tsib xyoos) lossis master's degree (rau xyoo). Kev kawm qib siab thib ob hauv Kazakhstan tuaj yeem tau txais tsuas yog los ntawm lub hauv pauscog lus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev cob qhia yuav tshwm sim ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm, hauv ob lossis peb xyoos.
Eurasian National University, Kazakh National University. Al-Farabi, Karaganda State University thiab ntau lwm tus. Lwm yam
Postgraduate education
Yuav kom tau txais kev kawm tiav qib siab, Kazakhstanis yuav tsum yog cov kws tshaj lij lossis tus tswv. Xws li kev cob qhia feem ntau yog muab faib ua kev kawm tiav qib siab, kev pabcuam thiab kws kho mob. Cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws tuaj yeem tau txais txiaj ntsig, tom qab ua tiav kev sib tw, kev kawm thoob ntiaj teb, uas lawv tuaj yeem siv rau kev kawm txawv teb chaws. Cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv kawm tiav kawm tsis pub dhau 4 xyoos, cov pab cuam - tsis pub ntau tshaj 3 xyoos, thiab kev kawm kws kho mob feem ntau kav peb xyoos.
Nyiaj kawm ntawv thiab nyiaj pab
Raws li txoj cai lij choj ntawm Kazakhstan, txhua tus pej xeem tuaj yeem tau txais kev kawm ua haujlwm theem nrab thiab theem pib dawb, thiab tom qab dhau qhov kev sib tw - nyiaj pub dawb rau kev kawm ua haujlwm theem nrab, siab dua thiab kawm tiav qib siab (yog tias qhov no yog thawj qhov kev kawm). Kuj tseem muaj lub xeev cov qhab nia. Xws li cov nyiaj txais kev kawm kuj raug muab los ntawm kev sib tw. Qhov no coj mus rau hauv tus account cov ntsiab lus ntawm daim ntawv pov thawj, uas yog muab tom qab dhau qhov kev xeem UNT. Cov nyiaj pab tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev xaiv qhov tseem ceeb los ntawm cov neeg uas yeej Olympiads ntawm qib ntawm cov koom pheej thiab siab duakev sib tw.
Kev kawm rau neeg txawv teb chaws
Cov neeg txawv teb chaws uas nyob mus ib txhis hauv Kazakhstan tuaj yeem tau txais kev kawm zoo ib yam li cov pej xeem hauv tebchaws. Qhov no tau pom zoo los ntawm lub hauv paus kev cai lij choj ntawm lub teb chaws, ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kev sib cog lus thoob ntiaj teb, thiab lwm yam. Kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan yog tas li txhim kho, lub kaw lus tau raug txhim kho raws li cov kev cai ntawm lub sij hawm. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj cai tau txais kev kawm dawb thiab muaj peev xwm tau txais cov nyiaj pabcuam hauv lub xeev tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov pej xeem hauv lub tebchaws, thiab rau cov neeg txawv tebchaws thiab cov neeg tsis muaj neeg xam xaj.
keeb kwm keeb kwm
Lub xyoo ntawm kev tsim ntawm Kazakhstan raws li ib tug nyias muaj nyias lub xeev tau los ua qhov chaw pib thaum pib ntawm kev hloov kho ntawm txoj kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, feem ntau ntawm cov menyuam yaus kawm hauv madrasah, qhov kev kawm tsuas yog cuam tshuam txog kev ntseeg thiab tsis txwv. Ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig ntawm 1917, tsuas muaj ob peb lub tsev kawm ntawv nrog Kazakh thiab Lavxias teb sab lus qhia. Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, qhov xwm txheej hloov. Xyoo ntawm kev tsim cov koom pheej ntawm Kazakhstan, twb yog ib lub xeev ywj pheej, tau tsim lub hauv paus rau kev hloov kho hauv cheeb tsam no.
Nyob rau thaum ntxov 90s, muaj txog 8.5 txhiab lub tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab hauv lub tebchaws, uas muaj ntau dua 3 lab tus menyuam kawm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kwv yees li 272,000 tus menyuam kawm ntawv tau kawm hauv 61 lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab hauv Kazakhstan (ntawm uas kwv yees li 54 feem pua yog Kazakhs thiab 31 feem pua yog cov neeg Lavxias).
Nyob rau xyoo 1995, raws li Xeev Txoj Cai Lij Choj, kev kawm theem nrab tau los uatxoj cai yuav tsum. Cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab tau pib lees txais cov neeg thov raws li kev sib tw.
Kev koom tes thoob ntiaj teb
Kev kawm, kev tshawb fawb ntawm koom pheej Kazakhstan tab tom txhim kho nyob rau hauv lub xeev thiab thoob ntiaj teb kev tswj hwm thiab kev txhawb nqa. Qhov no siv tau rau ob lub tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab thiab tsev kawm qib siab.
Xyoo 2000, cov tub ceev xwm ntawm Kazakhstan thiab Tajikistan tau coj lawv cov dej num mus rau lub koom haum ntawm lub koom haum thoob ntiaj teb. Nws yuav tsum muaj lub npe ntawm University of Central Asia thiab dhau los ua thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm nws hom hauv ntiaj teb kev xyaum. Nws tau xav tias lub koom haum yuav muaj peb lub tsev kawm ntawv, thiab lub tsev hauv Kazakhstan tau tsim nyob ze lub peev.
Hauv xyoo 2003, Asian Development Bank tau faib nyiaj 600 txhiab nyiaj rau lub xeev rau kev txhawb nqa. Cov tswv cuab ntawm Peace Corps kuj tau koom tes nrog Kazakhstan hauv kev kawm txuj ci ua cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub koom haum tsis yog tsoomfwv.
2006 yog xyoo uas Condoleezza Rice tuaj xyuas lub tebchaws. Hauv nws cov lus hais txog kev mus xyuas cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab hauv tebchaws, nws tau sau tseg lawv qib siab. Raws li nws, qhov no yuav tsum dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev.
Kev qhia lus hauv Kazakhstan
Raws li kev txheeb cais tawm xyoo 2009, tawm ntawm ntau dua 2.5 lab tus menyuam kawm hauv lub xeev cov tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab, kwv yees li 60 feem pua tau xaiv cov lus Kazakh lus qhia, kwv yees li 35 feem pua Russian, thiab 3 feem pua Uzbek. Tag nrho cov tsev kawm ntawv uas qhia ua lus hauv xeev, hauvtam sim no loj hlob.
Yog li, thaum Lub Kaum Hli 2009, ntau dua 60% ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab 48% ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv kawm hauv Kazakh.
Tus Minister of Education ntawm Kazakhstan tau sau tseg hauv 2010 tias Lavxias cov tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab tsis raug kaw los ntawm lub xeev. Thiab tsuas yog cov niam txiv ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm tuaj yeem xaiv lub tsev kawm ntawv twg yuav xa lawv cov menyuam mus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Minister of Education kuj tau tsom mus rau qhov tseeb tias cov lus Lavxias ntawm kev qhia tseem nyob hauv 30% ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab, thiab daim duab no yeej deb ntawm me me.
Txij li xyoo 2010, kev kawm keeb kwm ntawm lub tebchaws hauv Kazakh cov tsev kawm tau raug ua tiav hauv Kazakh nkaus xwb.
Tam sim no xyoo 2011, kev txheeb cais tau pom tias cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv tsev kawm qib siab uas kawm lus hauv xeev muaj ntau dua 300 txhiab (ntau dua 50% ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm).
Rau cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv lub tebchaws, qhov kev txhawb siab rau kev kawm lawv haiv neeg Kazakh yog qhov uas nws muab daim ntawv pov thawj kom tau txais cov nyiaj pab kev kawm, txhawb kev nce qib kev ua haujlwm, suav nrog tsoomfwv thiab kev coj ua raws cai.
Feem ntau ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm lub tebchaws, ntxiv rau lub xeev cov lus, kuj kawm hauv Lavxias. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau hom tsev kawm ntawv hauv tebchaws. Lawv tuaj yeem yog Tajik, Uzbek thiab Uighur. Tib lub sijhawm, lawv cov neeg kawm tiav tuaj yeem xaiv hom lus twg los xeem dhau qhov kev xeem sib koom ua ke. Tab sis qhov kev xaiv tsuas yog ua kom pom zoo ntawm Lavxias lossis Kazakh.
Cov kev txheeb cais xyoo 2014 tau lees paub qhov thesis tias ntau dua 50% ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab tsev kawm qib siab xaiv hom lus hauv xeev. Nws hais tias nyob rau hauvtxiaj ntsig ntawm kev txhawb nqa cov lus Kazakh hauv kev kawm.
