Cov teeb meem organic yog cov tshuaj lom neeg uas muaj cov pa roj carbon. Cov kev zam tsuas yog carbonic acid, carbides, carbonates, cyanides thiab oxides ntawm carbon.
History
Lo lus "organic substances" nws tus kheej tau tshwm sim hauv lub neej niaj hnub ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb nyob rau theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm chemistry. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov kev xav hauv ntiaj teb tseem ceeb tau muaj zog. Nws yog kev txuas ntxiv ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Aristotle thiab Pliny. Thaum lub sij hawm no, pundits tau tibneeg hu tauj coob faib lub ntiaj teb no rau nyob thiab tsis nyob. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txhua yam khoom, yam tsis muaj kev zam, tau muab faib ua cov ntxhia thiab cov organic. Nws tau ntseeg hais tias rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom sib txuas ntawm "nyob" cov khoom, yuav tsum muaj "lub zog" tshwj xeeb. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov muaj sia nyob, thiab cov khoom organic tsis tuaj yeem tsim yam tsis muaj nws.
nqe lus no, tsis txaus ntseeg rau kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no, tau kav ntev heev, txog thaum xyoo 1828 Friedrich Wöhler tau sim tsis lees nws. Nws muaj peev xwm tau txais cov organic urea los ntawm inorganic ammonium cyanate. Qhov no thawb chemistry rau pem hauv ntej. Txawm li cas los xij, kev faib cov tshuaj rau hauv cov organic thiab inorganic tau khaws cia tam sim no. Nws underlies qhov kev faib. Yuav luag 27 lab cov organic tebchaw paub.
Vim li cas thiaj muaj ntau cov organic sib txuas?
Cov teeb meem organic yog, nrog rau qee qhov kev zam, cov pa roj carbon monoxide. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog qhov xav paub heev. Carbon muaj peev xwm tsim chains los ntawm nws cov atoms. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas kev sib txuas ntawm lawv ruaj khov.
Ntxiv rau, cov pa roj carbon monoxide hauv cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig - IV. Nws ua raws los ntawm qhov no tias lub caij no muaj peev xwm tsim cov ntawv cog lus nrog lwm cov tshuaj tsis yog ib leeg xwb, tab sis kuj yog ob npaug thiab triple. Raws li lawv cov multiplicity nce, cov saw ntawm atoms yuav luv dua. Tib lub sijhawm, kev ruaj ntseg ntawm kev sib txuas tsuas yog nce.
Tsis tas li, cov pa roj carbon muaj peev xwm tsim cov qauv tiaj tus, cov kab thiab cov qauv peb sab. Yog vim li cas thiaj muaj ntau yam organic tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm.
Composition
Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, cov khoom organic yog cov tshuaj carbon. Thiab qhov no tseem ceeb heev. Organic tebchaw tshwm sim thaum nws muaj feem xyuam nrog yuav luag txhua lub caij ntawm lub sijhawm teem sijhawm. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, feem ntau lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg (ntxiv rau carbon) muaj xws li oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen thiab phosphorus. Cov ntsiab lus ntxiv yog qhov tsawg dua.
Properties
Yog li, cov khoom organic yog cov khoom sib xyaw carbon. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb uas nws yuav tsum tau ua. Txhua yam ntawm cov organic keeb kwm muaj cov khoom sib xws:
1. Muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm atomssib txawv typology ntawm daim ntawv cog lus inevitably ua rau cov tsos ntawm isomers. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lawv yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm carbon molecules. Isomers yog cov khoom sib txawv uas muaj qhov hnyav molecular thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg, tab sis txawv tshuaj thiab lub cev. Qhov tshwm sim no hu ua isomerism.
2. Lwm qhov kev ntsuas yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm homology. Cov no yog series ntawm cov organic tebchaw, nyob rau hauv uas cov qauv ntawm cov nyob sib ze tshuaj txawv los ntawm yav dhau los sawv daws yuav los ntawm ib pawg CH2. Cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb no yog siv rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv science.
Cov chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj organic yog dab tsi?
Muaj ntau chav kawm ntawm cov organic tebchaw. Lawv paub txhua leej txhua tus. Cov no yog cov protein, lipids thiab carbohydrates. Cov pab pawg no tuaj yeem raug hu ua biological polymers. Lawv koom nrog hauv cov metabolism hauv qib cellular hauv txhua yam kabmob. Kuj muaj nyob rau hauv pawg no yog nucleic acids. Yog li peb tuaj yeem hais tias cov khoom organic yog yam peb noj txhua hnub, yam peb ua los ntawm.
YProteins
Proteins muaj cov qauv tsim - amino acids. Cov no yog lawv cov monomers. Proteins kuj hu ua proteins. Txog 200 hom amino acids paub. Tag nrho cov no muaj nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj muaj sia. Tab sis tsuas yog nees nkaum ntawm lawv yog cov khoom ntawm cov proteins. Lawv hu ua yooj yim. Tab sis hauv cov ntaub ntawv koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj npe - proteinogenic thiab protein-forming amino acids. Cov mis ntawm chav kawm ntawm cov organic teeb meem no muaj amine (-NH2) thiab carboxyl (-COOH) cov khoom. Lawv txuas rau ib leeg los ntawm tib daim ntawv cog lus.
YProtein Functions
Proteins hauv lub cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu ua haujlwm tseem ceeb. Tab sis lub ntsiab yog structural. Proteins yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov cell membrane thiab matrix ntawm organelles hauv cov hlwb. Hauv peb lub cev, tag nrho cov phab ntsa ntawm cov hlab ntsha, cov hlab ntsha thiab cov hlab ntsha, cov leeg thiab pob txha mos, cov rau tes thiab cov plaub hau muaj cov protein ntau sib txawv.
Txoj haujlwm tom ntej yog enzymatic. Proteins ua raws li enzymes. Lawv catalyze tshuaj loog nyob rau hauv lub cev. Lawv muaj lub luag haujlwm rau kev rhuav tshem cov as-ham hauv lub plab zom mov. Hauv cov nroj tsuag, enzymes txhim kho txoj haujlwm ntawm carbon thaum lub sijhawm photosynthesis.
Qee hom proteins nqa ntau yam khoom hauv lub cev, xws li oxygen. Organic teeb meem kuj tuaj yeem koom nrog lawv. Qhov no yog li cas txoj haujlwm thauj khoom ua haujlwm. Proteins nqa hlau ions, fatty acids, cov tshuaj hormones thiab, ntawm chav kawm, carbon dioxide thiab hemoglobin los ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Kev thauj mus los kuj tshwm sim ntawm qib intercellular.
Protein compounds - immunoglobulins - yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm. Cov no yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntshav. Piv txwv li, thrombin thiab fibrinogen nquag koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm coagulation. Yog li, lawv tiv thaiv kev poob ntshav ntau dua.
Proteins kuj yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev ua haujlwm contractile. Vim lub fact tias myosin thiab actin protofibrils tas li ua zawv zawg txav txheeb ze rau ib leeg, cov nqaij fibers cog lus. Tab sis txawm nyob rau hauv cov kab mob unicellular, zoo sib xwstxheej txheem. Kev txav ntawm cov kab mob flagella kuj tseem cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau zawv zawg ntawm microtubules, uas yog cov protein ntau.
Oxidation ntawm cov organic teeb meem tso tawm ntau lub zog. Tab sis, raws li txoj cai, cov proteins tau noj rau lub zog xav tau tsawg heev. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum tag nrho cov stocks tag. Lipids thiab carbohydrates yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau qhov no. Yog li, cov proteins tuaj yeem ua lub zog ua haujlwm, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qee yam mob.
Lipids
Ib yam zoo li rog kuj yog cov organic. Lipids yog cov khoom siv yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm cov roj ntsha molecules. Lawv yog insoluble nyob rau hauv dej, tab sis decompose nyob rau hauv non-polar daws xws li roj av, ether, thiab chloroform. Lawv yog ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov muaj sia nyob. Chemically, lipids yog esters ntawm cawv thiab carboxylic acids. Cov nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog rog. Hauv lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag, cov tshuaj no ua haujlwm ntau yam tseem ceeb. Ntau cov lipids yog siv hauv tshuaj thiab kev lag luam.
YFunction of lipids
Cov tshuaj organic no, ua ke nrog cov proteins hauv hlwb, tsim cov kab mob lom neeg. Tab sis lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog lub zog. Thaum cov roj molecules raug oxidized, lub zog loj heev raug tso tawm. Nws mus rau kev tsim ntawm ATP hauv cov hlwb. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lipids, ib tug tseem ceeb npaum li cas ntawm lub zog reserves yuav tsub kom nyob rau hauv lub cev. Qee lub sij hawm lawv tseem ntau tshaj qhov tsim nyog rau kev siv lub neej ib txwm muaj. Nrog rau kev hloov pauv pathological hauv cov metabolism ntawm "rog" hlwb, nws ua ntau dua. Txawm tiasNyob rau hauv kev ncaj ncees, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias xws li ntau reserves tsuas yog tsim nyog rau hibernating tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag. Ntau tus neeg ntseeg hais tias cov ntoo thiab tsob ntoo pub rau hauv av thaum lub caij txias. Qhov tseeb tiag, lawv tau siv cov roj thiab cov rog uas lawv tau ua thaum lub caij ntuj sov.
Hauv tib neeg thiab tsiaj lub cev, rog kuj tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tiv thaiv. Lawv muab tso rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg subcutaneous thiab ib ncig ntawm lub cev xws li ob lub raum thiab cov hnyuv. Yog li, lawv ua haujlwm zoo tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj, uas yog, poob siab.
Ntxiv rau, cov rog muaj cov thermal conductivity tsawg, uas pab ua kom sov. Qhov no tseem ceeb heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv huab cua txias. Hauv cov tsiaj hauv hiav txwv, cov roj subcutaneous tseem ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov noog, lipids kuj ua dej-repellent thiab lubricating zog. Cov wax coats lawv plaub thiab ua rau lawv elastic dua. Qee hom nroj tsuag muaj tib txheej txheej ntawm nplooj.
Nyob zoo Carbohydrates
Organic formula C (H2O)m qhia seb cov compound puas yog los ntawm chav kawm carbohydrates. Lub npe ntawm cov molecules no yog hais txog qhov tseeb tias lawv muaj oxygen thiab hydrogen nyob rau hauv tib tus nqi li dej. Ntxiv rau cov tshuaj no, cov tebchaw yuav muaj, piv txwv li, nitrogen.
Carbohydrates hauv cell yog cov pab pawg tseem ceeb ntawm cov organic tebchaw. Cov no yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem photosynthesis. Lawv kuj yog thawj cov khoom ntawm synthesis nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag ntawm lwm yamtshuaj xws li cawv, organic acids thiab amino acids. Carbohydrates kuj yog ib feem ntawm lub hlwb ntawm cov tsiaj thiab cov fungi. Lawv kuj pom muaj nyob hauv cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob thiab protozoa. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ib tug tsiaj cell lawv yog los ntawm 1 mus rau 2%, thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug cog cell lawv tus lej tuaj yeem ncav cuag 90%.
Hnub no, tsuas muaj peb pawg carbohydrates:
- cov suab thaj yooj yim (monosaccharides);
- oligosaccharides, muaj ob peb lub molecules ntawm txuas txuas txuas nrog cov suab thaj yooj yim;
- polysaccharides, lawv muaj ntau dua 10 molecules ntawm monosaccharides thiab lawv cov derivatives.
YCarbohydrate muaj nuj nqi
Txhua cov organic hauv lub cell ua haujlwm qee yam. Yog li, piv txwv li, piam thaj yog lub zog tseem ceeb. Nws tawg nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob nyob. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm ua pa ntawm tes. Glycogen thiab starch yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub zog, nrog rau yav dhau los hauv cov tsiaj thiab tom kawg hauv cov nroj tsuag.
Carbohydrates kuj ua haujlwm ua haujlwm. Cellulose yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov nroj tsuag cell phab ntsa. Thiab hauv arthropods, chitin ua haujlwm tib yam. Nws kuj pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov hlwb ntawm cov kab mob siab dua. Yog hais tias peb coj oligosaccharides ua piv txwv, lawv yog ib feem ntawm cov cytoplasmic membrane - nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm glycolipids thiab glycoproteins. Tsis tas li ntawd, glycocalyx feem ntau kuaj pom hauv cov hlwb. Pentoses koom nrog hauv kev sib txuas ntawm nucleic acids. Hauv qhov no, deoxyribose suav nrog DNA, thiab ribose suav nrog RNA. Tsis tas li, cov khoom no muaj nyob hauv coenzymes, piv txwv li, hauv FAD,NADP and NAD.
Carbohydrates kuj muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm tiv thaiv hauv lub cev. Hauv cov tsiaj, cov tshuaj heparin nquag tiv thaiv cov ntshav txhaws sai. Nws yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm cov ntaub so ntswg puas thiab blocks tsim cov ntshav txhaws nyob rau hauv cov hlab ntsha. Heparin pom muaj ntau hauv mast hlwb hauv granules.
Nucleic acids
Proteins, carbohydrates thiab lipids tsis yog txhua yam paub txog cov organic tshuaj. Chemistry kuj suav nrog nucleic acids. Cov no yog phosphorus-muaj biopolymers. Lawv, nyob rau hauv lub cell nucleus thiab cytoplasm ntawm tag nrho cov nyob beings, xyuas kom meej cov kis tau tus mob thiab khaws cia ntawm noob caj noob ces cov ntaub ntawv. Cov tshuaj no tau tshawb pom ua tsaug rau biochemist F. Miescher, uas kawm salmon spermatozoa. Nws yog qhov kev tshawb nrhiav "kev tshwm sim". Ib me ntsis tom qab, RNA thiab DNA kuj pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj kab mob. Nucleic acids kuj tau raug cais tawm hauv cov hlwb ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob, nrog rau cov kab mob.
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, ob hom nucleic acids pom nyob rau hauv cov xwm - ribonucleic (RNA) thiab deoxyribonucleic (DNA). Qhov txawv yog qhov tseeb ntawm lub npe. DNA muaj deoxyribose, tsib-carbon qab zib. Thiab ribose pom nyob rau hauv RNA molecule.
Nucleic acids yog kawm los ntawm cov organic chemistry. Cov ncauj lus rau kev tshawb fawb kuj tau hais los ntawm cov tshuaj. Muaj ntau yam kab mob caj ces zais rau hauv DNA codes uas cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tsis tau pom.
