Cov tshuaj uas tsim lub hauv paus ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb lub cev yog tsim los ntawm ntau hom tshuaj lom neeg. Plaub ntawm lawv yog cov feem ntau. Cov no yog hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen thiab oxygen. Cov khoom kawg tuaj yeem khi nrog cov khoom ntawm cov hlau lossis cov hlau tsis muaj hlau thiab tsim cov binary compounds - oxides. Hauv peb tsab xov xwm, peb yuav kawm txog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kom tau txais oxides hauv chav kuaj thiab kev lag luam. Kuj xav txog lawv cov khoom siv lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg.
Aggregate xeev
Oxides, lossis oxides, muaj nyob hauv peb lub xeev: gaseous, kua thiab khoom. Piv txwv li, thawj pab pawg muaj xws li cov neeg paub zoo thiab nthuav dav hauv cov xwm txheej xws li carbon dioxide - CO 2, carbon monoxide - CO, sulfur dioxide - SO 2 thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv cov kua theem, muaj oxides xws li dej - H2O, sulfuric anhydride - SO3, nitric oxide - N 2 O3. Daim ntawv txais nyiajCov oxides uas peb muaj npe tuaj yeem tsim hauv chav kuaj, tab sis cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab sulfur trioxide kuj tau ua lag luam. Qhov no yog vim kev siv cov tshuaj no nyob rau hauv lub technological voj voog ntawm hlau smelting thiab sulfate acid ntau lawm. Cov pa roj carbon monoxide yog siv los txo cov hlau los ntawm ore, thiab sulfuric anhydride yog yaj hauv sulfate acid thiab oleum yog mined.
Kev faib tawm ntawm oxides
Muaj ntau hom pa oxygen, muaj ob lub ntsiab lus. Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov txheej txheem kom tau txais oxides yuav nyob ntawm seb cov npe ntawm pawg twg yog cov tshuaj. Piv txwv li, carbon dioxide, uas yog ib tug acidic oxide, yog tau los ntawm ncaj qha ua ke ntawm carbon nrog oxygen, nqa tawm ib tug nyuaj oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov pa roj carbon dioxide tuaj yeem tso tawm thaum sib pauv cov ntsev ntawm carbonic acid thiab muaj zog inorganic acids:
HCl + Na2CO3=2NaCl + H2O + CO 2
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv dab tsi yog qhov cim ntawm cov kua qaub oxides? Nov yog lawv cov kev cuam tshuam nrog alkalis:
SO2 + 2NaOH → Na2SO3 + H 2O
Amphoteric thiab tsis yog ntsev-forming oxides
Tsis muaj oxides, xws li CO lossis N 2 O, tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua rau tsim cov ntsev. Ntawm qhov tod tes, feem ntau acidic oxides tuaj yeem hnov mob nrog dej los tsim cov kua qaub. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tuaj yeem ua rau silicon oxide. Nws yog tsim nyog kom tau txais silicate acid indirectly.txoj kev: los ntawm silicates reacting nrog muaj zog acids. Amphoteric yuav yog xws li binary tebchaw nrog oxygen uas muaj peev xwm ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog ob qho tib si alkalis thiab acids. Peb yuav suav nrog cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no hauv pawg no - cov no yog cov paub oxides ntawm txhuas thiab zinc.
Tau txais sulfur oxides
Nyob rau hauv nws cov tebchaw nrog oxygen, sulfur muaj ntau yam sib txawv. Yog li, nyob rau hauv sulfur dioxide, cov mis uas yog SO2, nws yog tetravalent. Hauv chav kuaj, sulfur dioxide yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm sulfate acid thiab sodium hydrosulfite, qhov sib npaug ntawm yog
NaHSO3 + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + SO2 + H2O
Lwm txoj hauv kev los rho tawm SO 2yog txheej txheem redox ntawm tooj liab thiab siab concentration sulfate acid. Txoj kev kuaj thib peb rau kev tsim cov sulfur oxides yog qhov tso pa tawm ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj sulfur yooj yim:
Cu + 2H2SO4=CuSO4 + SO 2 + 2H2O
Hauv kev lag luam, sulfur dioxide tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev hlawv sulfur-muaj cov zaub mov zinc lossis txhuas, nrog rau kev hlawv pyrite FeS2. Cov sulfur dioxide tau los ntawm txoj kev no yog siv rau kev tshem tawm sulfur trioxide SO 3thiab ntxiv - sulfate acid. Sulfur dioxide nrog lwm yam khoom coj zoo li oxide nrog acidic nta. Piv txwv li, nws kev sib cuam tshuam nrog dej ua rau tsim cov sulfite acid H2SO3:
SO2 + H2O=H2SO 3
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no thim rov qab. Lub degree ntawm dissociation ntawm cov kua qaub yog tsawg, yog li cov compound yog cais raws li ib tug tsis muaj zog electrolyte, thiab sulfurous acid nws tus kheej muaj peev xwm tsuas muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug aqueous tov. Sulfur dioxide molecules yeej ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv nws, uas muab cov khoom ib tug pungent tsw. Qhov sib tov reacting yog nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev ntawm sib npaug concentration ntawm reactants thiab cov khoom, uas yuav hloov tau los ntawm kev hloov tej yam kev mob. Yog li, thaum alkali ntxiv rau kev daws, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav pib los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis. Yog tias sulfur dioxide raug tshem tawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ib puag ncig los ntawm cua sov lossis tshuab los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov pa roj nitrogen, qhov sib npaug sib npaug yuav hloov mus rau sab laug.
Sulfuric anhydride
Cia peb txuas ntxiv mus saib cov khoom thiab txoj hauv kev kom tau txais sulfur oxides. Yog tias sulfur dioxide raug hlawv, qhov tshwm sim yog oxide uas leej faj muaj oxidation lub xeev ntawm +6. Nws yog sulfur trioxide. Lub compound yog nyob rau hauv cov kua theem, sai hardens nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm crystals ntawm kub hauv qab no 16 ° C. Cov khoom siv crystalline tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm ntau qhov kev hloov kho allotropic uas txawv ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua lattice thiab cov ntsiab lus melting. Sulfuric anhydride nthuav tawm cov khoom ntawm tus neeg sawv cev txo qis. Interacting nrog dej, nws tsim ib aerosol ntawm sulfate acid, yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, H 2SO4 yog tsim los ntawm dissolving sulfuric anhydride hauv concentrated sulfate. kua qaub. Yog li ntawd, oleum yog tsim. Ntxiv dej rau nws, thiab tau txais cov tshuaj sulfuric acid.
Basic oxides
Tau kawm txog cov khoom thiab tsim cov oxidesleej faj, koom nrog pab pawg ntawm acidic binary compounds nrog oxygen, xav txog cov pa oxygen ntawm cov hlau hlau.
Basic oxides tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm cov cim xws li muaj nyob hauv cov molecules ntawm cov hlau me me ntawm cov pawg loj ntawm thawj lossis thib ob pawg ntawm lub sijhawm. Lawv raug cais raws li alkaline lossis alkaline ntiaj teb. Piv txwv li, sodium oxide - Na2O tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog dej, ua rau tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg hydroxides - alkalis. Txawm li cas los xij, cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb ntawm cov oxides yooj yim yog kev cuam tshuam nrog cov organic lossis inorganic acids. Nws mus nrog tsim ntsev thiab dej. Yog hais tias hydrochloric acid ntxiv rau dawb hmoov tooj liab oxide, peb yuav pom ib tug xiav-ntsuab kua ntawm tooj liab chloride:
CuO + 2HCl=CuCl2 + H2O
Cua sov cov khoom tsis sib haum hydroxide yog lwm txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb kom tau txais cov oxides yooj yim:
Ca(OH)2 → CaO + H2O
Cov xwm txheej: 520-580 °C.
Nyob hauv peb tsab xov xwm, peb tau tshuaj xyuas cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm binary compounds nrog oxygen, nrog rau cov txheej txheem kom tau txais oxides hauv chav kuaj thiab kev lag luam.
