Cov cim cim yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv nyeem. Ib tug neeg uas tsis siv lawv hauv kev sau ntawv ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ua rau cov neeg uas cov ntawv nyeem tau hais tsuas yog tsis nkag siab lub ntsiab lus. Yog, thiab nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem nyeem cov lus zoo li no. Yog li ntawd, nws tsuas yog yuav tsum tau xyuas cov cim cim kom sai li sai tau thaum cov ntawv sau. Qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog kev hwm rau cov neeg tau txais kev pab, tab sis kuj rau tus kheej, vim hais tias muaj peev xwm sau tau hais lus yog qhov qhia txog kev coj noj coj ua. Hauv tsab xov xwm, peb yuav txheeb xyuas seb cov ntawv cim yog dab tsi, cov cim cim tseem ceeb yog dab tsi thiab lawv ua haujlwm dab tsi.
History of punctuation marks
cov cim cim tsis tshwm tam sim ntawd. Thaum xub thawj, cov ntawv nyeem nyuaj rau kev nkag siab, vim lawv sau tsis muaj lawv. Qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj kev sib txuas lus hauv cov ntawv nyeem tau nkag siab thawj zaug hauv Tebchaws Europe los ntawm Fab Kis. Kev teeb tsa tshwj xeeb nres, commas, lawv tau txais los ntawm Greeks nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th.
Raws li Russia, Mikhail Lomonosov yog thawj tus tsim lub tswv yim ntawm tus lej cim rau dab tsi. Cov kev cai tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv lub XVIII caug xyoo. Ntxiv mus, nws hais tsis tau tsuas yog hais txog kev siv commas, tab sis kujexclamation marks. Karamzin kuj qhia txog kev khiav ceev thiab txoj hnyuv.
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov cim cim
Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov cim cim yog dab tsi? Paub qhov no yog ib qho kev pab zoo thaum koj yuav tsum tau kuaj cov ntawv rau cov cim.
Qhov kos npe tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov chaw. Nws yog siv los cais ib kab lus los ntawm lwm tus, nws cim qhov kawg ntawm cov lus me me thiab pib ntawm ib qho tshiab. Qee zaum, siv lub sijhawm, cov cim, cov lus nug lossis cov lus exclamations. Thawj yog siv nyob rau hauv cov kab lus uas muaj ib lo lus nug, qhov thib ob - nyob rau hauv lub siab lub ntsws xim, txhawb.
Piv txwv li, nws txaus los piv peb kab lus: Natalya Pavlovna yog tus kws phais neeg zoo. (cem intonation, lub hom phiaj yog qhia qhov tseeb). - Puas yog Natalya Pavlovna yog tus kws phais neeg zoo? (lus nug). - Yog lawm, Natalya Pavlovna yog tus kws phais neeg zoo heev! (kev hlub mob siab).
Qee zaum ib lub cim tshwj xeeb tau muab tso rau tom kawg ntawm kab lus - ib qho ellipsis, nws qhia qhov ua tsis tiav ntawm kev xav.
Peb siv commas feem ntau. Cov paib no cais ib ntu ntawm cov laj thawj los ntawm lwm qhov, tsim cov lej. Yog tsis muaj commas, nws nyuaj heev kom nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm kab lus. Cov kab lus nto moo "kev tua tsis tuaj yeem zam tau" yog qhov piv txwv zoo ntawm qhov no.
Yuav kom paub meej qhov tseeb, siv lub plab. Nws tseem tuaj yeem qhia tau ntau tus tswv cuab homogeneous.
Dash (los ntawm txoj kev, qhov no tsuas yog lub npe ntawm cov cim cim uas muaj keeb kwm txawv teb chaws - Fabkis) yog qhov tsim nyog thaum lub koomhaum lossis ib lo lus raug tshem tawm. Nws kuj qhia tias nyob rau hauvkab lus, ib qho kev xav yog tawm tsam lwm tus.
Kev siv cov semicolons yog qhov tsawg heev. Daim paib no txuas cov khoom uas tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam rau ib leeg.
Similar member
Tam sim no cia saib cov kev cai yooj yim uas yuav pab koj txheeb xyuas cov cim cim. Ib qho ntawm feem ntau yog commas nrog homogeneous cov tswv cuab ntawm ib kab lus. Nco qab tias cov no yog cov uas teb ib lo lus nug thiab xa mus rau ib tug tswv cuab ntawm kab lus. kiag li txhua yam ntawm ib chav tsev syntactic tuaj yeem ua homogeneous.
Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov cim cim nrog lawv, koj yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo mloog cov koom haum uas txuas rau lawv. Yog tsis muaj, ib qho comma yeej ib txwm muab tso rau. Liab, ci daj, paj dawb loj hlob hauv cov nyom.
Nws tseem yuav tsum tau muab lub cim cim cim yog tias cov tswv cuab homogeneous txuas nrog ua khub. Liab thiab daj, xiav thiab dawb paj loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub tiaj nyom. Raws li koj tau pom, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug comma cais ob homogeneous txhais nrog lub union thiab.
Thaum rov ua cov koom haum ua haujlwm, muab cov cim cim rau tom qab thawj zaug. Paj liab, paj daj daj, paj xiav, thiab paj dawb loj hlob hauv cov tiaj nyom.
Nrog cov tswv cuab homogeneous, tej zaum yuav muaj ib lo lus dav dav. Hauv qhov no, kev tshuaj xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov cim cim yuav pab txiav txim siab seb nws nyob qhov twg. Yog hais tias mus txog ib tug xov tooj ntawm homogeneous tswv cuab, ces koj yuav tsum tau muab tso rau ib tug nyuv. Tom qab ntawd, ib lub voj voog. Piv txwv li: Txhua yam paj loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov nyom: liab, ci daj, xiav thiab dawb. Lub generalizing lo lus paj yog siv ua ntej homogeneous txhais. Liab, daj,xiav, dawb - txhua yam paj dai kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov nyom.
Kev cais tawm
Kev cais tawm yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb ntawm cov cim cim thiab lub suab nrov. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov cim cim nrog nws, kev tshawb nrhiav cov lus txhais yuav pab tau. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog yog tias peb tab tom tham txog cov ntsiab lus cais. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:
Swifts, scurrying nruab nrab ntawm cov ntoo, ntes kab ntawm ya. Cov lus txhais swifts yog siv ua ntej lub ntsiab lus sib cais (nws yog qhia los ntawm kev koom tes nrog).
Tim neeg, nkees nkees, tshaib plab, sai sai tuaj rau lub tsev pheeb suab. Cov lus txhais cov neeg ncig teb chaw yog nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm ib tug cais txhais (nws yog qhia los ntawm homogeneous txhais lus txuas los ntawm ib lub union).
Ib txwm siv commas thaum tseem ceeb:
- Gerential kab lus. Tshem tawm rau hauv nws tus kheej, nws muaj peev xwm dim ntawm cov teeb meem nias.
- Cov tswvcuab cais tawm hais txog tus kheej lub npe. Txaus siab thiab txhawb nqa, peb tuaj txog ntawm qhov chaw sib tw.
- Daim ntawv thov ib txwm cais nyob rau hauv ob rooj plaub: thaum nws hais txog tus kheej pronoun thiab thaum nws hais txog lub npe. Piv txwv li: Nws, tus kws kho mob ntawm qeb siab tshaj, raug yuam kom thim rov qab. - Tus kws kho mob ntawm qib siab tshaj plaws, nws raug yuam kom thim rov qab. Lwm qhov piv txwv: Kuv tus phauj, kws kho mob ntawm qeb siab tshaj, tam sim ntawd poob nws txoj haujlwm. - Tus kws kho mob ntawm qeb siab tshaj, kuv tus phauj dheev poob nws txoj haujlwm.
Cov lus qhia thiab chaw nyob
Cov ntawv sau nyob rau hauv kab lus nrog cov lus qhia pib thiab kev thov rov hais dua yog qhov yooj yim heev. Koj tsuas xav taupaub tias cov ntsiab lus no yog dab tsi.
Thaum peb hais rau ib tug neeg, nws lub npe lossis qhov peb hu nws tib lub sijhawm, ua tib zoo mloog, yuav yog qhov chaw nyob. Nyob rau hauv ib kab lus, nws yeej ib txwm sib cais los ntawm commas. Olga Petrovna, nqa kuv phau ntawv hais txog cov nroj tsuag. "Nyob zoo yawg, koj nyob li cas?" - Nyob zoo cov kwv tij, cia peb tiv thaiv peb lub teb chaws mus txog thaum kawg!
Koj tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas cov cim cim hauv cov lus sib dhos nrog cov qauv qhia pib los ntawm kev xaiv lawv los ntawm cov ntsiab lus raug. Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias lawv lub hom phiaj yog ua tib zoo saib xyuas txhua nqe lus, cais nws ntawm lwm tus. Mloog, puas tseem ceeb rau tag kis? - Kuv yuav mus, thaum kawg, kuv mam li paub nws. - Raws li cov neeg ua haujlwm, sab hauv ntawm lub chaw ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau hloov mus ntev dhau los.
Punctuation in complex kab lus
Raws li cov kab lus nyuaj, ib qho comma ntawm lawv qhov chaw ib txwm xav tau. Nrog cov subordinates complex, qhov teeb meem yog yooj yim, vim hais tias nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau confuse lawv nrog lwm tus. Cov ntawv cim nyob rau hauv lawv yog dab tsi (qib 5 twb yog lub sij hawm uas tab tom kawm)? Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv.
- Kuv xav kom koj tsiv mus rau chav tsev tshiab sai sai no.
- Nws paub qhov twg tag nrho cov nceb nkaum hauv hav zoov.
- Katerina, sai li sai tau thaum thawj cov noog hu, tau tawm ntawm txaj thiab ua haujlwm hauv tsev.
Cov lus sau nyob rau hauv cov kab lus sib xyaw
Nws nyuaj dua los txhais cov kab lus sib xyaw. Feem ntau nws yog tsis meej pem nrog ib tug yooj yim, uas muaj homogeneous predicates nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum ua kom pom tseeb lub hauv paus grammatical thiab nkag siabpes tsawg.
Cia peb saib ob qho piv txwv. Swallows ya nyob ib ncig ntawm lub tsev thiab pleev xim rau cov duab txawv txawv hauv huab cua. - Swallows ya ncig lub tsev, thiab cov neeg tam sim no ntsia nrog kev qhuas ntawm lawv cov duab saum toj kawg nkaus. Thawj kab lus yog yooj yim, nyob rau hauv nws homogeneous predicates ya, tau sau tawm kev cob cog rua los ntawm lub union thiab, yog li ntawd, ib tug comma tsis xav tau. Qhov piv txwv thib ob yog kab lus sib xyaw, muaj ob lub hauv paus grammatical: swallows ya, cov tam sim no saib. Ib qho comma ua ntej thiab yuav tsum tau.
Cov nqe lus hauv cov kab lus tsis sib koom ua ke
Inside ib kab lus nyuaj tuaj yeem muaj kev sib koom ua ke. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug comma, khiav ceev los yog colon feem ntau yog muab, tsawg dua ib tug semicolon. Cia peb saib cov xwm txheej zoo li no. Peb nco ntsoov tam sim ntawd tias ntau nyob ntawm lub intonation thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm kab lus.
Lub tsev qiv ntawv tau kaw, tag nrho cov neeg ua haujlwm tau mus tsev lawm. - Lub tsev qiv ntawv raug kaw - tag nrho cov neeg ua haujlwm tau mus tsev. - Txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm tau mus tsev: lub tsev qiv ntawv tau kaw lawm.
- Yog tias muaj cov lej ib txwm muaj ntawm qee qhov ua ntu zus ntawm kev ua, ces yuav muab ib qho comma (ua piv txwv thawj).
- Thaum qhov thib ob qhia txog qhov tshwm sim los ntawm thawj zaug, nws yuav tsum tau muab tso rau ib qho khiav nrawm (kab lus thib ob).
- Txhawm rau nthuav dav cov ntsiab lus ntawm thawj ntu, siv ib txoj kab lus (sab kawg).
Lub semicolon siv tsawg dua. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog siv thaum muaj ntau yam nyuaj hauv qhov yooj yim (lawv muaj ntau heev).
Qib,nyob rau hauv lub tiaj ua si, kaw los ua ib phau ntawv suav; cov neeg ua haujlwm nyob ua haujlwm tshaj sijhawm.
Ntawm no hauv thawj ntu tsis yog kev koom tes xwb, tab sis kuj yog qhov thaiv no yog kab lus nyuaj. Yuav tsum muaj ib qho semicolon.
