Ib yam khoom uas muaj cov khoom pub dawb nrog cov nqi txav mus los ntawm lub cev kom zoo vim qhov ua haujlwm hluav taws xob yog hu ua tus neeg xyuas pib hauv thaj chaw electrostatic. Thiab cov nqi ntawm cov khoom yog hu ua dawb. Dielectrics, ntawm qhov tod tes, tsis muaj lawv. Cov conductors thiab dielectrics muaj qhov sib txawv thiab cov khoom.
Explorer
Nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw electrostatic, conductors yog hlau, alkaline, acidic thiab saline daws, nrog rau ionized gases. Cov neeg nqa khoom pub dawb hauv cov hlau yog dawb electrons.
Thaum nkag mus rau hauv ib qho chaw hluav taws xob sib xws, qhov twg hlau yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yam tsis muaj nqi, kev txav mus los yuav pib nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia uas yog rov qab mus rau lub teb voltage vector. Nyob rau hauv ib sab, electrons yuav tsim ib tug tsis zoo nqi, thiab nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, ib tug tsis txaus tus nqi ntawm lawv yuav ua rau ib tug ntau zoo nqi tshwm sim. Nws hloov tawm tias cov nqi sib cais. Uncompensated txawv nqi tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tus ntawmsab nraud teb. Yog li, lawv raug ntxias, thiab tus neeg xyuas pib hauv thaj chaw electrostatic tseem nyob tsis muaj nqi.
Tsis tau them nqi
Kev siv hluav taws xob, thaum them nqi rov qab faib tawm ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub cev, hu ua electrostatic induction. Uncompensated hluav taws xob nqi tsim lawv lub cev, sab hauv thiab sab nraud tensions yog opposite rau ib leeg. Sib cais thiab tom qab ntawd sib sau ua ke ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib, qhov kev siv ntawm sab hauv teb nce. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws dhau los ua xoom. Ces tus nqi tshuav.
Hauv qhov no, tag nrho cov nqi them tsis tau them yog sab nraud. Qhov tseeb no yog siv kom tau txais kev tiv thaiv electrostatic uas tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm thaj chaw. Lawv muab tso rau hauv daim phiaj lossis cov rooj hlau hauv av.
Dielectrics
Cov khoom tsis muaj nqi hluav taws xob dawb raws li tus qauv (uas yog, thaum qhov kub thiab txias tsis dhau los yog qis dhau) hu ua dielectrics. Cov khoom hauv qhov no tsis tuaj yeem txav mus los ntawm lub cev thiab tsuas yog hloov chaw me ntsis xwb. Yog li ntawd, cov nqi hluav taws xob txuas nrog ntawm no.
Dielectrics muab faib ua pawg nyob ntawm cov qauv molecular. Cov molecules ntawm dielectrics ntawm thawj pawg yog asymmetric. Cov no suav nrog dej zoo tib yam, thiab nitrobenzene, thiab cawv. Lawv cov nqi zoo thiab tsis zoo tsis sib xws. Lawv ua raws li hluav taws xob dipoles. Xws li cov molecules suav hais tias yog polar. Lawv lub sijhawm hluav taws xob sib npaug rau qhov kawgtus nqi raws li txhua yam sib txawv.
Pab pawg thib ob muaj cov dielectrics, uas cov molecules muaj cov qauv sib luag. Cov no yog paraffin, oxygen, nitrogen. Cov nqi zoo thiab tsis zoo muaj lub ntsiab lus zoo sib xws. Yog tias tsis muaj hluav taws xob sab nraud, ces tsis muaj hluav taws xob tam sim no. Cov no yog cov tsis-polar molecules.
Cov nqi sib txawv hauv cov molecules hauv ib qho chaw sab nraud tau hloov chaw nyob hauv cov lus qhia sib txawv. Lawv tig mus ua dipoles thiab tau txais lwm lub sijhawm hluav taws xob.
Dielectrics ntawm pawg thib peb muaj cov qauv crystalline ntawm ions.
Kuv xav paub seb lub dipole coj li cas hauv qhov chaw sab nraud (tom qab tag nrho, nws yog ib qho molecule uas tsis yog-polar thiab polar dielectrics).
Txhua tus nqi dipole tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog lub zog, txhua tus muaj tib lub qauv, tab sis sib txawv kev coj ua (piv txwv). Ob lub zog yog tsim uas muaj lub sij hawm tig, nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm cov dipole nyiam tig mus rau hauv txoj kev uas cov kev taw qhia ntawm vectors coincides. Yog li ntawd, nws thiaj li tau txais kev taw qhia ntawm sab nraud.
Tsis muaj hluav taws xob sab nraud hauv qhov tsis muaj polar dielectric. Yog li ntawd, molecules tsis muaj hluav taws xob lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv ib tug polar dielectric, thermal motion tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov teeb meem. Vim li no, lub sijhawm hluav taws xob muaj qhov sib txawv, thiab lawv cov vector sum yog xoom. Ntawd yog, lub dielectric tsis muaj lub sijhawm hluav taws xob.
Dielectric hauv ib qho chaw hluav taws xob
Cia muab lub dielectric rau hauv ib qho chaw hluav taws xob. Peb twb paub lawm tias dipoles yog polar thiab non-polar molecules.dielectrics uas tau qhia nyob ntawm qhov chaw sab nraud. Lawv vectors raug txiav txim. Tom qab ntawd cov lej ntawm cov vectors tsis yog xoom, thiab lub dielectric muaj lub sijhawm hluav taws xob. Nyob rau hauv nws muaj cov nqi zoo thiab tsis zoo, uas yog kev sib nrig sib pab thiab nyob ze rau ib leeg. Yog li ntawd, lub dielectric tsis tau txais nqi.
Cov chaw sab nraud muaj cov nqi tsis them nyiaj polarization uas sib npaug, piv txwv li cov dielectric yog polarized.
Yog tias koj coj ib qho ionic dielectric thiab muab tso rau hauv qhov hluav taws xob, ces lub lattice ntawm crystals ntawm ions hauv nws yuav hloov me ntsis. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ion-hom dielectric yuav tau txais lub sijhawm hluav taws xob.
Polarizing tsub tsim lawv tus kheej hluav taws xob, uas muaj qhov sib txawv nrog rau sab nraud. Yog li ntawd, qhov siv ntawm electrostatic teb, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov nqi muab tso rau hauv ib tug dielectric, yog tsawg tshaj li nyob rau hauv lub nqus tsev vacuum.
Explorer
Ib daim duab sib txawv yuav txhim kho nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm. Yog hais tias cov conductors ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no tau nkag mus rau hauv ib qho chaw electrostatic, lub sij hawm luv luv yuav tshwm sim hauv nws, vim tias cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob ua rau cov nqi dawb yuav ua rau muaj kev txav mus los. Tab sis txhua leej txhua tus kuj paub txog txoj cai ntawm thermodynamic irreversibility, thaum twg macroprocess nyob rau hauv ib tug kaw system thiab txav yuav tsum thaum kawg, thiab lub system yuav sib npaug.
Ib tus neeg xyuas pib hauv thaj chaw electrostatic yog lub cev ua los ntawm cov hlau, qhov twg electrons pib txav tawm tsam cov kab ntawm lub zog thiabyuav pib accumulating rau sab laug. Tus neeg xyuas pib ntawm sab xis yuav plam electrons thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo. Thaum cov nqi sib cais, nws yuav tau txais nws qhov hluav taws xob. Qhov no hu ua electrostatic induction.
Inside tus neeg xyuas pib, lub zog hluav taws xob electrostatic yog xoom, uas yooj yim los ua pov thawj los ntawm kev txav ntawm qhov ntxeev.
Txoj kev coj tus cwj pwm
Tus nqi ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib sau rau ntawm qhov chaw. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau muab faib ua ib txoj hauv kev uas tus nqi them ceev yog taw qhia rau curvature ntawm qhov chaw. Ntawm no nws yuav ntau dua li lwm qhov chaw.
Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj qhov curvature tshaj plaws ntawm kaum cov ntsiab lus, cov npoo thiab cov voj voog. Kuj tseem muaj kev them nqi siab. Nrog rau nws qhov nce, nro kuj tseem loj hlob nyob ze. Yog li ntawd, ib qho hluav taws xob muaj zog yog tsim los ntawm no. Tus nqi corona tshwm sim, ua rau cov nqi ntws los ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib.
Yog tias peb xav txog tus neeg xyuas pib hauv thaj chaw electrostatic, los ntawm qhov uas sab hauv raug tshem tawm, yuav pom kab noj hniav. Tsis muaj dab tsi yuav hloov los ntawm qhov no, vim hais tias lub teb tsis tau, thiab yuav tsis yog. Tom qab tag nrho, nws tsis nyob hauv kab noj hniav los ntawm kev txhais.
Zoo kawg
Peb tau saib cov conductors thiab dielectrics. Tam sim no koj tuaj yeem nkag siab lawv qhov sib txawv thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov zoo hauv cov xwm txheej zoo sib xws. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ib tug niaj hnub hluav taws xob teb, lawv coj txawv txawv.
