Txhua tus neeg tau ntev los ua tus neeg siv khoom zoo li cov hlau nplaum. Peb tsis pom dab tsi tshwj xeeb hauv nws. Peb feem ntau koom nrog nws cov lus qhia txog physics lossis kev ua qauv qhia hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev dag ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov hlau nplaum rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool. Thiab tsis tshua muaj leej twg xav txog pes tsawg cov hlau nplaum nyob ib puag ncig peb hauv lub neej niaj hnub. Muaj kaum ob ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv ib chav tsev. Cov hlau nplaum muaj nyob rau hauv lub cuab yeej ntawm txhua tus hais lus, daim kab xev kaw, hluav taws xob rab chais, saib. Txawm ib lub hub ntsia hlau yog ib tug.
Thiab dab tsi ntxiv?
Peb - cov neeg - tsis muaj kev zam. Ua tsaug rau cov biocurrents ntws hauv lub cev, muaj qhov pom tsis pom ntawm nws cov kab ntawm lub zog nyob ib puag ncig peb. Lub ntiaj teb yog hlau nplaum loj. Thiab txawm ntau grandiose - lub plasma pob ntawm lub hnub. Qhov luaj li cas ntawm galaxies thiab nebulae, incomprehensible rau tib neeg lub siab, tsis tshua muaj cia lub tswv yim tias tag nrho cov no kuj yog hlau nplaum.
Kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub xav tau kev tsim cov hlau nplaum loj thiab muaj zog tshiab, thaj chaw ntawm daim ntawv thov uas cuam tshuam nrog thermonuclear fusion, hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob, kev nrawm ntawm cov khoom siv hauv synchrotrons, nqa cov nkoj sunken. Tsim ib qho chaw muaj zog heev uas siv cov khoom sib nqushlau nplaum yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm niaj hnub physics.
Qhia meej meej
Ib daim teb sib nqus yog lub zog ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev nrog cov nqi uas nyob hauv kev txav. Nws "tsis ua haujlwm" nrog cov khoom nyob ruaj ruaj (lossis tsis muaj nqi) thiab ua haujlwm raws li daim ntawv ntawm electromagnetic teb, uas muaj raws li lub tswv yim dav dav.
Yog lub cev muaj peev xwm tsim tau ib qho chaw sib nqus nyob ib puag ncig lawv tus kheej thiab ntsib lub zog ntawm nws lub zog ntawm lawv tus kheej, lawv hu ua hlau nplaum. Ntawd yog, cov khoom no yog magnetized (muaj lub sijhawm sib thooj).
Cov khoom sib txawv teb txawv rau qhov chaw sab nraud. Cov uas ua rau nws tsis muaj zog hauv lawv tus kheej yog hu ua paramagnets, thiab cov uas ntxiv dag zog rau nws yog hu ua diamagnets. Cov ntaub ntawv tus kheej muaj cov cuab yeej ntawm kev nthuav dav sab nraud magnetic teb ib txhiab npaug. Cov no yog ferromagnets (cob alt, npib tsib xee nrog hlau, gadolinium, nrog rau cov tebchaw thiab alloys ntawm cov hlau hais). Cov ntawm lawv uas, tau poob nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm sab nraud teb, lawv tus kheej tau txais cov khoom sib nqus, hu ua hard magnetic. Lwm tus, muaj peev xwm coj tus cwj pwm zoo li cov hlau nplaum tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov ncaj qha ntawm lub tshav pob thiab tsis ua li ntawd nrog nws ploj mus, yog cov hlau nplaum mos.
Keeb kwm me ntsis
Tib neeg tau kawm txog cov khoom ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov txij li lub sijhawm qub heev. Lawv tau hais nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws thaum ub rov qab mus txog 600 xyoo BC. Ntuj (ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb) cov hlau nplaum tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv deposits ntawm magnetic ore. Cov nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlau nplaum loj loj yog khaws cia hauv Tartutsev kawm ntawv. Nws hnyav 13 kg, thiab lub nra uas nqa tau nrog nws pab yog 40 kg.
Txiv neej tau kawm los tsim cov hlau nplaum dag siv ntau yam ferromagnets. Tus nqi ntawm cov hmoov (los ntawm cob alt, hlau, thiab lwm yam) nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm los tuav ib tug load hnyav 5000 npaug ntawm nws tus kheej qhov hnyav. Cov khoom siv dag zog tuaj yeem ua tau ruaj khov (tau los ntawm cov khoom siv hlau nplaum tawv) lossis cov hlau nplaum uas muaj cov tub ntxhais, cov khoom uas yog cov hlau nplaum mos. Qhov hluav taws xob teb nyob rau hauv lawv tshwm sim vim qhov kev nkag ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no los ntawm cov xov hlau ntawm winding, uas yog ib puag ncig los ntawm cov tub ntxhais.
thawj phau ntawv loj uas muaj kev sim tshawb fawb txog cov khoom ntawm cov hlau nplaum yog cov haujlwm ntawm London tus kws kho mob Gilbert, luam tawm xyoo 1600. Txoj hauj lwm no muaj tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd hais txog kev sib nqus thiab hluav taws xob, nrog rau tus sau cov kev sim.
Ib tug neeg sim hloov ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej uas twb muaj lawm rau lub neej ua haujlwm. Tau kawg, cov hlau nplaum tsis muaj qhov zam.
Yuav siv cov hlau nplaum li cas
Dab tsi ntawm cov hlau nplaum tau txais tib neeg? Nws txoj kev dav dav uas peb tuaj yeem kov luv luv ntawm lub ntsiab, cov khoom siv nto moo tshaj plaws thiab kev siv ntawm cov khoom zoo no.
Compass yog cov cuab yeej paub zoo los txiav txim siab cov lus qhia hauv av. Ua tsaug rau nws, lawv tau ua txoj hauv kev rau dav hlau thiab nkoj, kev thauj mus los hauv av, thiab cov phiaj xwm taug kev. Cov nocov khoom siv tuaj yeem ua tau hlau nplaum (tus pointer), siv los ntawm cov neeg ncig tebchaws thiab cov kws tshaj lij, lossis tsis yog sib nqus (xov tooj cua thiab hydro compasses).
thawj lub compasss los ntawm cov hlau nplaum ntuj tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 11th thiab siv nyob rau hauv navigation. Lawv qhov kev txiav txim yog ua raws li kev sib hloov dawb nyob rau hauv kab rov tav dav hlau ntawm ib rab koob ntev ua los ntawm cov khoom sib nqus, sib npaug ntawm cov axis. Ib qho ntawm nws qhov kawg ib txwm tig mus rau sab qab teb, lwm qhov - sab qaum teb. Yog li, koj tuaj yeem tshawb pom cov lus qhia tseem ceeb txog cov ntsiab lus cardinal.
Main Spheres
Teb qhov twg cov khoom ntawm cov hlau nplaum tau pom lawv daim ntawv thov tseem ceeb - xov tooj cua thiab hluav taws xob engineering, instrumentation, automation thiab telemechanics. Relays, sib nqus circuits, thiab lwm yam yog tau los ntawm ferromagnetic cov ntaub ntawv, nyob rau hauv 1820, cov cuab yeej ntawm ib tug tam sim no-nqa conductor los ua nyob rau hauv lub magnet koob tau pom, yuam nws tig. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lwm qhov kev tshawb pom tau ua - ib khub ntawm cov neeg sib txuas ua ke, los ntawm qhov tam sim no ntawm tib txoj kev coj mus, muaj cov cuab yeej ntawm kev sib nrig sib nyiam.
Vim qhov no, qhov kev xav tau tsim los ntawm qhov ua rau lub zog ntawm cov hlau nplaum. Tag nrho cov phenomena tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog tam sim no, nrog rau cov circulating nyob rau hauv cov khoom sib nqus. Cov tswv yim niaj hnub hauv kev tshawb fawb tau ua raws li qhov kev xav no.
About engines and generators
Rau lub hauv paus ntawm nws, ntau yam ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob thiab cov tshuab hluav taws xob tau tsim, uas yog, cov tshuab ntawm hom kev sib hloov, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob rau hauv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob (lusPeb tab tom tham txog cov tshuab hluav taws xob) lossis hluav taws xob rau cov tshuab (txog cav). Txhua lub tshuab hluav taws xob ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm electromagnetic induction, uas yog, EMF (electromotive force) tshwm sim hauv cov hlau uas txav mus rau hauv qhov chaw sib nqus. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub zog nyob rau hauv ib lub xaim nrog tam sim no muab tso rau hauv ib qho transverse teb.
Siv lub zog ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm thaj teb nrog cov tam sim no uas dhau los ntawm kev hloov ntawm winding ntawm lawv cov khoom txav, cov khoom siv hu ua magnetoelectric ua haujlwm. Lub ntsuas hluav taws xob induction ua raws li lub zog tshiab AC lub cev muaj zog nrog ob txoj hlua. Lub conductive disk nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov windings yog raug rau kev sib hloov los ntawm ib tug torque proportional rau lub hwj chim input.
Thiab hauv lub neej txhua hnub?
Powered los ntawm lub roj teeb me me, hluav taws xob lub dab teg tau paub rau txhua tus. Lawv cov cuab yeej, ua tsaug rau kev siv cov hlau nplaum, ib khub ntawm inductors thiab transistor, yog qhov yooj yim dua nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov khoom muaj ntau dua li cov neeg kho tshuab watches.
Electromagnetic type locks lossis cylinder locks nruab nrog cov khoom sib nqus tau siv ntau zuj zus. Nyob rau hauv lawv, ob qho tib si tus yuam sij thiab lub xauv yog nruab nrog ib tug ua ke txheej. Thaum tus yuam sij raug nkag mus rau hauv lub xauv zoo, cov ntsiab lus sab hauv ntawm lub xauv hlau nplaum yog nyiam rau txoj haujlwm xav tau, uas tso cai rau nws qhib.
Cov cuab yeej ntawm dynamometers thiab galvanometer (ib qho khoom siv siab heev uas ntsuas qhov tsis muaj zog tam sim no) yog raws li kev ua ntawm cov hlau nplaum. Cov khoom ntawm cov hlau nplaum tau pom daim ntawv thov hauv kev tsim cov abrasives. Yog lihu ua ntse me me thiab nyuaj heev uas yuav tsum tau rau txhua yam kev ua (sib tsoo, polishing, roughing) ntawm ntau yam khoom thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Thaum lub sij hawm lawv tsim, ferrosilicon, uas yog tsim nyog nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov sib tov, ib nrab settles rau hauv qab ntawm lub furnaces, thiab yog ib feem nkag mus rau hauv lub composition ntawm abrasive. Cov hlau nplaum yuav tsum tau tshem tawm ntawm qhov ntawd.
Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev sib txuas lus
Vim yog cov khoom sib nqus ntawm cov khoom, kev tshawb fawb muaj peev xwm kawm txog cov qauv ntawm ntau lub cev. Peb tsuas tuaj yeem hais txog magnetochemistry lossis magnetic flaw detection (txoj kev tshawb nrhiav qhov tsis xws luag los ntawm kev kawm txog kev sib txawv ntawm cov khoom sib nqus hauv qee qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom).
Lawv kuj tau siv rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv microwave, xov tooj cua sib txuas lus (tub rog thiab kev lag luam kab), kev kho cua sov, ob qho tib si hauv tsev thiab hauv kev lag luam khoom noj (cov tshuab microwave tau paub zoo rau txhua tus). Nws yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua kom suav tag nrho cov cuab yeej siv cuab yeej cuab tam thiab cov ntawv thov uas cov khoom sib nqus ntawm cov khoom siv niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm ib tsab xov xwm.
Medical field
Kev kuaj mob thiab kev kho mob tsis muaj kev zam. Ua tsaug rau electron linear accelerators generating X-rays, qog kho mob yog nqa tawm, proton beams generated nyob rau hauv cyclotrons los yog synchrotrons, uas muaj zoo dua X-rays nyob rau hauv lub zos directionality thiab nce efficiency nyob rau hauv kev kho mob ntawm lub qhov muag thiab lub hlwb hlav.
Raws li kev lom neegkev tshawb fawb, txawm tias ua ntej nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog lub neej ntawm cov hlau nplaum. Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tau qee zaus ntxiv nrog cov lus hais txog ib lossis lwm qhov ntawm lawv cov teebmeem kev kho mob. Tab sis txij li thaum xyoo caum, cov ntawv tshaj tawm txog cov khoom siv roj ntsha ntawm cov hlau nplaum tau ua rau lub avalanche.
Txawm li cas los xij, kev sim kho tib neeg nrog nws tau ua los ntawm alchemists thaum ntxov li xyoo pua 16th. Muaj ntau qhov kev sim ua tau zoo los kho mob hniav, mob paj hlwb, insomnia thiab ntau yam teeb meem nrog cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev. Zoo li cov hlau nplaum pom nws siv hauv tshuaj tsis pub dhau ntawm kev taw qhia.
Rau ib nrab xyoo dhau los, cov hlau nplaum sib nqus tau siv dav, nrov ntawm cov neeg mob ntshav siab. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntseeg tiag tiag nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm ntawm cov hlau nplaum los ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Nrog kev pab ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, lawv tau kawm los ntsuas qhov ceev ntawm cov ntshav, coj mus kuaj lossis txhaj tshuaj tsim nyog los ntawm cov tshuaj ntsiav.
Cov hlau nplaum tshem tawm cov hlau me me uas tau poob rau hauv qhov muag. Kev khiav hauj lwm ntawm hluav taws xob sensors yog raws li nws qhov kev txiav txim (txhua tus ntawm peb paub txog cov txheej txheem rau kev noj electrocardiogram). Nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, kev koom tes ntawm physicists nrog biologists los kawm txog lub hauv paus mechanisms ntawm lub zog ntawm ib tug magnetic teb nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev yog los ze zog thiab ntau tsim nyog.
Neodymium hlau nplaum: cov khoom thiab kev siv
Neodymium hlau nplaum raug suav tias muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau tshaj plaws rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Lawv suav nrogneodymium, hlau thiab boron. Lawv cov qauv tshuaj yog NdFeB. Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm xws li ib tug hlau nplaum yog lub zog ntawm nws daim teb nrog ib tug kuj me me. Yog li, qhov hnyav ntawm cov hlau nplaum nrog lub zog ntawm 200 gauss yog li 1 g. Rau kev sib piv, cov hlau nplaum hlau ntawm lub zog sib npaug muaj qhov hnyav txog 10 npaug ntau dua.
Lwm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov hlau nplaum tau hais yog kev ruaj ntseg zoo thiab muaj peev xwm khaws cov khoom zoo rau ntau pua xyoo. Ntau xyoo dhau los, cov hlau nplaum poob nws cov khoom tsuas yog 1%.
Neodymium hlau nplaum raug kho li cas?
Nws txhim kho cov ntshav ncig, stabilizes ntshav siab, tawm tsam migraines.
Cov khoom ntawm neodymium hlau nplaum pib siv los kho txog 2000 xyoo dhau los. Kev hais txog hom kev kho no muaj nyob hauv cov ntawv sau ntawm Tuam Tshoj thaum ub. Kev kho mob ces yog los ntawm kev siv cov pob zeb magnetized rau tib neeg lub cev.
Kev kho mob kuj muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev txuas rau lawv lub cev. Cov lus dab neeg hais tias Cleopatra tshuav nws txoj kev noj qab haus huv zoo heev thiab kev zoo nkauj unearthly rau qhov hnav tsis tu ncua ntawm daim ntaub qhwv ntsej muag ntawm nws lub taub hau. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10th, Persian kws tshawb fawb tau piav qhia txog cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov hlau nplaum neodymium ntawm tib neeg lub cev thaum tshem tawm cov mob thiab cov leeg nqaij. Raws li cov pov thawj tseem muaj sia nyob ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, ib tus tuaj yeem txiav txim siab lawv siv los ua kom cov leeg muaj zog, pob txha muaj zog thiab txo qhov mob pob qij txha.
Txhua yam mob…
Pov thawj ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm qhov cuam tshuam tau luam tawm xyoo 1530xyoo los ntawm tus kws kho mob nto moo Swiss Paracelsus. Hauv nws cov ntawv sau, tus kws kho mob tau piav qhia txog cov khoom zoo nkauj ntawm cov hlau nplaum uas tuaj yeem txhawb lub cev lub zog thiab ua rau nws tus kheej zoo. Cov kab mob coob coob nyob rau hnub ntawd tau pib kov yeej siv cov hlau nplaum.
Kev kho tus kheej nrog kev pab ntawm qhov kev kho no tau nthuav dav hauv Tebchaws Meskas thaum xyoo tom qab tsov rog (1861-1865), thaum cov tshuaj tsis muaj categorically. Siv tau ob qho tib si ua tshuaj thiab tshuaj kho mob.
Txij thaum xyoo pua 20th, cov khoom kho mob ntawm cov hlau nplaum tau txais kev pom zoo rau kev tshawb fawb. Xyoo 1976, tus kws kho mob Nyij Pooj Nikagawa tau qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm magnetic field deficiency syndrome. Kev tshawb fawb tau tsim cov tsos mob ntawm nws. Lawv muaj qhov tsis muaj zog, qaug zog, ua haujlwm tsis zoo thiab pw tsaug zog. Kuj tseem muaj migraines, mob pob qij txha thiab txha caj qaum, teeb meem nrog lub plab zom mov thiab cov hlab plawv hauv daim ntawv ntawm hypotension lossis kub siab. Nws cuam tshuam rau tus mob syndrome thiab thaj chaw ntawm gynecology, thiab kev hloov ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Nrog kev siv cov tshuaj magnetotherapy, cov mob no tuaj yeem ua tiav zoo li qub.
Kev tshawb fawb tsis nyob twj ywm
Cov kws tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv sim nrog cov hlau nplaum. Kev sim yog ua ob qho tib si ntawm cov tsiaj thiab noog, thiab ntawm cov kab mob. Cov xwm txheej ntawm cov hlau nplaum tsis muaj zog txo qhov kev ua tiav ntawm cov txheej txheem metabolic hauv cov noog thiab nas, cov kab mob sai sai nres ntau. Nrog rau qhov kev ua lag luam ntev ntev, cov ntaub so ntswg nyob tau hloov pauv tsis tau.
Nws yog los tawm tsam txhua yam tshwm sim thiab tshwm sim los ntawmmagnetotherapy li no yog siv los ntawm lawv nrog ntau yam tsis zoo. Nws zoo nkaus li tias tam sim no tag nrho cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov hlau nplaum tseem tsis tau kawm txaus. Cov kws kho mob muaj ntau qhov kev tshawb pom nthuav dav thiab kev txhim kho tshiab ua ntej.
