Ireland yog ib lub xeev me me, txawm li cas los xij, muab tag nrho lub ntiaj teb St. Patrick's Day, Halloween, ntau lo lus uas feem ntau xav txog lus Askiv. Cov lus Irish belongs rau tsev neeg ntawm Celtic hom lus ntawm Indo-European keeb kwm. Lwm yam lus los ntawm tib pab pawg yog Scottish Gaelic, Breton.
Leej twg hais lus Irish?
Raws li kev txheeb cais, kwv yees li 1.6 lab tus tib neeg hais lus Irish. Cov no yog cov neeg nyob hauv Republic of Ireland, nrog rau Northern Ireland. Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, tseem muaj cov neeg nyob hauv uas siv hom lus no hauv kev hais lus txhua hnub. Irish yog ib hom lus lees paub ntawm European Union. Hauv tag nrho, kwv yees li 42% ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Ireland sib tham txog nws. Feem coob ntawm cov neeg Irish, nyob ib ncig ntawm 94%, kuj yog lus Askiv zoo.
Irish lus txaus siab thiab lwm yam nta
Ib qho ntawm qhov nthuav tshaj plaws ntawm Irish hais lus yog lawv siv cov kab ke txawv txawv vigesimal. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias rau lawv tus naj npawb 60 txhais tau tias peb zaug 20. Lwm tus yam ntxwv feature yog tias nyob rau hauv Irish tsis muaj.lub npe "koj", ib yam li hauv lus Askiv tsis muaj lub npe "koj". Yog tias tus neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws tuaj xyuas tebchaws Ireland thawj zaug, nws yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tsis thoob yog tias tus neeg Irishman, tom qab thawj tus neeg paub, pib hais nws li "koj".
Irish kev xav
Ntau qhov txawv txav, hom lus no tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm "yog" thiab "tsis yog". Piv txwv li, rau lo lus nug: "Koj puas nyob hauv tsev hnub no?" - Irishman yuav tsis teb hauv qhov kev lees paub lossis qhov tsis zoo. Nws yuav hais tias: "Kuv nyob hauv tsev hnub no." Negation yog xa nrog cov ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov lus qhia. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov lus nyob rau hauv ib kab lus yog lwm yam feature uas distinguishes cov lus no. Irish yog qhov nthuav vim nws siv cov lus thim rov qab. Hauv lwm lo lus, kab lus "Kuv mus tsev" yuav zoo li "Kuv mus tsev."
Neeg feem coob xav txog lub tswv yim ntawm lub sij hawm linearly, uas yog, lawv hais tias: "Lub tsev tau ua peb puas xyoo dhau los." Cov Irish pom lub axis ntawm lub sij hawm txawv me ntsis. Rau lawv, nws ntws zoo li yog los ntawm hauv qab mus. Lawv yuav hais tib nqe lus li no: “Lub tsev twb ua tau peb puas xyoo lawm.”
History of language
Thawj theem ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm Irish hais txog lub sijhawm txij li 7th mus rau 10th centuries. Lub sijhawm no, Cov Lus Irish qub tau yug los. Nws sau cov haujlwm epic ntawm cov neeg ntawm Emerald Isle. Laus Irish yog ib hom lus qub tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov teb chaws Europe, thib ob tsuas yog Ancient Greek thiab Latin.
Tom qab ntawd ua raws li lub sijhawm ntawm Middle Irish lus - txij li 10th mus rau 13th centuries. Tom qab ntawd cov lus qub Irish, ua kev sau ntawv, kuj tau siv hauv kev hais lus txhua hnub. XIII to XVIIib puas xyoo tsim cov classical daim ntawv ntawm Irish. Tau ob centuries dhau los, Irish cov tub ceev xwm tau ua raws li txoj cai ntawm kev rhuav tshem cov lus Irish. Nws raug txwv tsis yog tsuas yog siv hauv kev siv, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas lus txhua hnub. Xyoo 1798, muaj kev tawm tsam nrov, tom qab ntawd cov neeg hauv paus txawm tsiv mus rau lwm lub tebchaws.
Kev sim tua cov lus
Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb yog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th muaj coob tus neeg Irish siv lawv hom lus. Irish yog hom lus ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, cov neeg ua haujlwm - tsuas yog kwv yees li 5 lab tus neeg hais lus. Txawm hais tias cov lus, zoo li lub zos Catholicism, raug txwv, yuav luag txhua tus neeg siv nws hauv kev sib txuas lus txhua hnub.
1831 yog xyoo tuag rau Irish: xyoo ntawd, Tebchaws Askiv tau hais kom tsim ib lub tsev kawm ntawv thoob plaws tebchaws Ireland. Yog tias yav dhau los cov lus Irish tau kis los ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv tsis raug cai, tam sim no txhua tus menyuam yuav tsum tau mus kawm ntawv Askiv.
Tab sis qhov teebmeem kev lag luam uas tshwm sim xyoo 1845 tau dhau los ua kev puas tsuaj loj dua, ua rau muaj kev tshaib nqhis txaus ntshai. Kwv yees li 1.5 lab tus tib neeg tuag los ntawm nws.
Irish rau beginners: yog vim li cas thiab yuav ua li cas kawm?
Ntau, tau txais kev tshoov siab los ntawm kev nyeem ntawv Irish epic, xav kawm yam tsawg kawg hauv Irish. Muaj ntau ntau myths xwb thiab prejudices txog cov lus mysterious thiab txawv txawv. Ib txhia xav tias nws yog lus tuag. Irish, txawm li cas los xij, tsis suav nrog hauv pab pawg no: nwsyog ib hom lus me me, tiam sis tsis yog ib tug tuag.
Tom qab ntawd, rau cov neeg uas xav kawm Irish, lwm lo lus nug tshwm sim: "Yuav ua li cas siv tau los ntawm nws, dhau li ntawm tus kheej nyiam?" Qhov tseeb yog hais tias cov lus no yog tag nrho sau ntawm txawv txawv grammatical thiab lexical phenomena. Yog li ntawd, txhua tus neeg uas xav paub txog kev paub lus thiab xav nthuav lawv lub qab ntug tuaj yeem sim ua kom paub cov lus Irish. Phau ntawv qhia tus kheej hauv Lavxias, zoo li phau ntawv txhais lus, yog qhov tsis tshua muaj kev tshaj tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov ntawv txhais lus Askiv-Irish thiab Irish-English, nrog rau cov phau ntawv kawm ntawv tus kheej ua lus Askiv.
Ntau yam kom kawm Irish
Irish cov qauv sau ntawv yog qhov nyuaj rau cov neeg nyiam lus. Piv txwv li, lo lus "poj niam" yuav siv ntau yam. Kev siv ib lossis lwm qhov kev xaiv nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab cov lus sawv ntawm ib sab - kuv, koj li lossis nws tus poj niam txhais tau tias. Thaum kawm ib hom lus txawv teb chaws, kev nyuaj feem ntau tshwm sim nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lo lus. Tab sis nyob rau hauv Irish, tsis tsuas yog qhov kawg ntawm lo lus hloov, tab sis kuj nws pib.
Kev txhawb nqa rau kev kawm Irish kuj tuaj yeem yog nws koom nrog sab hnub poob ntawm tsev neeg lus Indo-European. Lavxias belongs rau pab pawg neeg ntawm cov lus Slavic, lus Askiv belongs rau pawg Germanic. Cov lus Slavic thiab Germanic yog nyob rau sab qaum teb ceg. Yog li, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias txawm tias Lavxias nyob ze rau lus Askiv dua li Irish.
Kev paub lus Irish kuj ua rau kom paub nrog cov nplua nujIrish pej xeem kos duab. Ntau Irish lus dab neeg yeej tsis tau muab txhais ua lus Lavxias. Rau ntau, niaj hnub Irish prose kuj yuav txaus siab.
