Daim duab ntawm keeb kwm Mikhail Nikolaevich Pokrovsky yog qhov tsis sib haum xeeb hauv Lavxias keeb kwm. Ntawm ib sab, nyob rau hauv ntau yam nws yog nyob rau hauv nws lub xub pwg nyom uas lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tsim ib tug tshiab, revolutionary keeb kwm science poob. Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, nws tau ua tiav nrog qhov no, tsim ib lub tswv yim qub ntawm keeb kwm kev loj hlob los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm Marxism. Ntawm qhov tod tes, twb nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, ntau cov kev cai ntawm Pokrovsky txoj kev xav tau raug kev thuam hnyav, thiab nws lub tsev kawm raug puas tsuaj. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog lub anti-science ntawm ib co ntawm nws tsim, tab sis kuj lub flywheel ntawm Stalinist repressions, uas muab lub teb chaws los ntawm romance ntawm thawj hnub ntawm lub kiv puag ncig mus rau lub reconstruction ntawm imperial duab. Mikhail Nikolaevich Pokrovsky qhov kev pom ntawm Lavxias keeb kwm tau dhau los ua siab phem rau qhov kev hloov tshiab thiab yog li ntawd ruthlessly pov tseg.
Childhood of a historian
Nws yug rau lub Yim Hli 29, 1868 hauv Moscow hauv tsev neeg ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Nws thaum yau tau poob rau lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub ceev xwm thiab zej zog, tau hais tawm hauv ib qhoCov neeg ua phem ua phem tau coj ob qho tib si tawm tsam lub siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman thiab tawm tsam cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev tswj hwm dynasty. Ib txoj hauv kev los yog lwm qhov, txhua tus tau kos rau hauv qhov kev tawm tsam no. Cov niam txiv ntawm Mikhail Nikolaevich Pokrovsky, txawm hais tias lawv yog cov nom tswv, muaj kev khuv leej ntau dua rau txoj kev ywj pheej. Cov huab cua nyob rau hauv tsev neeg Pokrovsky tau pab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm kev xav dawb.
Mikhail Nikolaevich qhia kev txaus siab hauv keeb kwm twb thaum yau. Lwm yam kev tshawb fawb tau yooj yim muab rau nws. Nyob rau hauv 1887, nws kawm tiav los ntawm lub thib ob Moscow Gymnasium nrog ib tug kub puav pheej thiab nkag mus rau Moscow University, los ntawm uas nws kawm tiav nrog ib tug thawj degree diploma nyob rau hauv 1891.
Ua
Tus thawj coj ntawm keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb hauv xyoo ntawd yog Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky, uas nws cov lus qhuab qhia tau nrov heev. Cov kev xav ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Mikhail Nikolaevich Pokrovsky tau tsim muaj tseeb raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm Klyuchevsky lub tswv yim, uas yog pom los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev kawm uas nws tau qhia tom qab kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv hauv ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv Moscow. Tab sis thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua qhov xwm txheej hloov. Pokrovsky tau paub txog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev cai lij choj Marxism, uas tau qhia los ntawm Plekhanov. Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia thiab lawv cov ntsiab lus hloov pauv loj heev, thiab cov ntsiab lus tseeb ntawm lub xeev tau tshwm sim hauv lawv. Vim li no, nws tsis raug tso cai los tiv thaiv nws tus tswv txoj kev kawm, thiab hauv 1902 Pokrovsky cov lus qhuab qhia kuj raug txwv.
Nyob hauv lub voj voog ntawm kev ywj pheej ywj pheej
Thawj phau ntawv keeb kwm sau los ntawm Pokrovsky sivmuaj koob meej loj ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas revolutionary. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev ywj pheej, Pokrovsky tau dhau los ua kev tsis txaus siab thiab koom nrog Social Democrats, uas nws lub cev luam tawm yog Pravda cov ntawv xov xwm, qhov chaw uas tus kws sau keeb kwm luam tawm qee yam ntawm nws cov ntawv. Hnub tseem ceeb hauv phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Mikhail Nikolaevich Pokrovsky yog xyoo 1905: Lub Plaub Hlis nws koom nrog Lavxias Social Democratic Labor Party, thiab thaum lub caij ntuj sov nws ntsib hauv Geneva nws tus kws tshaj lij theoretical thiab tus thawj coj ntawm Bolshevik tis, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Rov qab mus rau Russia, Pokrovsky ua tus thawj coj ntawm pawg kws qhia ntawv ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Moscow, nquag tshaj tawm hauv Bolshevik cov ntawv tshaj tawm.
Kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw
Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv yog Manifesto ntawm Lub Kaum Hli 17, 1905, lav cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Lavxias teb sab kev ywj pheej ywj pheej, nrog rau lub sijhawm los koom nrog tsim cov cai lij choj Lavxias los ntawm kev xaiv tsa. mus rau lub Xeev Duma. Txawm hais tias cov kev lees paub uas tau muab los ntawm tsoomfwv saib tsis ntseeg, tib neeg tau sim coj kom zoo dua lawv los ntawm kev xaiv tsa nws cov thawj coj mus rau Duma. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1906, Mikhail Nikolaevich Pokrovsky tau koom nrog kev xaiv tsa. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau raug xaiv los ua tus tswvcuab ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm RSDLP.
Qhov kev ua ntawm keeb kwm ua rau tsis txaus siab rau cov tub ceev xwm. Kev soj ntsuam tau pib rau nws, thiab kev tshaj tawm ntawm nws cov haujlwm tau txwv tsis pub dhau. Yog li ntawd, Pokrovsky txiav txim siab tawm hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv 1907, nws tsiv mus rau Finland (tom qab ntawd ib tug autonomous principality nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws), thiab los ntawm muaj mus rau Fabkis.
Michael nyob rau hauv exileNikolaevich Pokrovsky tau sau cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm nws lub neej - tsib-ntim Lavxias keeb kwm los ntawm Ancient Times, luam tawm los ntawm 1910 txog 1913. Nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm no, nws thuam lub tswvyim ntawm Klyuchevsky thiab lwm yam liberal historians, thiab nws illuminated tag nrho cov keeb kwm txoj kev ntawm Russia los ntawm Rurik mus rau Nicholas II los ntawm txoj hauj lwm ntawm Marxism. Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, lwm txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Pokrovsky tau tawm los: "Ib tsab ntawv sau txog keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab Culture".
Rov
Lub Yim Hli 1917, Pokrovsky rov qab mus rau Russia. Tam sim ntawd nws tau rov qab los rau tog thiab koom nrog kev npaj lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig. Lub sijhawm no, kev kawm keeb kwm ploj mus rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau. Pokrovsky tab tom nrhiav nyiaj los them cov nyiaj ua haujlwm rau cov neeg ua haujlwm, tshaj tawm cov ntawv uas nws txheeb xyuas cov kev hloov pauv.
Txoj haujlwm ntawm Pokrovsky tsis mus tsis pom los ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb tog. Nws koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm hauv pawg thawj coj los tsim kev sib raug zoo ntawm tsoomfwv cov kev hloov pauv thiab cov xeev txawv tebchaws. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj cai txawv teb chaws yuav tsum tau tso tseg nrog kev kos npe ntawm Treaty ntawm Brest-Litovsk. Pokrovsky tsis ntseeg tias proletariat ntawm European lub teb chaws yuav koom nrog lub kiv puag ncig, yog li nws xav tias yuav tsum tau ua tsov rog ntxiv. Nws suav hais tias Treaty ntawm Brest-Litovsk kev coj ncaj ncees txaus ntshai.
Nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm Soviet hwj chim
Xyoo 1918, Pokrovsky tau los ua ib tug tswvcuab ntawm tsoomfwv thiab tau txais txoj haujlwm ntawm Tus Lwm Thawj Coj Pabcuam Kev Kawm ntawm RSFSR, uas nws tuav txog thaum nws tuag. Nyob rau hauv parallel nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tswj xyuas, tus kws sau keeb kwm tau koom nrogscience thiab kev qhia. Pokrovsky koom nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm lub Socialist Academy, lub koom haum ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences. Nws yog tus pab txhawb rau ntau yam phau ntawv xov xwm thiab tseem ua tus editor ntawm qee qhov ntawm lawv.
Raws li kev xav ntawm lub tswv yim tshiab keeb kwm, Pokrovsky feem ntau tuaj koom cov rooj sib tham thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov neeg keeb kwm, qhov chaw uas nws tiv thaiv nws txoj kev kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm Russia. Raws li ib tus neeg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb, nws txhawb Stalin pawg neeg hauv kev tawm tsam Trotsky txoj kab.
xyoo kawg thiab tuag
Hauv xyoo 1929, Mikhail Nikolaevich Pokrovsky tau los ua tus kws tshaj lij ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog nws qhov kev vam meej kawg. Hauv cov zej zog kev tshawb fawb thiab cov tog neeg, nws cov kev xav txog keeb kwm tau raug thuam ntau zuj zus. Nws tsis paub yuav ua li cas txoj hmoo ntawm Pokrovsky yuav tsim nyob rau hauv Stalin: nyob rau hauv 1929 nws tau kuaj mob cancer. Tus kws sau keeb kwm tau tawm tsam nrog tus kab mob no tau peb xyoos. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tsis tau tso tseg kev koom tes hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev nom kev tswv: nws tau mus koom cov rooj sib tham ntawm tog, yog ib tug tswvcuab ntawm Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
Plaub Hlis 10, 1932 Pokrovsky tuag. Thiab txawm hais tias tus cwj pwm ntawm nws yog qhov tsis meej, cov tub ceev xwm hauv tebchaws Soviet tau ua qhov kev qhuas kawg rau tus neeg sau keeb kwm. Nws lub cev raug faus, thiab lub urn nrog cov tshauv tau muab tso rau hauv phab ntsa Kremlin ntawm Red Square.
Lub tswvyim ntawm Pokrovsky zaj dab neeg
Mikhail Nikolaevich tsim cov lus qhia uas qhia meej meej txog nws txoj kev xav ntawm nws txoj kev tshawb fawb: "Keeb kwm yog kev nom kev tswv hloov pauv hauvYav dhau los." Li no lub ntsiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm nws txoj kev xav, uas txawm tias cov neeg thuam ua ntej kev tawm tsam tau mloog.
Pokrovsky yog thawj tus kws sau keeb kwm siv Marx txoj kev xav ntawm kev hloov pauv kev lag luam hauv zej zog rau keeb kwm ntawm Russia. Lub materialist mus kom ze qhia nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias, nyob qhov twg los xij, nws nrhiav kom pom qhov tseeb ntawm no txoj kev xav, nrhiav piv txwv nyob rau hauv lub conquests ntawm Lavxias teb sab tsars, peasant uprisings thiab lub characterization ntawm colonization ntawm Siberia. Raws li cov kev cai lij choj thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Ancient Russia, Pokrovsky sim ua pov thawj qhov poob ntawm kev xav ntawm cov neeg sau keeb kwm, ua pov thawj qhov tsis muaj cov cim qhia ntawm lub neej ntawm feudalism nyob rau hauv Russia.
Txoj kev xav ntawm kev lag luam peev tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm Pokrovsky lub tswv yim. Nyob rau hauv nws cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, nws tau sib cav hais tias nws yog tub lag luam peev uas txiav txim siab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub 16th-19th centuries. Nws yog nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sib sau ua ke thiab tom qab ntawd siv nws tias cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias xyoo no tau ntsuas los ua qhev cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab pib ntau lub phiaj xwm kev kov yeej, uas ua rau tsim lub teb chaws Ottoman.
Meaning of Pokrovsky
Nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm, Pokrovsky tseem nyob ua ib pawg neeg ua haujlwm, npaj siab tsis lees paub qhov tseeb rau kev paub txog kev xav tau kev xav. Nrog nws txoj kev koom tes, lub tsev kawm ntawv qub ntawm kev qhia keeb kwm raug rhuav tshem, cov xibfwb raug ntiab tawm, thiab hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv keeb kwm raug hloov los ntawm pej xeem.
Tam sim no thaum kawg ntawm keeb kwm lub neej, kev thuam ntawm nws lub tswv yim nthuav tawm. Tom qab Pokrovsky txoj kev tuag, qhov no tsuas yog intensified. Nyob rau hauv 1936, yuav luag nyob rau hauv cov kev txiav txim ncaj qha ntawm Stalin, uas tsis txaus siab rau lub fact tias lub lig historian tsis npog nws kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub kiv puag ncig raws li tus thawj coj xav, lub "Pokrovsky tsev kawm ntawv" yog dispersed, thiab nws cov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm xws li. Cov duab keeb kwm zoo li Ivan the Terrible thiab Peter Kuv tshaj tawm tias kev puas tsuaj thiab kev tawm tsam tawm tsam.
Tsuas yog xyoo 1962 tus kws tshawb fawb thiab nws lub tswv yim tau rov kho dua. Nrog rau tag nrho cov distortions thiab shortcomings ntawm nws cov kev qhia, niaj hnub cov kws tshawb fawb paub txog lub xub ntiag thiab zoo ntawm nws txoj kev xav ntawm keeb kwm. Ua tsaug rau Pokrovsky, nws tau pom tseeb tias keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm Russia tsis sawv cev rau cov duab zoo nkauj thiab zoo tshaj plaws uas cov kws sau keeb kwm qub tau pleev xim rau hauv lawv cov ntawv sau. Pokrovsky tau qhia txog qhov muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg thiab lub zog, thiab tseem ua rau muaj kev txaus siab rau kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev lag luam ntawm Lavxias keeb kwm.
