Muaj ntau yam kev zais zais zais hauv ntiaj teb keeb kwm, thiab txog tam sim no, cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tso kev cia siab kom pom qee yam tshiab hauv qhov tseeb paub. Lub sijhawm zoo li zoo siab thiab txawv txav thaum koj paub tias ib zaug ntawm tib thaj av uas peb tam sim no taug kev, dinosaurs nyob, knights sib ntaus sib tua, cov neeg thaum ub tau teeb tsa cov chaw pw hav zoov. Ntiaj teb keeb kwm pib nws ncua sij hawm ntawm ob lub hauv paus ntsiab lus uas cuam tshuam rau kev tsim ntawm tib neeg haiv neeg - cov khoom siv rau kev tsim cov cuab yeej thiab cov cuab yeej tsim khoom. Raws li cov ntsiab cai no, cov ntsiab lus ntawm "Lub Hnub Nyoog Pob Zeb", "Bronze Age", "Hir Age" tau tshwm sim. Txhua lub sijhawm no tau dhau los ua ib kauj ruam hauv kev txhim kho noob neej, kev hloov pauv tom ntej thiab kev paub txog tib neeg lub peev xwm. Lawm, tsis muaj lub sij hawm passive kiag li hauv keeb kwm. Txij li thaum immemorial mus txog niaj hnub nim no, tau muaj kev txawj ntse ntxiv thiab txhim kho txoj hauv kev tshiab kom tau txais cov khoom siv tau zoo.
Ntiaj teb keeb kwm thiab thawjlub sij hawm sib tham txoj kev
Natural sciences tau dhau los ua ib qho cuab yeej rau kev sib tham lub sijhawm sib tham. Hauv particular, ib qho tuaj yeem hais txog cov txheej txheem radiocarbon, geological dating, thiab dendrochronology. Txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm tus txiv neej thaum ub ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txhim kho cov thev naus laus zis uas twb muaj lawm. Kwv yees li 5 txhiab xyoo dhau los, thaum lub sij hawm sau nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej pib, lwm yam prerequisites rau kev yos hav zoov tshwm sim, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub neej ntawm ntau lub xeev thiab civilizations. Nws ntseeg tau tias lub sijhawm sib cais ntawm tib neeg los ntawm cov tsiaj ntiaj teb pib txog ob lab xyoo dhau los, txog rau thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Western Roman faj tim teb chaws, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 476 AD, muaj ib lub sij hawm ntawm Antiquity. Ua ntej Renaissance, muaj Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab. Txog thaum kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, lub sijhawm ntawm Keeb Kwm Tshiab tau kav ntev, thiab tam sim no lub sijhawm tshiab tau los. Cov neeg sau keeb kwm ntawm ntau lub sijhawm muab lawv "txheej txheem" ntawm kev siv, piv txwv li, Herodotus tau them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau kev tawm tsam ntawm Asia thiab Europe. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm ib lub sijhawm tom qab tau txiav txim siab tsim lub koom pheej Roman raws li qhov kev tshwm sim tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm kev vam meej. Ntau tus neeg keeb kwm pom zoo hauv lawv qhov kev xav tias kab lis kev cai thiab kev kos duab tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb rau Hnub Nyoog Hlau, txij li cov cuab yeej ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog thiab kev ua haujlwm tau los ua ntej.
Metal Era Background
Nyob hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los, Lub Hnub Nyoog Pob Zeb yog qhov txawv, suav nrog Paleolithic, Mesolithic thiab Neolithic. Txhua lub sijhawm yog cim los ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm tus txiv neej thiab nws cov kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev ua pob zeb. Thaum xub thawj, ntawm cov phom, qhov dav tshaj plaws yogtes txiav. Tom qab ntawd, cov cuab yeej tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub pob zeb, thiab tsis yog tag nrho cov nodule. Thaum lub sij hawm no, kev txhim kho ntawm hluav taws, tsim thawj cov khaub ncaws los ntawm cov tawv nqaij, thawj cov kev cai dab qhuas kev cai dab qhuas thiab vaj tse nyob. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm ib tug semi-nomadic txoj kev ua neej ntawm ib tug neeg thiab yos hav zoov rau cov tsiaj loj, yuav tsum tau siv riam phom ntau dua. Ib qho ntxiv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis tau tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm xyoo txhiab xyoo thiab qhov kawg ntawm lub Hnub Nyoog Pob Zeb, thaum kev ua liaj ua teb thiab nyuj yug me nyuam, thiab cov khoom siv ceramic tau tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm hlau, tooj liab thiab nws cov technologies tau mastered. Thaum pib ntawm Hnub Nyoog Hlau tau tso lub hauv paus rau kev ua haujlwm rau yav tom ntej. Kev kawm txog cov khoom ntawm cov hlau tsis tu ncua coj mus rau kev tshawb pom ntawm tooj liab thiab nws qhov kev sib kis. Hnub Nyoog Pob Zeb, Hnub Nyoog Bronze, Hnub Nyoog Hlau yog ib qho kev sib haum xeeb ntawm tib neeg txoj kev loj hlob raws li kev txav ntawm tib neeg.
Era Length Facts
Kev faib cov hlau yog hais txog keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab keeb kwm ntawm noob neej. Kev nyiam ntawm metallurgy thiab kev tsim cov cuab yeej ua cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub sijhawm. Txawm nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no thaum ub, ib lub tswv yim tau tsim txog kev faib tawm ntawm ntau pua xyoo raws li cov khoom siv. Lub Hnub Nyoog Hlau thaum ntxov tau kawm thiab txuas ntxiv mus kawm los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv ntau qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv Western Europe, voluminous tej hauj lwm tau luam tawm los ntawm Görnes, Montelius, Tishler, Reinecke, Kostszewski, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Europe, cov ntaub ntawv sib xws, monographs thiab maps ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub Ntiaj Teb Ancient tau luam tawm los ntawm Gorodtsov, Spitsyn., Gauthier, Tretyakov, Smirnov, Artamonov, Grakov. feem ntau xav txogKev sib kis ntawm hlau yog ib yam ntxwv ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov pab pawg neeg thaum ub uas nyob sab nraum kev vam meej. Qhov tseeb, txhua lub teb chaws nyob rau ib zaug tau muaj sia nyob rau Hnub Nyoog Hlau. Lub Hnub Nyoog Bronze tsuas yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau qhov no. Nws tsis tau nyob xws li ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv keeb kwm. Chronologically, Iron Age spans from the 9th to the 7th century BC. Lub sijhawm no, ntau pawg neeg ntawm Tebchaws Europe thiab Asia tau txais kev txhawb nqa rau kev txhim kho lawv tus kheej hlau metallurgy. Txij li cov hlau no tseem yog cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim khoom, kev niaj hnub yog ib feem ntawm lub xyoo pua no.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg sawv daws
Kev txhim kho ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev xa tawm ntawm cov hlau zoo heev tau coj mus rau kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab tag nrho lub neej kev sib raug zoo. Muaj kev lag luam prerequisites rau kev ua hauj lwm kev sib raug zoo thiab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm pab pawg neeg txoj kev ntawm lub neej. Ancient keeb kwm cim qhov tsub zuj zuj ntawm qhov tseem ceeb, kev loj hlob ntawm kev nplua nuj tsis sib xws thiab kev sib pauv txiaj ntsig ntawm ob tog. Fortifications tau nthuav dav, tsim kom muaj ib pawg neeg zej zog thiab lub xeev pib. Cov nyiaj ntau dhau los ua cov khoom ntiag tug ntawm ob peb xaiv, kev ua qhev tau tshwm sim thiab kev sib raug zoo stratification zuj zus.
Lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov hlau tau tshwm sim li cas hauv USSR?
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo txhiab xyoo BC, hlau tau tshwm sim ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub Union. Ntawm qhov chaw qub tshaj plaws ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, ib qho tuaj yeem nco qab Western Georgia thiab Transcaucasia. Monuments ntawm lub hnub nyoog hlau thaum ntxov tau khaws cia nyob rau sab qab teb Europe ib feem ntawm USSR. Tab sis metallurgy tau txais koob meej ntawm no nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo txhiab BC, uas tau lees paub los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm archaeological artifacts ua los ntawm tooj liab nyob rau hauv Transcaucasia, kab lis kev cai.relics ntawm North Caucasus thiab thaj av Hiav txwv Dub, thiab lwm yam thaum lub sij hawm excavations ntawm lub Scythian settlements, priceless monuments ntawm lub thaum ntxov hlau Age tau pom. Cov kev tshawb pom tau ua nyob rau ntawm thaj chaw Kamenskoye ze Nikopol.
Keeb kwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv Kazakhstan
Keeb Kwm, Lub Hnub Nyoog Hlau tau muab faib ua ob lub sijhawm. Qhov no yog thaum ntxov, uas kav los ntawm lub 8th mus rau 3rd caug xyoo BC, thiab lub lig, uas kav los ntawm lub xyoo pua 3rd BC mus rau lub xyoo pua 6th AD. Txhua lub teb chaws muaj ib lub sij hawm ntawm cov hlau faib nyob rau hauv nws cov keeb kwm, tab sis cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog heev nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam. Yog li, Hnub Nyoog Hlau nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Kazakhstan tau cim los ntawm cov xwm txheej hauv peb cheeb tsam loj. Kev yug tsiaj nyuj thiab kev ua liaj ua teb dej tau dav dav hauv South Kazakhstan. Kev nyab xeeb ntawm Western Kazakhstan tsis tau hais txog kev ua liaj ua teb. Thiab sab qaum teb, sab hnub tuaj thiab Central Kazakhstan tau nyob los ntawm cov neeg yoog raws lub caij ntuj no hnyav. Peb cheeb tsam no, radically sib txawv nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, los ua lub hauv paus rau lub creation ntawm peb Kazakh zhuzes. Yav qab teb Kazakhstan tau los ua qhov chaw tsim ntawm Senior Zhuz. Cov av ntawm Sab Qaum Teb, Sab Hnub Tuaj thiab Central Kazakhstan tau dhau los ua qhov chaw rau Middle Zhuz. Western Kazakhstan yog sawv cev los ntawm Junior Zhuz.
Hnub Nyoog Hlau hauv Central Kazakhstan
Cov steppes tsis kawg ntawm Central Asia tau ntev lawm qhov chaw nyob rau nomads. Ntawm no, keeb kwm yav dhau los yog sawv cev los ntawm faus mounds, uas yog cov khoom muaj nqis tsis muaj nqi ntawm Hnub Nyoog Hlau. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam muaj mounds nrog paintings los yog "mustache",ua tau zoo, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo thiab lub compass hauv steppe. Kev mloog ntawm cov keeb kwm yog nyiam los ntawm Tasmolin kab lis kev cai, muaj npe tom qab thaj chaw hauv thaj av Pavlodar, qhov twg thawj qhov kev khawb ntawm ib tug txiv neej thiab ib tug nees tau sau tseg rau hauv ib lub mound loj thiab me. Archaeologists ntawm Kazakhstan txiav txim siab lub faus mounds ntawm lub Tasmolin kab lis kev cai yog cov feem ntau monuments ntawm lub Early Iron Age.
Txoj kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Northern Kazakhstan
cheeb tsam no txawv ntawm qhov muaj nyuj. Cov neeg hauv zos tau hloov los ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb mus rau txoj kev ua neej nyob tsis tu ncua thiab nomadic. Tasmolin kab lis kev cai yog revered nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam no thiab. Birlik, Alypkash, Bekteniz mounds thiab peb qhov chaw nyob: Karlyga, Borki thiab Kenotkel nyiam cov neeg tshawb fawb ntawm Iron Age monuments thaum ntxov. Nyob rau sab xis ntawm tus dej Esil, ib lub fortification ntawm thaum ntxov Iron Age tau khaws cia. Kev kos duab ntawm melting thiab ua cov hlau tsis-ferrous yog tsim los ntawm no. Cov khoom siv hlau tsim tau raug thauj mus rau Eastern Europe thiab Caucasus. Kazakhstan yog ob peb centuries ua ntej ntawm nws cov neeg nyob ze nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm ancient metallurgy thiab yog li ntawd los ua ib tug kev sib txuas lus ntawm metallurgical chaw ntawm nws lub teb chaws, Siberia thiab Eastern Europe.
Kev Tiv Thaiv Kub
Lub burial mounds majestic ntawm East Kazakhstan mas sau nyob rau hauv lub Shilikty hav. Muaj ntau tshaj li tsib caug ntawm lawv nyob ntawm no. Xyoo 1960, kev tshawb fawb tau ua tiav ntawm qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov mounds, uas yog hu ua Golden. Qhov no peculiar monument rau lub Hnub Nyoog Hlau tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 8th-9th BC. Zaysan koog tsev kawm ntawvSab Hnub Tuaj Kazakhstan tso cai rau koj tshawb nrhiav ntau tshaj li ob puas qhov loj tshaj plaws faus mounds, ntawm 50 yog hu ua Tsar's thiab tej zaum yuav muaj kub. Nyob rau hauv lub hav Shilikty muaj qhov qub tshaj plaws faus neeg muaj koob muaj npe nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan, yos rov qab mus rau lub xyoo pua 8th BC, uas yog nrhiav tau los ntawm xibfwb Toleubaev. Ntawm cov archaeologists, qhov kev tshawb pom no ua suab nrov, ib yam li peb "tus txiv neej kub" ntawm Kazakhstan. Tus neeg faus neeg tau hnav khaub ncaws dai kom zoo nkauj nrog 4325 daim duab golden. Qhov nthuav tshaj plaws pom yog lub hnub qub pentagonal nrog lapis lazuli rays. Xws li ib yam khoom symbolizes lub hwj chim thiab loj. Qhov no tau dhau los ua pov thawj tias Shilikty, Besshatyr, Issyk, Berel, Boraldai yog qhov chaw dawb huv rau kev ua koob tsheej, kev txi thiab kev thov Vajtswv.
Hnub Nyoog Hlau nyob rau hauv kab lis kev cai nomadic
Tsis muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm kab lis kev cai qub ntawm Kazakhstan. Feem ntau cov ntaub ntawv yog tau los ntawm archaeological chaw thiab excavations. Ntau tau hais txog cov nomads hais txog nkauj thiab seev cev kos duab. Cais, nws tsim nyog sau cia cov txuj ci hauv kev tsim cov hlab ntsha ceramic thiab pleev xim rau cov tais nyiaj. Kev sib kis ntawm cov hlau hauv lub neej txhua hnub thiab kev tsim khoom yog lub zog rau kev txhim kho cov cua sov tshwj xeeb: lub chimney, uas tau muab tso rau hauv kab rov tav ntawm phab ntsa, sib npaug ntawm lub tsev tag nrho. Nomads tau tsim ntau yam uas paub niaj hnub no, ob qho tib si rau kev siv hauv tsev thiab siv hauv kev ua tsov ua rog. Lawv tuaj nrog trousers, stirrups, ib tug yurt thiab ib tug nkhaus saber. Hlau armor tau tsim los tiv thaiv nees. Kev tiv thaiv ntawm tus tub rog nws tus kheej tau muabhlau armor.
Kev ua tiav thiab qhib lub sijhawm
Lub Hnub Nyoog Hlau tau dhau los ua thib peb hauv kab rau Hnub Nyoog Pob Zeb thiab Bronze. Tab sis los ntawm tus nqi, tsis muaj kev poob siab, nws yog suav tias yog thawj. Txog rau niaj hnub nim no, hlau tseem yog cov khoom siv ntawm txhua qhov kev tsim ntawm noob neej. Txhua qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim khoom yog txuas nrog nws daim ntawv thov. Cov hlau no muaj cov ntsiab lus melting ntau dua tooj liab. Nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv, tej yam ntuj tso hlau tsis muaj nyob, thiab nws yog heev nyuaj rau nqa tawm cov txheej txheem ntawm smelting los ntawm ore vim nws infusibility. Cov hlau no ua rau lub ntiaj teb hloov pauv hauv lub neej ntawm pawg neeg steppe. Piv nrog rau yav dhau los archaeological epochs, lub Hnub Nyoog Hlau yog luv tshaj, tab sis qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws. Thaum xub thawj, noob neej lees paub cov hlau meteoric. Qee cov khoom qub thiab kho kom zoo nkauj los ntawm nws tau pom hauv Egypt, Mesopotamia thiab Asia Minor. Chronologically, cov relics tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau thawj ib nrab ntawm peb txhiab xyoo BC. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo txhiab xyoo BC, ib tug technology rau kev tau txais hlau los ntawm ore tau tsim, tab sis ntev heev cov hlau no tau suav hais tias tsawg thiab kim.
Kev tsim riam phom hlau dav thiab siv tau pib hauv Palestine, Syria, Asia Minor, Transcaucasia thiab Is Nrias teb. Kev sib kis ntawm cov hlau no, nrog rau cov hlau, ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv uas nthuav tawm lub zog ntawm tus txiv neej dhau qhov xwm txheej. Tam sim no qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm thaj chaw hav zoov loj rau cov qoob loo tau yooj yim dua. Modernization ntawm cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm thiabkev txhim kho av. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom siv tes ua tshiab tau kawm sai sai, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov kws ua hlau thiab riam phom. Nkawm khau, uas tau txais cov cuab yeej siv siab dua, tsis sawv ib sab. Bricklayers thiab miners tau ua haujlwm zoo dua.
Summarizing cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Hnub Nyoog Hlau, nws tuaj yeem sau tseg tias thaum pib ntawm peb lub sijhawm, txhua yam tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tes twb tau siv lawm (xws li cov ntsia hlau thiab hinged txiab). Ua tsaug rau kev siv hlau hauv kev tsim khoom, kev tsim kho ntawm txoj kev tau yooj yim dua, cov cuab yeej siv tub rog tau nce ib kauj ruam mus rau pem hauv ntej, thiab cov nyiaj npib hlau nkag mus. Lub Hnub Nyoog Hlau tau nrawm dua thiab ua rau lub cev qhuav dej ntawm cov txheej txheem kev coj noj coj ua qub, nrog rau kev tsim cov zej zog thiab lub xeev. Ntau lub zej zog nyob rau lub sijhawm no tau ua raws li lub npe hu ua tub rog kev ywj pheej.
Txoj kev txhim kho tau zoo
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias cov hlau meteoritic muaj nyob rau hauv me me txawm tias nyob hauv tebchaws Iziv, tab sis kev sib kis ntawm cov hlau tau ua tau thaum pib ntawm ore smelting. Thaum xub thawj, hlau tau smelted tsuas yog thaum qhov kev xav tau tshwm sim. Yog li, cov seem ntawm cov hlau suav nrog tau pom nyob rau hauv monuments ntawm Syria thiab Iraq, uas tau tsim tsis pub dhau 2700 BC. Tab sis tom qab lub xyoo pua 11th BC, cov kws ua hlau ntawm Eastern Anatolia tau kawm cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev tsim khoom los ntawm hlau. Cov secrets thiab subtleties ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tshiab tau khaws cia zais cia thiab dhau los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam. Thawj qhov kev tshawb pom keeb kwm pom tseeb tias kev siv hlau dav dav rau kev tsim cov cuab yeej raug kaw rau hauvIsrael, uas yog nyob rau hauv Gerar ze Gaza. Ntau tus hoes, kab mob thiab coulters ua los ntawm hlau rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm tom qab 1200 BC tau pom nyob ntawm no. Melting furnaces kuj tau pom ntawm qhov chaw khawb av.
Tsev txheej txheem hlau tshwj xeeb yog cov tswv ntawm Western Asia, uas lawv tau qiv los ntawm cov tswv ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws, Ltalis thiab lwm cov teb chaws Europe. Lub kiv puag ncig thev naus laus zis hauv tebchaws Askiv tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau lub sijhawm tom qab 700 BC, thiab nyob ntawd nws tau pib thiab txhim kho zoo heev. Tim lyiv teb chaws thiab North Africa tau pom kev txaus siab rau kev paub cov hlau nyob ib puag ncig tib lub sijhawm, nrog rau kev hloov pauv ntawm kev txawj ntse mus rau sab qab teb. Suav craftsmen yuav luag tag tso tseg bronze, preferring tig hlau. European colonists coj lawv txoj kev paub txog kev siv hlau ua haujlwm rau Australia thiab Lub Ntiaj Teb Tshiab. Tom qab kev tsim cov tshuab tshuab tshuab, hlau casting tau nthuav dav ntawm qhov loj heev. cam khwb cia hlau tau dhau los ua cov khoom siv tsis tseem ceeb rau kev tsim txhua yam khoom siv hauv tsev thiab khoom siv tub rog, uas yog lub zog tsim nyog rau kev txhim kho metallurgy.
