Cia peb pib nrog qhov tseeb tias cov organic thiab inorganic cov kuab tshuaj raug tso tawm. Cia peb xav txog ntau yam ntxiv txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm thawj pab pawg. Cia peb nthuav tawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov tebchaw uas suav tias yog cov kuab tshuaj ntau tshaj plaws. Peb yuav xyuam xim tshwj xeeb rau cov kev cai rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj no.
Kev faib tawm
Cov kuab tshuaj organic tuaj yeem koom nrog qee cov chav kawm ntawm cov tebchaw: aromatic, aliphatic, nitro derivatives, carboxylic acids, amides, ketones, ethers thiab esters. Kuj tseem muaj chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj halogenated nrog cov khoom ntawm cov kuab tshuaj.
Petro
Nws yog cov kuab tshuaj zoo heev rau cov roj organic, uas yog sib xyaw ntawm hydrocarbons nrog rau qhov kub ntawm 30 txog 205 degrees. Hauv tib neeg lub ntsws, cov roj av nkag nrog cua los ntawm txoj kev ua pa. Cov khoom no yog qhov txaus ntshai ntawm txhua theem ntawm nws cov khoom tsim, kev thauj mus los, thiab kev siv ncaj qha.
Nws qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cai yog los ntawm 100 txog 300 mg / m3. ATNyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm mob lom, mob taub hau tshwm sim, ib tug muaj zog hnoos tshwm, tsis xis nyob nyob rau hauv lub caj pas. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lom heev, lub plawv dhia qeeb, lub hlwb overexcitation tshwm sim, lub mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub qhov ntswg thiab ob lub qhov muag yog irritated. Thaum mob hnyav, tsis nco qab, kiv taub hau hnyav tuaj yeem ua tau. Txhawm rau tshem tawm ntawm cov xwm txheej zoo li no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tso tus neeg raug tsim txom hauv huab cua ntshiab, muab cov pa oxygen, muab cov tshuaj sedatives thiab tshuaj rau lub plawv.
Yog roj nkag mus rau hauv plab, nws yuav tsum noj 30-40 grams roj zaub. Nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub, cov kuab tshuaj organic no yog siv thaum ua cov tha xim thiab ua tiav cov haujlwm, tsis tas yuav ua raws li cov cai tswj kev nyab xeeb. Piv txwv li, nws yog txwv tsis pub siv cov roj av hauv qhov chaw me me, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm nrog cov kuab tshuaj no ze ntawm qhov qhib hluav taws.
Acetone
Txhua cov kuab tshuaj organic, suav nrog acetone, muaj tus yam ntxwv tsw. Cov kua no suav nrog cov kuab tshuaj zoo ntawm cov organic: cellulose acetates thiab nitrates. Muaj cov tshuaj toxicity tsawg, acetone yog siv hauv kev lag luam tshuaj thiab zaub mov. Nws yog tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm carbonyl compounds uas yog cov khoom siv raw rau cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov cawv diacetone, acetic anhydride, koten.
Cov khoom xyaw ntawm cov kuab tshuaj organic ntawm hom no suav nrog carbon, oxygen, hydrogen. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm inhalation, tsub zuj zuj ntawm acetone vapors nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev yog pom. Vim qeebexcretion, muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm mob lom lom. Thaum thawj cov tsos mob tshwm sim, tus neeg mob yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm ntawm chav tsev uas muaj ntau tshaj ntawm acetone vapors.
Methanol
Hauv kev lag luam, kev sib xyaw ntawm cov kuab tshuaj organic feem ntau siv: methanol thiab ethanol. Methyl cawv yog xav tau rau kev npaj ntawm qee cov tshuaj sab nraud, nrog rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj mob, nws yog ib qho tsis muaj xim pob tshab kua nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb cawu cub tsw. Methanol me me, nkag mus rau hauv lub cev, ua rau muaj kev tuag (kev tuag ntawm tus neeg raug mob).
zoo solubility hauv cov kuab tshuaj organic ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm monohydric saturated alcohols ua rau nws yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb siv hauv kev lag luam tshuaj. Thaum lom nrog methanol, muaj mob taub hau, spasms ntawm caj dab. Lub mucous daim nyias nyias thiab daim tawv nqaij ua bluish, ua tsis taus pa luv tshwm sim, kev sib koom tes ntawm taw yog ploj, ua pa tuag tes tuag taw.
Ntawm cov kev tiv thaiv uas ua rau muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev siv methanol ua cov kuab tshuaj organic, kev sib khi, yuav tsum tau ntxuav tag nrho, thiab qhov cua zoo tau sau tseg.
Applications
Cov kuab tshuaj organic yog siv hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, hauv ntau yam kev lag luam, hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Ntawm aliphatic hydrocarbons nrog cov khoomCov kuab tshuaj, xaiv octane, hexane, pentane.
Roj dissolves zoo hauv cov kuab tshuaj organic, uas yog siv los ntxuav cov tshuaj hauv kev tsim khoom siv thev naus laus zis.
Txhua yam ntawm cov tshuaj no muaj cov tshuaj toxicological, ua rau kev nyuaj siab ntawm lub hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb, muaj cov nyhuv narcotic.
Ntse
Raws li cov kuab tshuaj ua lag luam, kev sib xyaw ntawm sulfur- thiab nitrogen-muaj cov organic tshuaj raug txiav txim siab. Xws li cov tebchaw yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov kua roj vanish, xim, nplaum, organic dyes. Kev tshuaj lom los ntawm cov khoom no tau piav qhia meej los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv lawv.
Nyob ntawm qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov kuab tshuaj, muaj peb pawg. Cia peb nyob ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv txhua tus.
Ethyl cawv tuaj yeem sawv cev ua qhov sib xyaw ua ke tsis zoo. Cov organic hnyav ntawm cov pab pawg no muaj cov evaporation siab, yog li nws ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj heev rau huab cua ib puag ncig ntawm thaj chaw ua lag luam.
Cov khoom lag luam ntawm coke-chemical thiab roj av ntau lawm, esters, ketones, terpenes nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv sib cais los yog sib tov, yog cov txhais tau zoo heev rau kev ua ntej degreasing ntawm cov khoom hlau.
Cov tshuaj nruab nrab tsis hloov pauv, xws li xylene, butyl cawv, muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau huab cua.
Nyob ntawm cov coefficient ntawm solubility ntawm vapors hauv dej, qhov muaj peev xwm ua rau mob hnyav hloov pauv ntau. Sib nrug los ntawmnarcotic kev txiav txim, cov kuab tshuaj yuav ua rau cov mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub qhov muag, txhawb kev tshwm sim ntawm daim tawv nqaij kab mob.
Carbon disulfide
Cov tshuaj no yog cov kua tsis muaj xim tsis muaj xim. Nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv, cov kuab tshuaj no muaj ib tug qab ntxiag tsw, thiab tsis hnov tsw ntawm rotten radish yog yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug technical khoom. Cov tshuaj no yog siv rau hauv kev lag luam viscose ua cov kuab tshuaj rau cov roj, rog, phosphorus, waxes, thiab roj hmab. Tsis tas li ntawd, carbon disulfide yog nyob rau hauv kev thov nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov organic iav, yog ib tug accelerator nyob rau hauv lub vulcanization ntawm roj hmab, tsim ntawm rayon.
Carbon disulphide yog cov kuab tshuaj uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau lub paj hlwb ntawm cov organic. Thaum yaj hauv lipids, nws sai sai nkag mus rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Kev tawm ntawm lub cev ntawm cov tshuaj no yog nqa tawm los ntawm cov hnyuv, raum.
Nrog rau kev nyob ntev hauv cov paj hlwb, cov pa roj carbon disulfide cuam tshuam rau cov metabolism ntawm serotonin, ua ib qho kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov amino pawg reactive. Cov pa roj carbon disulfide yog hu ua tsis tsuas yog "ntsoos", tab sis kuj vascular lom. Txawm tias muaj kev qaug cawv me me, kev hloov pauv loj tshwm sim hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlab plawv.
Rau kev tiv thaiv cov pa roj carbon disulfide lom, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los saib xyuas kev sib khi ntawm cov cuab yeej tsim khoom siv hauv kev tsim cov ntaub lo lo ntxhuav.
Cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv thaj chaw uas muaj cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm carbon disulfide yuav tsum siv cov lim dej tshwj xeebhom A gas qhov ncauj qhov ntswg.
Benzene
Cov tshuaj lom neeg no yog cov kua tsis muaj xim uas nkag tau yooj yim ntawm chav tsev kub. Ntawm cov homologues ntawm C6H6, styrene (vinylbenzene), xylene (dimethylbenzene) tau txais kev siv ntau tshaj plaws ua cov kuab tshuaj organic.
Benzene yog siv los ua cov txiv neej dehyde, nitrobenzene, hauv kev tsim cov phenol. Cov tshuaj no txwv tsis pub siv los ua cov kuab tshuaj cais, hloov los ntawm xylene lossis toluene.
Benzene vapor lom yog qhov tsawg heev. Lawv cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm hauv chav uas muaj cua tsis zoo, siv cov xim ziab kom qhuav hauv cov chav tsis muaj cua.
Thaum muaj tshuaj lom me ntsis nrog benzene vapor, ib tus neeg yuav qaug cawv, thaum mob hnyav, tsis nco qab, qaug zog, tuag tes tuag taw ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab ua pa.
Kev tiv thaiv, qhov concentration ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide nyob rau hauv cov chaw tsim khoom raug saib xyuas tas li, kev tiv thaiv ua pa ruaj khov yog muab nrog lub npog ntsej muag roj, thiab siv tag nrho.
Zoo kawg
Cov kuab tshuaj organic suav nrog ntau yam khoom thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tshuaj. Cov no suav nrog ntau yam chlorine derivatives, esters thiab ethers, cawv, nitro compounds siv nyob rau hauv ntau ceg ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj. Lawv feem ntau ua raws li catalysts rau cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis, tso cai rau koj kom ceev cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Ntawmorganic kuab tshuaj uas muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab indispensable rau tib neeg lub neej thiab kev ua ub no, peb yuav cais dej. Nws yog nws leej twg ua tus catalyst hauv cov txheej txheem metabolic, txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag.
Nrog rau lawv txoj kev siv kom raug, ua tib zoo saib xyuas kev nyab xeeb, nws muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv txhua tus neeg nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov organic tebchaw los ntawm ntau yam tshuaj lom, kev puas tsuaj rau lub paj hlwb, thiab kom tsis txhob muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub plawv cov leeg..
