Hydrogen cyanide hu ua hydrocyanic lossis hydrocyanic acid. Nws yog xim tsis muaj xim, tsis tshua muaj suab nrov thiab txawb, ua rau muaj hluav taws kub heev, thiab muaj cov yam ntxwv tsw ntxhiab tsw. lom zem heev.
Properties
Hydrogen cyanide (formula HCN) muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej, nws tau sau los ntawm qee cov nroj tsuag, nws feem tseem nyob hauv cov pa luam yeeb, coke, tso tawm yog pom thaum lub sij hawm thermal decomposition ntawm polyurethanes thiab nylon. Cov tshuaj no yog cov tshuaj tua kab hauv ntuj thiab tiv thaiv cov pob txha thiab cov noob ntawm ntau cov nroj tsuag los ntawm kab tsuag. Piv txwv li, nws muaj nyob rau hauv cov kernels ntawm apricots, plums, cherries, almonds.
Yooj yim sib tov ntawm txhua qhov sib piv nrog cov cawv cawv, ethanol thiab dej, aldehyde kuj ua rau nws. Hydrogen cyanide ua khoom ntawm -13.3 degrees Celsius, cov qauv ntawm cov dej khov yog fibrous. Hloov mus rau hauv roj ntawm +25.7 degrees. Cov pa roj yog sib dua li cua.
Cov khoom sib txawv yooj yim nqus hydrocyanic acid. Cov no yog, piv txwv li, roj hmab, ntaub, pob zeb, cib, thiab lwm yam khoom noj khoom haus. Hydrogen cyanide sib xyaw nrog huab cua tsim cov nplaim hluav taws, tawg sib xyaw, lub zog tawg uas ntau dua li TNT.
Siv
Hydrocyanic acid yog siv los tsim cov acrylonitrile,acrylates, uas yog tom qab siv hauv kev tsim cov yas. Nws kuj tseem tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov cyanogen chloride, acrylonitrile, amino acids thiab fumigants siv hauv kev ua liaj ua teb los tua kab tsuag. Koom nrog hauv kev sib txuas ntawm nitrile rubbers thiab hluavtaws fibers, lactic acid thiab plexiglass. Nws tau ntse siv hauv kev sib ntaus tawm tsam nas, tua kab mob thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm kab tsuag ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo.
Kev thauj mus los thiab khaws cia
Rau kev thauj mus los ntawm hydrogen cyanide, lub tog raj kheej thiab ntim, cov tsheb ciav hlau tso tsheb hlau luam tau siv los ua ib ntus cia. Rau kev khaws cia ruaj khov, hauv av ntsug cylindrical tso tsheb hlau luam nrog ntim ntawm tsib caug mus rau tsib txhiab cubic meters (sau qhov ntsuas 0.9-0.95) yog siv. Atmospheric siab, qhov kub ntawm lub tog raj kheej tsis txo qis. Lub peev xwm cia siab tshaj plaws yog ob tons.
Txoj kev phem
mob taub hau, khaus khaus ntawm daim tawv nqaij, qhov kev xav ntawm iab hauv qhov ncauj, ceeb - tag nrho cov no tuaj yeem ua rau hydrogen cyanide. Kev kis rau tus neeg pib tom qab kov yeej qhov pib ntawm 0.3 mg / m 3(cubed) - qhov no yog qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cai rau huab cua rau chaw ua haujlwm. Cov huab cua atmospheric ntawm kev sib hais haum yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj ntau tshaj 0.01 mg/m3.
Ib tug neeg pib hnov tus yam ntxwv tsw ntawm almonds ntawm qhov concentration ntawm 2-5 mg / m 3. Nrog rau kev nce ntxiv hauv cov concentration mus rau 5-20 mg / m 3thawj cov tsos mob tshwm sim: mob taub hau thiab kiv taub hau, khaus ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiabqhov muag, iab yog hnov nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj, thiab ib qho kev xav tsis tsim nyog ntawm kev ntshai kuj tshwm sim. Kev nqus pa ntev ntev ntawm cov vapors ntawm qhov siab ntawm 50-60 mg / m 3ua rau xeev siab thiab ntuav, palpitations, cov tub ntxhais kawm dilated, convulsions thiab tsis nco qab. Rau qhov tshwm sim ua rau tuag taus, nws txaus kom nqus tau cov pa nrog qhov concentration ntawm 130 mg / m3 rau ib teev, thiab ntawm qhov concentration ntawm 220 mg / m3, lub sij hawm raug txo mus rau tsib feeb. Cov concentration ntawm lethal yog 1500 mg/m3.
Physiological teebmeem
Prussic acid yog ib yam khoom uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov pa oxygen tshaib plab hauv cov ntaub so ntswg. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lom nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, kev nce nyob rau hauv cov pa oxygen nyob rau hauv lub venous thiab arterial ntshav yog pom, yog li cov arterial-venous sib txawv txo, vim li ntawd, oxygen noj los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg txo sharply. Hydrogen cyanide thiab nws cov ntsev, tau yaj hauv cov ntshav, nkag mus rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab hnov mob nrog cytochrome oxidase. Tom qab sib txuas nrog cyanide, daim ntawv ferric hlau no cuam tshuam los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev xa cov electrons mus rau oxygen molecules. Vim qhov tseeb tias qhov kawg oxidation txuas tsis ua haujlwm, tag nrho cov txheej txheem ua pa cuam tshuam, cov ntaub so ntswg raug kev txom nyem los ntawm hypoxia, vim hais tias txawm hais tias cov pa oxygen xa mus rau qhov zoo, nws tsis nqus thiab xa mus rau cov ntshav venous tsis hloov.
Thaum lub sijhawm hydrocyanic acid lom, glycolysis tau qhib: cov metabolism hloov pauv ntawm aerobic mus rau anaerobic.
Kev daws teeb meem
Hydrogen cyanide (chav phom sij - 2) tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taustxaus ntshai rau tib neeg. Thaum lub sijhawm tshem tawm cov xwm txheej uas cuam tshuam nrog kev tso tawm lossis nchuav ntawm NCH, thaj chaw txaus ntshai yog 400 meters. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum cais nws thiab tshem tawm tib neeg, tshem tawm txhua qhov chaw ntawm cov nplaim taws, thiab tseem txwv tsis pub haus luam yeeb. Koj yuav tsum nyob rau sab leeward.
Thaum nyob hauv thaj chaw muaj kev phom sij, nws yuav tsum siv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv (cov npog ntsej muag roj lossis lub tshuab ua pa, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv tawv nqaij L-1, KIKH-5 thiab KIKH-4). Sab nraum thaj tsam plaub puas 'meter', koj tsis tuaj yeem siv kev tiv thaiv ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab tau txais los ntawm kev lag luam thiab pej xeem lub qhov ncauj qhov ntswg los tiv thaiv koj tus kheej los ntawm kev lom.
Lub ntsej muag roj thiab lwm yam khoom siv tiv thaiv
Combined-arms lim roj qhov ncauj qhov ntswg siv tau yog tias qhov concentration ntawm hydrogen cyanide hauv huab cua tsawg dua 2500 mg/m3. Cov qhov ncauj qhov ntswg lim dej siv rau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 6000 mg / m 3. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias qhov sib piv ntawm hydrocyanic acid vapor hauv huab cua yog 7000-12000 mg / m 3 (7-12 g), ces txawm hnav lub npog ntsej muag roj, tus neeg yuav hnov cov tsos mob. ntawm kev lom nyob rau hauv ob peb feeb vim nkag mus rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Tias yog vim li cas thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm siab lossis lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntev hauv thaj chaw sib tsoo, kev siv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tag nrho yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua.
