Lub sijhawm Quaternary ntawm Cenozoic era: piav qhia, keeb kwm thiab cov neeg nyob hauv

Cov txheej txheem:

Lub sijhawm Quaternary ntawm Cenozoic era: piav qhia, keeb kwm thiab cov neeg nyob hauv
Lub sijhawm Quaternary ntawm Cenozoic era: piav qhia, keeb kwm thiab cov neeg nyob hauv
Anonim

Lub sijhawm kawg ntawm geological thiab lub sijhawm Quaternary tam sim no tau txheeb xyuas xyoo 1829 los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Jules Denoyer. Nyob rau hauv Russia, nws tseem hu ua anthropogenic. Tus sau lub npe no nyob rau hauv 1922 yog geologist Alexei Pavlov. Nrog nws txoj kev pib, nws xav hais ntxiv tias lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb no cuam tshuam nrog cov tsos ntawm tus txiv neej.

Kev tsis sib xws ntawm lub sijhawm

Piv rau lwm lub sijhawm geological, lub sijhawm Quaternary yog lub sijhawm luv luv (tsuas yog 1.65 lab xyoo). Txuas ntxiv hnub no, nws tseem tsis tiav. Lwm feature yog lub xub ntiag nyob rau hauv lub Quaternary deposits ntawm seem ntawm tib neeg kab lis kev cai. Lub sijhawm no yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm ntau qhov kev hloov pauv huab cua sai sai uas cuam tshuam rau lub ntuj tsim.

Rov qab txias snaps ua rau glaciation ntawm sab qaum teb latitudes thiab humidification ntawm qis latitudes. Ua kom sov ua rau muaj qhov cuam tshuam ncaj qha. Sedimentary formations ntawm lub xyoo txhiab xyoo dhau los yog txawv los ntawm cov qauv complex ntawm seem, tus txheeb ze lub sij hawm luv luv ntawm kev tsim, thiab ntau haiv neeg txheej. Lub sijhawm Quaternary tau muab faib ua ob lub sijhawm (lossis kev faib): Pleistocene thiab Holocene. Ciam teb ntawm lawv nyob ntawm qhov cim ntawm 12 txhiab xyoo dhau los.

Quaternary
Quaternary

Kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw thiab fauna

Txij thaum pib, lub sijhawm Quaternary tau tshwm sim los ze rau cov nroj tsuag niaj hnub thiab tsiaj. Cov kev hloov pauv hauv cov nyiaj no yog nyob ntawm tag nrho ntawm lub sijhawm txias thiab sov. Nrog rau qhov pib ntawm glaciation, txias-hlub hom tsiv mus rau sab qab teb thiab sib xyaw nrog cov neeg txawv. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm qhov nruab nrab kub nce, cov txheej txheem rov qab tshwm sim. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, thaj tsam ntawm kev daws teeb meem ntawm nruab nrab sov, subtropical thiab tropical flora thiab fauna nthuav dav heev. Tag nrho cov koom haum tundra ntawm lub ntiaj teb organic ploj mus ib ntus.

Flora yuav tsum tau hloov kho ob peb zaug rau qhov hloov pauv ntawm lub neej. Ntau lub sijhawm cataclysms nyob rau lub sijhawm no tau cim lub sijhawm Quaternary. Kev nyab xeeb viav vias tau ua rau kev txom nyem ntawm cov ntawv dav dav thiab cov ntawv ntsuab ntsuab, nrog rau kev nthuav dav ntawm ntau hom herbaceous.

Quaternary minerals
Quaternary minerals

Evolution of mammals

Qhov kev hloov pauv pom pom tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb tsiaj tau cuam tshuam rau cov tsiaj txhu (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ungulates thiab proboscis ntawm Northern Hemisphere). Nyob rau hauv Pleistocene, vim muaj kev hloov pauv huab cua, ntau hom tsiaj nyiam kub tau tuag. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, rau tib lub laj thawj, cov tsiaj tshiab tau tshwm sim, zoo dua hloov mus rau lub neej hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav. Lub extinction ntawm fauna mus txog nws lub ncov thaum lub sij hawm lub Dnieper glaciation (300 - 250 txhiab xyoo dhau los). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov txias txias txiav txim siab tsim lub platformcover nyob rau lub sij hawm Quaternary.

Thaum kawg ntawm Pliocene, sab qab teb ntawm Tebchaws Europe sab hnub tuaj yog tsev rau mastodons, yav qab teb ntxhw, hipparions, saber-toothed tsov, Etruscan rhinos, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm lub Ntiaj Teb Qub nyob ostriches thiab hippos. Txawm li cas los xij, twb nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Pleistocene, tsiaj ntiaj teb pib hloov radically. Nrog rau qhov pib ntawm Dnieper glaciation, ntau hom kub-hlub tau tsiv mus rau sab qab teb. Qhov chaw faib tawm ntawm cov nroj tsuag hloov mus rau tib qho kev taw qhia. Lub sijhawm Cenozoic (lub sijhawm Quaternary tshwj xeeb) sim txhua yam ntawm lub neej.

Quaternary kev nyab xeeb
Quaternary kev nyab xeeb

Nyob rau yav qab teb ciam teb ntawm cov dej khov, thawj zaug, cov tsiaj xws li mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, reindeer, musk musk ox, lemmings, dawb partridges tshwm. Txhua tus ntawm lawv nyob tshwj xeeb hauv thaj chaw txias. Qhov tsua tsov ntxhuav, dais, hyenas, rhinoceros loj heev thiab lwm yam tsiaj nyiam sov uas siv los nyob hauv cov cheeb tsam no tau ploj mus lawm.

Kev nyab xeeb txias nyob hauv Caucasus, hauv Alps, Carpathians thiab Pyrenees, uas tau yuam ntau hom tawm hauv toj siab thiab nyob hauv hav. Woolly rhinos thiab mammoths txawm nyob rau sab qab teb Europe (tsis hais tag nrho Siberia, los ntawm qhov chaw lawv tuaj rau North America). Lub fauna ntawm Australia, South America, South thiab Central Africa tau khaws cia vim nws tus kheej cais tawm ntawm lwm lub ntiaj teb. Mammoths thiab lwm yam tsiaj, zoo yoog rau huab cua hnyav, tuag tawm thaum pib ntawm Holocene. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias txawm tias muaj ntau qhov glaciations, li ntawm 2/3 ntawm lub ntiaj teb saum npoo yeej tsis tau cuam tshuam los ntawm daim ntawv dej khov.

Quaternary lub sij hawm ntawm deposition
Quaternary lub sij hawm ntawm deposition

Human development

Raws li tau hais los saum no, ntau lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub sijhawm Quaternary tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj "anthropogenic". Txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm tus txiv neej yog qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho lub sijhawm keeb kwm no. Qhov chaw uas cov neeg laus tshaj plaws tshwm sim hnub no yog East Africa.

Daim ntawv poj koob yawm txwv ntawm tus txiv neej niaj hnub no yog Australopithecus, uas tau koom nrog tsev neeg hominid. Raws li ntau yam kev kwv yees, lawv thawj zaug tshwm sim hauv Africa 5 lab xyoo dhau los. Australopithecus maj mam ua ncaj thiab omnivorous. Kwv yees li 2 lab xyoo dhau los, lawv tau kawm yuav ua li cas ua cov cuab yeej qub. Yog li ntawd, ib tug neeg txawj ntse tshwm sim. Ib lab xyoo dhau los, Pithecanthropus tsim, cov seem uas pom nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, Hungary thiab Tuam Tshoj.

Cenozoic era Quaternary lub sij hawm
Cenozoic era Quaternary lub sij hawm

Neanderthals thiab niaj hnub tib neeg

350 txhiab xyoo dhau los, paleoanthropes (los yog Neanderthals) tshwm sim, ploj mus 35 txhiab xyoo dhau los. Cov kab ke ntawm lawv cov haujlwm tau pom nyob rau sab qab teb thiab huab cua latitudes ntawm Tebchaws Europe. Paleoanthropes tau hloov los ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub (neoanthropes lossis homo sapines). Lawv yog thawj tus nkag mus rau Asmeskas thiab Australia, thiab kuj tau koom nrog ntau lub tebchaws nyob hauv ntau lub hiav txwv.

Thaum ntxov cov neoanthropes ntxov tshaj plaws yuav luag tsis txawv ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub no. Lawv yoog tau zoo thiab sai sai rau kev hloov pauv huab cua thiab txawj txawj txawj ua haujlwm pob zeb. Cov hominids no tau txais cov khoom pob txha, cov twj paj nruag thaum ub, kev kos duab zoo,embellishments.

Lub sijhawm Quaternary nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Russia tau tso ntau qhov chaw archaeological ntsig txog neoanthropes. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv kuj tau mus txog thaj tsam qaum teb tshaj plaws. Cov neeg tau kawm kom muaj sia nyob qhov txias snap nrog kev pab ntawm cov khaub ncaws plaub thiab hluav taws kub. Yog li ntawd, piv txwv li, lub sijhawm Quaternary ntawm Western Siberia kuj tau cim los ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm cov neeg uas sim tsim thaj chaw tshiab. Lub Hnub Nyoog Bronze pib 5,000 xyoo dhau los, thiab Hnub Nyoog Hlau 3,000 xyoo dhau los. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov chaw ntawm kev vam meej thaum ub tau yug los hauv Mesopotamia, Egypt thiab Mediterranean.

Quaternary lub sij hawm ntawm Western Siberia
Quaternary lub sij hawm ntawm Western Siberia

Mineral resources

Cov kws tshawb fawb tau muab faib ua ob peb pawg cov zaub mov uas lub sijhawm Quaternary tau tso peb tseg. Deposits ntawm lub xyoo txhiab xyoo dhau los yog rau ntau qhov chaw, cov khoom tsis yog xim hlau thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov ores ntawm sedimentary keeb kwm. ntug hiav txwv dej thiab alluvial deposits paub. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws Quaternary minerals yog: kub, pob zeb diamond, platinum, cassiterite, ilmenite, rutile, zircon.

Ntxiv rau, hlau ores ntawm lacustrine thiab lacustrine-marsh keeb kwm tseem ceeb heev. Cov pab pawg no kuj suav nrog manganese thiab tooj liab-vanadium deposits. Tej kev txuam nrog no muaj nyob hauv dej hiav txwv.

Quaternary pob zeb
Quaternary pob zeb

Subsoil we alth

Equatorial thiab tropical Quaternary pob zeb txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv txawm tias niaj hnub no. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem no, cov xuab zeb tom qab tsim. Xws li ib tug tsim yog them nrog txhuas thiab hlau thiab yogtseem ceeb African minerals. Metaliferous crusts ntawm tib lub latitudes yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv deposits ntawm npib tsib xee, cob alt, tooj liab, manganese, thiab refractory av nplaum.

Nyob rau lub sijhawm Quaternary, cov zaub mov tseem ceeb uas tsis yog xim hlau kuj tshwm sim. Cov no yog gravels (lawv tau siv dav hauv kev tsim kho), molding thiab iav sands, potash thiab pob zeb ntsev, sulfur, borates, peat, thiab lignite. Quaternary sediments muaj cov dej hauv av, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov dej haus huv. Tsis txhob hnov qab txog permafrost thiab dej khov. Feem ntau, lub sijhawm geological kawg tseem yog lub hauv paus ntawm geological evolution ntawm lub ntiaj teb, uas tau pib ntau dua 4.5 billion xyoo dhau los.

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